General Physics 1

Rotational Motion 3. Law of Harmonies: The

square of the orbital period
(T²) of a planet is directly
• Angular Position (θ): Measured in
proportional to the cube of
radians, it describes the angle a
the semi-major axis (a³) of its
rotating object has moved about a
orbit: . This relationship
fixed axis.
applies to all planets in the
• Angular Displacement: The angle
solar system, showing a
through which a point or line has
consistent ratio across their
been rotated in a specified sense
orbits.
about a specified axis.
• Rotational vs Translational
• Angular Velocity: The rotational
Motion: Rotational motion refers to
velocity of an object measured in
the spinning of an object around a
rad/s.
fixed axis, while translational motion
• Angular Acceleration (α):
refers to movement through space
Describes how an object's angular
without rotation.
velocity changes with time. It is
• Rotational Kinematics: Similar to
measured in radians per second
linear kinematics, it describes
squared (rad/s²).
angular displacement, velocity, and
• Acceleration Due to Gravity:
acceleration under constant angular
Earth's gravitational acceleration is
acceleration.
approximately 9.8 m/s², affecting
• Angular Momentum and Torque:
free-falling objects uniformly.
Angular momentum is a measure of
• Kepler’s Laws of Planetary
rotational motion, and torque is the
Motion:
rotational equivalent of force,
1. Law of Elliptical Orbits:
causing changes in angular
States that the path of planets
momentum. Torque depends on the
around the Sun is an ellipse,
force applied, the distance from the
with the Sun located at one of
axis of rotation, and the angle of
the two foci. This law
application.
explains the varying distance
of planets from the Sun
during their orbit, influencing Waves and Periodic Motion
their orbital speed.
2. Law of Equal Areas: As a • Waves and Periodic Motion:
planet moves around the Sun, Describes oscillatory motion where
an imaginary line joining the an object moves back and forth over
planet and the Sun sweeps the same path. Examples include
out equal areas in equal pendulums and springs obeying
intervals of time. This Hooke's Law.
implies that planets move • Electromagnetic Spectrum: The
faster when they are closer to range of all types of electromagnetic
the Sun (perihelion) and radiation, organized by wavelength
slower when farther from the or frequency.
Sun (aphelion), conserving o Radio Waves: Used in
angular momentum. communication systems such
as radios and televisions.

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General Physics 1
o Microwaves: Used in • Thermal Expansion: Describes how
cooking and satellite materials expand when heated.
transmissions. o Linear Expansion: Change
o Infrared Waves: Emitted by in length due to temperature
warm objects, used in remote changes, governed by , where
controls. is the coefficient of linear
o Visible Light: The spectrum expansion.
detectable by the human eye. o Volume Expansion: Change
o Ultraviolet Light: Causes in volume due to temperature
sunburn; used in sterilization. changes, given by , where is
o X-rays: Used in medical the coefficient of volumetric
imaging. expansion.
o Gamma Rays: Emitted by
radioactive materials; used in Gas Laws
cancer treatment.
• Boyle’s Law: Volume of a gas
Fluid Dynamics decreases with increasing pressure at
constant temperature.
• Velocity in Pipes: The velocity of a • Charles’s Law: Volume of a gas
fluid decreases near the walls of a increases with temperature at
pipe due to friction and increases constant pressure.
near the center in laminar flow. • Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure of a
• Bernoulli’s Equation: Relates gas increases with temperature at
pressure, velocity, and height in a constant volume.
flowing fluid, assuming steady, • Combined Gas Law: Combines
incompressible, and non-viscous Charles's, Boyle's, and Gay-Lussac's
flow. laws:
• Viscous Flows: Energy losses occur • Avogadro’s Law: Equal volumes of
due to internal friction (shear forces) gases at the same temperature and
in the fluid. pressure contain an equal number of
molecules.
• Ideal Gas Law: Combines all gas
Heat Transfer laws into.
• Specific Heat: The amount of heat
energy required to raise the Thermodynamics
temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by 1°C. • Molecular Motion in Gases:
• Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Molecules in an ideal gas are
o Conduction: Heat transfer assumed to move randomly, have
through direct contact. elastic collisions, and occupy
o Convection: Heat transfer negligible volume.
through fluid movement. • Boltzmann’s Constant: Links
o Radiation: Heat transfer microscopic particle energy to
through electromagnetic temperature, playing a key role in
waves. statistical mechanics.

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General Physics 1
• Temperature and Heat: energy result entirely from
Temperature is a measure of the work.
average kinetic energy of particles in o Isobaric: Constant pressure,
a substance, while heat is the energy with work done as the gas
transferred between systems due to expands or compresses.
temperature differences. o Isochoric: Constant volume;
• Adiabatic Processes: Occur without no work is done, and heat
heat exchange, where work done on transfer changes internal
or by the gas changes its internal energy.
energy. • Engines:
• Thermodynamic Laws: o Carnot Cycle: Represents
o Zeroth Law: If two systems the most efficient heat engine
are in thermal equilibrium cycle, operating reversibly
with a third system, they are between two temperatures.
in thermal equilibrium with o Otto Cycle: Used in gasoline
each other. This forms the engines, involving a series of
basis for temperature compression and expansion
measurement. processes.
o First Law: The total energy o Diesel Cycle: Similar to the
of an isolated system is Otto cycle but uses
constant; energy can neither compression ignition instead
be created nor destroyed, of a spark.
only transformed. This o Stirling Engine: An external
includes heat and work as combustion engine that
forms of energy transfer. operates through cyclic
o Second Law: Entropy of an compression and expansion
isolated system always of gas.
increases; heat flows
spontaneously from hot to
cold bodies. This law governs
the efficiency of heat engines.
o Third Law: As temperature
approaches absolute zero, the
entropy of a system
approaches a constant
minimum. Absolute zero is
the point at which molecular
motion ceases.
• Thermodynamic Processes:
o Isothermal: Constant
temperature, where heat
transfer compensates for
work done.
o Adiabatic: No heat
exchange; changes in internal

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