Q.1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?

Ans: Reflex action is a spontaneous involuntary or automatic nerve mediated response to a stimulus produced
at the unconscious level. But Walking is a voluntary action, which requires our thinking and is within our
control.

Q.2. What happens at the synapse between two neurons.

Ans: A synapse is a gap between the two neurons. At the synapse, the electrical signals are converted into
chemicals that can easily cross over the gap and pass on to the next neurons where it is again converted into
an electrical signal.

Q.3. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of body?

Ans: Cerebellum. This is the back of the brain. It coordinates voluntary muscle movements and helps to
maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium.

Q.4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense sticks)?

Ans: Smell of an incense stick is detected by the olfactory receptors present in the nose. The information is
transmitted to olfactory lobe located in the fore brain which interprets the information.

Q.5. What is the role of brain in reflex action?

Ans: In a reflex action, the brain plays no part. The spinal cord, which reacts without thinking about how to
respond to stimuli, is in charge of these automatic actions. They receive information from all parts of the body
and integrate it.

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Q.1. What are plant hormones?

Ans: Plant hormones are chemical compounds present in very low concentration in plants. Plant hormones help
to co ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.

Q.2. How is the movement of leaves of sensitive plant is different from movement of a short towards light?

Ans: The type of movement of leaves of the sensitive plant is known as a nastic movement. But the movement
of shoot is directional towards light.

This type of movement does not depend on the direction of stimuli. The movement of the shool towards light is
due to growth controlled by growth hormone.

Q.3. Given an example of plant hormone that promotes growth.

Ans: Auxin: Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Q.4. How do auxins promote growth of a tendril around a support.

Ans: Some plants like the pea plant climb up other plants or support by means of tendrils. These tendrils are
sensitive to touch. When a tendril comes in contact with a support, auxin stimulates faster growth of the cells
on the opposite side that's why the tendril forms a coil around the support. This causes the tendril to circle
around the object and thus cling to it. It is due to accumulation of auxins.

Q.5. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Ans: Growth movements in response to the stimulus of moisture are termed as hydrotropic movements. Place
some ready to germinate seeds of pea in moist sawdust in a shallow box whose bottom has been replace by a
wire gauze Keep the apparatus undisturbed for 2-3 days. keep the sawdust moist. After some time radicals
will pass through the sieves. Then the radicles curve upwards again to enter into the moist sawdust. the roots
are positively hydrotropic and the curvature is more than that due to entropic effect.

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Q.1. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Ans: Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of chemical messengers called as hormones.
They are secreted by endocrine glands. The hormones are carried by the blood to the site of action. The
hormones are consumed during their action. Hormones regulate the growth, development and homeostasis of the
animals.

Q.2. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

Ans: lodine is essential for the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. lodine is essential for the
synthesis of thyroxin. In case iodine is deficient in our diet, there is a possibility that we might suffer from
goitre. This deficiency disease is known as goiter. Therefore iodized salt is advised.

Q.3. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Ans: When secreted in large amounts it speeds up the heartbeat and hence supplies more oxygen to the
muscles. The breathing rate also increases due to contractions of diaphragm and rib muscles. It also increases
the blood pressure. All these responses enable the body to deal with any stress or emergency.

Q.4. What are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?

Ans: Insulin is a hormone which is produced by the pancreas and helps in regulating blood sugar levels. If it is
not secreted in proper amounts the sugar level in the blood rises causing many harmful effects.

EXERCISES

Q.1. Which of the following is a plant hormone?

(a) Insulin.

(b) Thyroxin.

(c) Oestrogen.

(d) Cytokinin.

Ans: (d) Cytokinin.

Q.2. The gap between two neurons is called a

(a) Dendrite.

(b) Synapse.

(c) Axon.

(d) Impuls.

Ans. (b) Synapse.

Q.3. The brain is responsible for

(a) Thinking.

(b) Regulating the heart beat.

(c) Balancing the body.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

Q.4. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of a situation where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise?

Ans: Receptors are present in all parts of the body for example in the skin, eyes, nose tongue, etc.

The function of receptors is to detect information from the environment.

If receptors do not detect the information there will not be any co ordination. It may lead to accidents. Body
response will not be there.

Q.5. Draw a structure of a neuron and explain its function:

Ans: Structure of neuron:

Function:

(i) Dendrites of a neuron collect information from the receptor.

(ii) Axon conducts information as electrical impulse.

(iii) Terminal arborization pass the information as chemical stimulus at synapse for on ward transmission.

Q.6. How does phototropism occur in plants?

Ans: Phototropism is the directional response of a plant that allows the plant to grow towards or in some
cases away from the light. These directional or tropic movements can be either towards the stimulus, or away
from it, so, in two different kinds of phototropic movement, shoots respond by bending towards light while
roots respond by bending away from it.
Q.7. Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?

Ans: Reflex action will be disturbed because reflex arcs are located in the spinal cord. So, the quick responses
needed to safe guard the body will not take place. The delayed responses may cause harm to the body.

As both of these signals meet in a bundle in the spinal cord, so, if there is any spinal cord injury then
both of these signals will be disrupted.

Q.8. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

Ans: Chemical coordination occurs in plants with the help of phytohormones or plant hormones secreted by
plants. Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid are plant hormones. These hormones regulate the growth and
development of the plants. They also regulates various metabolic activities in the plants. All growth processes
are regulated by one or more phytohormones acting synergistically or antagonistically.

Q.9. What is the need for a system of control and co che ordination in an organism?

Ans: An organism needs control and coordination system for the following functions:

(i) To save the body of the organisms from the harmful changes in the environment.

(ii) To control the speed of voluntary and involuntary actions.

(iii) To have the capability to think and learn for responding to any stimuli.

Q.10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?

Ans: Reflex actions are the spontaneous responses by voluntary organs but involuntary actions are by the
involuntary organs.

The difference between involuntary actions and reflex actions are:

Q.12. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
First movement in our legs?

Ans: The movement in the sensitive plant is involuntary action, but the change in our legs is a voluntary action.
Plants have some specialized protein for the movement in sensitive plants. But animals have some concentrated
protein. This protein helps the muscles to move.

There are two types of tissues helps to transfer the information in the animal cell, but there is no cell is
available in a plant cell. Our legs are provided with nerves which have connection with muscles. To lift the leg,
the brain passes information to nerves.