IoT Technologies

COURSE: USCS404
S.Y.B.SC.
SEMESTER IV
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
Raspberry Pi
System on Chip
System on Chip
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System on Chip
System on Chip
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 Unit I

⚫System on Chip: What is System on chip? Structure

of System on Chip. SoC Elements: FPGA, GPU, APU,
Compute Units.
Raspberry Pi
System on Chip
 System on Chip

⚫System on Chip(SoC)
⚫Q. Write short note on "System on Chip“
Q. What are the categories of SOCs ?
⚫A system on chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit (also known as an
"IC") that integrates all components of a computer or any other
electronic systems. On a single substrate it contains digital, analog,
mixed-signal, as well as radio frequency functions.
⚫System on Chips consumes low power and therefore they are mostly
available. In the area of embedded systems Socs are widely used.
Socs are not only integrates Microprocessor/Microcontroller but
also integrates many advanced peripherals like coprocessor, GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit), Wi-Fi module,etc. SoC does not
necessarily contain built-in memory
 System on Chip

⚫There can be three categories of Socs:

⚫1.SoC built around a microcontroller
⚫2.SoC built around a microprocessor
⚫3.SoC built for specific application
⚫Basically, a system on chip (SoC) is a microchip with all
parts of electronic circuits for a particular system such as
wearable computer, smartphone on a single chip.
⚫Example of SoC for a specific application is like sound
detecting device which includes ADC (An analog-to-
digital converter), an audio receiver, microprocessor,
memory and input/output logic controller which is on
single chip. These types of systems are much more
powerful.
 Structure of System on Chip.

⚫1.1.1 Structure of System on Chip

⚫Q. Describe the structure of System on Chip.
⚫A typical System on Chip (SoC) consists of following parts:
⚫A microprocessor, a microcontroller or digital signal processor (DSP) core
multiprocessor SoCs (MPSoC) having more than one processor core
because of requirement of more power.
⚫ROM, RAM, EEPROM and flash memory like memory blocks timing
sources including oscillators and phase-locked loops peripherals including
real-time timers, counter-timers and power-on reset generators external
interfaces, such as USB, Fire Wire, Ethernet, UŠART, SPI.
⚫Analog interfaces such as Analog to digital convertor or digital to analog
convertor.
⚫Voltage regulator and power management circuits.
⚫Bus such as AMBA to connect the blocks.
⚫DMA (Direct memory access) controllers that transfer the data between
external peripheral devices and memory.
 Structure of System on Chip.

⚫SoC consists of both hardware and software which

controller microprocessor, microcontroller, peripherals
and interfaces.
⚫Mostly Socs are developed from Hardware blocks with
the software drivers to control the operations. After
developing the generic hardware blocks with software,
architecture platforms and software IP modules are
being selected to integrate the modules.
⚫Software modules are integrated using software
development environment. Then the simulation has been
done. The elements are connected together in the RTL
language to design SoC.
 Structure of System on Chip.

⚫Traditionally, engineers have employed simulation

acceleration, emulation and/or an FPGA prototype to verify
and debug both hardware and software for SoC designs prior
to tapeout. With high capacity and fast compilation time,
acceleration and emulation are powerful technologies that
provide wide visibility into systems.
⚫Both technologies, however, operate slowly, on the order of
MHz, which may be significantly slower - up to 100 times
slower than the SoC's operating frequency. Acceleration and
emulation boxes are also very large and expensive at over US
$1 million. FPGA prototypes, in contrast, use FPGAs directly
to enable engineers to validate and test at, or close to, a
system's full operating frequency with real-world stimuli.
 Structure of System on Chip.

⚫Tools such as Certus are used to insert probes in the

FPGA RTL that make signals available for observation.
This is used to debug hardware, firmware and software
interactions across multiple FPGAs with capabilities
similar to a logic analyzer.
⚫In parallel, the hardware elements are grouped and
passed through a process of logic synthesis, during which
performance constraints, such as operational frequency
and expected signal delays, are applied. This generates a
logical netlist which is a file describing the circuit as a
collection of connected silicon gate elements from a
library provided by the silicon_manufacturer.
 SoC products

⚫SoC products
⚫Q. What are the different factors should be considered during the
working of System on Chip?
⚫Since smartphones and tablets are basically smaller computers,
they require pretty much the same components we see in desktops
and laptops in order to offer us all the amazing things they can do
(apps, music and video playing, 3Dgaming support, advanced
wireless features, etc).

⚫But smart phones and tablets do not offer the same amount of
internal space as desktops and laptops for the various components
needed such as the logic board, the processor, the RAM, the
graphics card, and others. That means these internal parts need to
be as small as possible, so that device manufacturers can use the
remaining space to fit the device with a long-lasting battery life.
 SoC products

⚫SoC manufacturers, like Qualcomm, Nvidia or Texas

Instruments, can place some of those components on a
single chip, the System on a Chip that powers your
beloved smartphone
⚫Product requirements are becoming more complex and
sophisticated. End-users are demanding and need
technology that enable applications with smarter image
processing, higher performance and flexibility.
⚫System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture enables to deliver
high-performance image and video processing products
at cost-effective prices and it is also operational feasible.
 SoC products

⚫In order to better understand how a SoC works, you should have a general
picture of what goes inside it :
⚫CPU: The central processing unit, whether it's single- or multiple-core,this
is what makes everything possible on your smartphone. Most processors
found inside the SoCs that we're going to look at will be based on ARM
technology, but more on that later
⚫Memory: Just like in a computer, memory is required to perform the
various tasks smartphone and tablets are capable of, and therefore SoCs
come with various memory architectures on board
⚫GPU: The graphic processing unit is also an important component on the
SoC, and it's responsible for handling those complex 3D games on the
smartphone or tablets. As you can expect, there are various GPU
architectures available out there, and we're going to further detail them in
what follows
⚫Northbridge: This is a component that handles communications between
the CPU and other components of the SoC including the southbridge.
 SoC products

⚫Southbridge: A second chipset usually found on

computers that handles various I/O functions. In some
cases the southbridge can be found on the SoC.
⚫Cellular radios: Some SoCs also come with certain
modems on board that are needed by mobile operators.
Such is the case with the Snapdragon S4 from
Qualcomm, which has an embedded LTE modem on
board responsible for 4G LTE connectivity
⚫Other radios: Some SoCs may also have other
components responsible for other types of connectivity,
including Wi-Fi, GPS/GLONASS or Bluetooth. Again, the
S4 is a good example in this regard. Other circuitry
A SPARTAN FPGA from Xilinx
 FPGA

⚫1.2.1 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

⚫Q. Write short note on "FPGA“
⚫Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit which
is configured the end customer or a designer after process of
manufacturing and therefore the name is Field-programmable. Using a
hardware description language (HDL) FPGA configuration is generally
specified. It is as similar as that used for an application specific
integrated circuit (ASIC).
⚫The following A Spartan FPGA from Xilinx is a example of FPGA Chip.
⚫FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks. They also
contain a hierarchy reconfigurable blocks that interconnects together,
like many logic gates that can be inter-wired in different type of
configurations. These logic blocks are configured to perform complex
combinational functions, or simple logic gates like OR, AND, NOT,
NAND and NOR. In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include memory
elements, which are similar to flip flips.
 FPGA

⚫Contemporary field-programmable gate arrays

(FPGAs) have large resources of logic gates and RAM
blocks to implement complex digital computations.
⚫As FPGA designs employ very fast I/Os and
bidirectional data buses, it becomes a challenge to
verify correct timing of valid data within setup time
and hold time.
⚫Floor planning enables resources allocation within
FPGAs to meet these time constraints. FPGAs can be
used to implement any logical function that an ASIC
could perform.
 FPGA

⚫The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re-

configuration of a portion of the design and the low non-recurring
engineering costs relative to an ASIC design (notwithstanding the
generally higher unit cost), offer advantages for many applications.
⚫Some FPGAs have analog features in addition to digital functions.
The most common analog feature is programmable slew rate on
each output pin, allowing the engineer to set low rates on lightly
loaded pins that would otherwise ring or couple unacceptably, and
to set higher rates on heavily loaded pins on high-speed channels
that would otherwise run too slowly.
⚫Also common are quartz-crystal oscillators, on-chip resistance-
capacitance oscillators, and phase-locked loops with embedded
voltage-controlled oscillators used for clock generation and
management and for high-speed serializer-deserializer (SERDES)
transmit clocks and receiver clock recovery.
 FPGA

⚫Fairly common are differential comparators on input pins

designed to be connected to differential signaling channels.
⚫A few "mixed signal FPGAs" have integrated peripheral
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) and Digital-to-Analog
Converters (DACs) with analog signal conditioning blocks
allowing them to operate as a system-on-a-chip.
⚫Such devices blur the line between an FPGA, which carries
digital ones and zeros on its internal programmable
interconnect fabric, and field-programmable analog array
(FPAA), which carries analog values on its internal
programmable interconnect fabric.
⚫The FPGA industry sprouted from Programmable Read-Only
Memory(PROM) and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs).
 FPGA

⚫PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being

programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-
programmable). However, programmable logic was
hard-wired between logic gates.
⚫In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center
funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to
develop a computer that would implement600,000
reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a
patent related to the system was issued in 1992.
⚫Some of the industry's foundational concepts and
technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and
logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David
W.Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
 FPGA

⚫Altera was founded in 1983 and delivered the industry's first

reprogrammable logic device in 1984 the EP300 which
featured a quartz window in the package that allowed users to
shine an ultra-violet lamp on the die to erase the EPROM cells
that held the device configuration.
⚫Xilinx co-founders Ross Freeman and Bernard
Vonderschmitt invented the first commercially viable field-
programmable gate array in 1985 - the XC2064. The XC2064
had programmable gates and programmable interconnects
betweengates, the beginnings of a new technology and
market. The XC2064 had 64Configurable Logic Blocks
(CLBs), with two three-input lookup tables(LUTS). More than
20 years later, Freeman wasentered into the National
Inventors Hall of Fame for his invention.
 FPGA

⚫Altera and Xilinx continued unchallenged and quickly

grew from 1985 to themid-1990s, when competitors
sprouted up, eroding significant market share. By1993,
Actel (now Microsemi) was serving about 18 percent of
the market. By2010, Altera (31 percent), Actel (10
percent) and Xilinx (36 percent) together represented
approximately 77 percent of the FPGA market.
⚫The 1990s were an explosive period of time for FPGAs,
both in sophisticationand the volume of production. In
the early 1990s, FPGAs were primarily used
intelecommunications and networking. By the end of the
decade, FPGAs foundtheir way into consumer,
automotive, and industrial applications.
 FPGA

⚫Applications of FPGA
⚫An FPGA can be used to solve any type of problem
which is computable. FPGA can be used to
implement a soft microprocessor, such as the Xilinx
MicroBlazeor Altera Nios II. They are sometimes
significantly faster for some applications because
they are operating in parallel form and also the
numbers of gates used for a certain process are much
more.
 FPGA

⚫Other applications include Digital Signal Processing

(DSP), software defined radio, ASIC prototyping, medical
imaging, computer vision, speech recognition,
cryptography, bioinformatics, computer hardware
emulation, radio astronomy, metal detection and a
growing range of other areas.
⚫As compare to their size, capabilities, and speed
increased, they are being marketed as full systems on
chips (SoC). Another usage of FPGAs is hardware
acceleration, where one can use the FPGA to accelerate
certain parts of an algorithm and share part of the
computation between the FPGA and a generic processor.
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
All programmable system on chip
 GPU

⚫Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

⚫Q.Describe GPU with a help of diagram.
⚫Q. Differentiate between FPGA and GPU with respect to working point of
view.
⚫A different name of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is Visual Processing
Unit (VPU). It is designed to manipulate and alter memory of images in a
frame buffer rapidly.
⚫GPUs are generally being used in mobile phones, embedded systems,
personal computers and games. For image processing purpose, GPU can be
very much useful for manipulation.
⚫These types of algorithms for processing of large blocks of data are worked
in parallel.
⚫In today's home computers, a GPU is present on a video card, or it can be
embedded on the motherboard.
⚫Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the
1970s. In early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was
expensive,
 GPU

⚫So video Chips composited data together as the display was

being scanned out on the monitor.
⚫Fujitsu's MB14241 video shifter was used to accelerate the
drawing of sprite graphics for various 1970s arcade games
from Taito and Midway, such as Gun Fight(1975), Sea Wolf
(1976) and Space Invaders (1978). The Namco Galaxian
arcade system in 1979 used specialized graphics hardware
supporting RGB color, multi-colored sprites and tilemap
backgrounds. The Galaxian hardware companies was widely
used during the golden age of arcade video games, by game
companies such as Namco, Centuri, Gremlin, Irem, Konami,
Midway, Nichibutsu, Sega and Taito.
⚫In the home market, the Atari 2600 in 1977 used a video
shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor
 GPU

⚫The Atari 8-bit computers (1979) had ANTIC, a video processor

which interpreted instructions describing a "display list”-the way
the scan lines map to specific bitmapped or character modes and
where the memory is stored (so there did not need to be a
contiguous frame buffer). 6502 machine code subroutines could be
triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction.
⚫ANTIC also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling
independent of the CPU.
⚫In 2010, Nvidia began a partnership with Audi to power their cars'
dashboards. These Tegra GPUs were powering the cars' dashboard,
offering increased functionality to cars' navigation and
entertainment systems.
⚫Advancements in GPU technology in cars has helped push self-
driving technology. AMD's Radeon HD 6000 Series cards were
released in 2010 and in 2011, AMD released their 6000M Series
discrete GPUs to be used in mobile devices.
 GPU

⚫Thé Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia came out in

2012 and were used in the 600 series, 700 series, and
800 series of graphics cards by Nvidia.
⚫A new feature in this new GPU microarchitecture
included gpu boost, a technology adjusts the clock-speed
of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its
power draw. The Kepler microarchitecture was
manufactüred on the 28 nm process,
⚫The PS4 and Xbox One were released in 2013, they both
use GPUs based on AMD's Radeon HD 7850 and 7790.
Nvidia's Kepler line of GPUs was followed by the Maxwell
line, manufactured on the same process. 28 nm chips by
Nvidia were manufactured by TSMC, the Taiwan
Semiconductor Manufacturing Ccompany,
 GPU

⚫ That was manufacturing using the 28 nm process at the time.

Compared to the 40 nm technology from the past, this new
manufacturing process allowed a 20 percent bo0st in
performance while drawing less power.
⚫Virtual reality headsets like the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive
have very high system requirements. Headset manufacturers
have recommended GPUs for good virtual reality experiences.
At their release, they had the GTX 970 from Nvidia and the R9
290 from AMD as the recommended GPUs.
⚫Pascal is the newest generation of graphics cards by Nvidia
released in 2016.
⚫The GeForce 10 series of cards are under this generation of
graphics cards. They are made using the 16 nm manufacturing
process which improves upon previous microarchitectures.
 GPU

⚫The Polaris 11 and Polaris 10 GPUs from AMD are made

with a 14 nm process. Their release results in a big
increase in the performance per watt of AMD video
cards.
⚫Fig. 1.2.4 shows the frst GPU (1999).Fig. 1.2.4: World's
first GPU by Nvidia
⚫There are basically two forms of Graphics Processing
Unit (GPU)
⚫1.Dedicated graphics card - It is also called as discrete.
⚫2. Integrated graphics It is also called as shared graphics
solutions, integrated graphics processors (IGP), or
unified memory architecture(UMA).
 GPU

⚫1.Dedicated graphics card

⚫A dedicated, or discrete, GPU is an independent source
of video memory apart from RAM in a system. Dedicated
cards are perfect for purely gaming or totally graphic
designer.
⚫However there are a few drawbacks to having a
dedicated card. These video cards will heat up quickly.
These cards are also power hungry, therefore a laptop
with dedicated graphics card will tend to decrease the
battery life.
⚫Separate heat sink facility must be provided with a
laptop or a system to these dedicated cards to protect the
systems from heat.
 GPU

⚫2.Integrated graphics
⚫Instead of using separate memory, an integrated Graphics
Processing Unit (GPU) uses its system's memory. So, if the
system has 4GB of RAM, the video card may use between one
and five percent of the available memory for graphics
processing. Of course, this percentage varies depending on the
size of task specifically multitask (gaming purpose).
⚫The benefit of an integrate unit is that it is not expensive. An
integrated graphics card also generates much less heat than a
dedicated video card and uses less power, because of which
the overall battery life get improved. Integrated graphics cards
are correct solution for people who do graphics processing for
most of the time. This includes watching or editing videos,
2D/3D gaming.
 APU

⚫AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU)

⚫Q. Describe APU with the help of block diagram.
⚫The AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) is also called as
Fusion. It is64-bit microprocessor (AMD designed) to act like a CPU
as well as graphics accelerator (GPU) on a single chip.
⚫Some of the examples of APU are Sony PlayStation 4, Microsoft
Xbox and Intel's CPUs with integrated HD Graphics. They all use
semi-custom third-generation low-power APUs.
⚫The AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) or Fusion project
started in 2006 with the aim of developing a system on chip that
combined both CPU as well as GPU on a single die.
⚫The project took three internal iterations of the Fusion concept to
create a product for release. Reasons for delaying the project are
some of technical difficulties of combining a CPU and GPU on the
same die at a 45 nm process, and related the role of the CPU and
GPU should be in the project.
 APU

⚫The first generation desktop and laptop APU, named Llano,

was announced on January 4, 2011 at the 2011 in Las Vegas. It
contains K10 CPU cores and a Radeon HD 6000 series GPU
on the same die on the socket. An APU for low-power devices
was announced as the Brazos platform based on the Bobcat
miicroarchitecture and a Radeon HD 6000 series GPU on the
same die.
⚫In January 2012, corporate fellow Phil Rogers announced
that AMD would re-brand the Fusion platform as the
Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA),stating that "it's
only fitting that the name of this evolving architecture and
platform be representative of the entire, technical community
that is leading the way in this very important area of
technology and programming development."
 APU

⚫However, it was later revealed that AMD had been the subject
of a trademark infringement lawsuit by the Swiss company
Arctic, who used the name "Fusion“ for a line of power supply
products.
⚫The second generation desktop and laptop APU, codenamed
Trinity was announced at AMD's 2010 Financial Analyst Day
and released in October 2012.It featured Piledriver CPU cores
and Radeon HD 7000 Series GPU cores on the FM2 socket.
AMD released a new APU based on the Piledriver
microarchitecture on March 12, 2013 for Laptops/Mobile and
on June 4, 2013 for desktops under the codename Richland
⚫The second generation APU for low-power devices, Brazos
2.0, used exactly the same APU chip, but ran at higher clock
speed and rebranded the GPU as Radeon HD7000 series and
used a new IO controller chip.
 APU

⚫Semi-custom chips were introduced in the Microsoft Xbox One and

Sony PlayStation 4 video game consoles. A third generation of the
technology was released on 14 January 2014, featuring greater
integration between. CPU and GPU. The desktop and laptop variant
is codenamed Kaveri, based on Steamroller architecture, while the
low-power variants, codenamed Kabini and Temash, are based on
Jaguar architecture.
⚫AMD APUs have a unique architecture: they have AMD CPU
modules, cache, and a discrete-class graphics processor all on the
same die, using the same bus. This architecture allows for the use of
graphics accelerators, such as OpenCL, with the integrated graphics
processor.
⚫The goal is to create a "fully integrated" APU, which, according to
AMD will eventually feature ‘heterogeneous cores’ capable of
processing both CPU and GPU work automatically, depending on
the workload requirement.
 APU

⚫The following hardware and software

implementations are available in AMD's APU-
branded products:
⚫ 1.Optimized Platform
⚫2. Architectural Integration
⚫3.System Integration
 Compute Units

⚫Q. Write short note on "Compute Units".

⚫Q. Describe the difference between FPGA, GPU and
APU.
⚫A compute unit is a stream multiprocessor in a
NVidia who is a GPU vendor or a SIMD (Single
instruction, multiple data) engine in an AMD GPU.
⚫Each compute unit has several processing elements
like Arithmetic Logic Unit / Stream Processor. For
example, a compute unit of a HD 5000 series GPU
has 80 processing elements (16 processing cores with
5 ALUs per processing core).
 Compute Units

⚫A compute unit is the smallest organization of registers

and instructions capable of working at once.
⚫A stream processor is a programming paradigm where
only a single instruction is applied to all the records in a
stream of data. An example of such records would be the
pixels of an image.
⚫A compute unit is the virtualized hardware resources
used by an SAP Cloud Platform application. After being
deployed to the cloud, the application is hosted on a
compute unit with certain Central Processing Unit
(CPU), main memory, disk space, and an installed OS.
Compute unit sizes.
 Compute Units

⚫SAP cloud platform offers four standard sizes of

compute units according to the provided resources.
⚫Depending on their needs, customers can choose
from the following compute unit configurations :
 Compute Units

⚫Compute unit has several processing elements. Many

compute units are stored in one compute device. And all
these compute devices are stored in one Host.
⚫Compute unit has several processing elements. Many
compute units are stored in one compute device. And all
these compute devices are stored in one Host.
⚫Basically, cores process data inside a processor. The
more cores you have working together, the faster a
computer will perform tasks. CPU cores were designed
for serial tasks like productivity applications, while GPUs
were designed for more parallel and graphics-intensive
tasks like video editing, gaming and rich Web browsing.
 Compute Units

⚫AMD's latest revolutionary processing architecture,

Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA),
bridges the gap between CPU and GPU cores and delivers
a new innovation called compute cores.
⚫This groundbreaking technology allows CPU and GPU
cores to speak the same language and share workloads
and the same memory. With HSA, CPU and GPU cores
are designed to work together in a single accelerated
processing unit(APU), creating a faster, more efficient
and seamless way to accelerate applications while
delivering great performance and rich entertainment.
 CPU

⚫CPU is a general purpose processor. General Purpose in

the sense that it is designed to perform a number of
operations but the way these operations are performed
may not be best for all applications.
⚫Graphics or Video Processing is one such example.
⚫Although a CPU can perform these tasks (which involve
repeated additions/multiplications which may be
performed in parallel), the performance achieved is not
good enough for modern applications.
⚫About a decade years back, 'CPU' referred to a large
spectrum of computing chips developed by various
companies to execute the von Neumann architecture.
 CPU

⚫Today the description only includes Intel's processor

with AMD remaining as a distant competitor.
⚫Inteľ's victory has been purely due to economic reasons.
⚫ It was the only company, which managed to scale up its
fabrication technology and commoditize the processor
market.
⚫The other companies, who lost the processor market,
has been using their technical excellence in power
consumption to come up with embedded board
alternatives such as Raspberry Pi, or are staying relevant
in the mobile- computing market.
 GPU

⚫GPU
⚫Graphics processing Unit or GPU is designed to accelerate creation
of images for a computer display. They are designed to perform
functions Such as texture mapping, image rotation, translation,
shading, etc.
⚫They may also support operations such as motion compensation,
calculation of inverse DCT, etc. for accelerated video decoding.
⚫The weakness of CPU architecture in parallel processing was
apparent from the early days in display units of computers, because
human eye is highly sensitive to any apparent discrepancy in
graphical rendering of information.
⚫An ecosystem of companies developed to address the needs of video
games market, and Nvidia emerged as a competitor to Intel.
 FPGA

⚫FPGA
⚫An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is entirely different
from CPU, GPU, DSP, etc. in the sense that it is not a processor in
itself i.e. it does not run a program stored in the program memory.
⚫In layman's terms, an FPGA is nothing but a bulk of reconfigurable
digital logic suspended in a sea of programmable inter-connects.
⚫A typical FPGA may also have dedicated memory blocks, digital
clock manager, IO banks and several other features which vary
across different vendors and models.
⚫Since they can be configured after manufacturing at costumer's end,
they can be used to implement any logic function (including but not
limited to a processor core).
⚫This makes them ideal for re-configurable computing and
application specific processing.
 FPGA

⚫Intel has recently announced a new range of Xeon Processors

with integrated FPGA So that each chip can be configured at
run type depending upon application needs.
⚫Above debates about architecture and programming language
would be unnecessary, if everyone could built a computer chip
customized for his task and then program it to fine-tune the
performance.
⚫Unfortunately, fabricating a custom chip is very expensive.
⚫FPGA technology from Xilinx and Altera removes the
fabrication problem by designing generic chips customizable
through hardware level programming.
⚫FPGAs contain gates and building blocks, whose connections
are reprogrammed by passing electric signals into them.
 APU

⚫APU
⚫Application Processing Unit, are abstractions that
you decouple from your cpu to make CPU design
simpler and faster.
⚫Like SSE, MMX flags, which supports vector
computation.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF IOT

1.1.1 Introduction
The need for developing Internet applications is
currently very great.
IoT is a key technology that allows us to create a
variety of beneficial internet applications.
In its most basic form, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network in which all physical items are linked to the
internet by network equipment or routers and
exchange data.
IoT makes it possible to remotely operate devices using
current network infrastructure.
Introduction

IoT is a very good and intelligent approach that

facilitates quick access to physical objects while also
reducing human work.
This method also includes an autonomous control
function that allows any gadget to be controlled
without human input.
Introduction

Advantages
The advantages of IoT are as follows:
(1) Cost Reduction: IOT devices catch any problem very fast as compared to traditional
troubleshooting. It not only saves time but also saves costs of large repairs.
(2) Efficiency and Productivity : An automated PDF conversion and creation tool will
remove the hustle of PDF editing and archiving. Hence, increase in Efficiency and
Productivity.
(3) Business Opportunities : IOT provides advanced analytics, smart utility grids which
help Small Management Businesses to provide more valuable content and things to
their customers.
(4) Customer Experience: Nowadays customer's experience is the most valuable thing
in running a business. IoT has drastically increased the customer's experience. An
example of customer experience is Home Automation. Since everything is
connected, customers need not have to worry about appliances. One can turn off the
appliance through mobile.
Introduction

(5) Mobility and Agility: With the help of loT, employees can do their work
from any geographical location, anytime without any restrictions.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of IoT are as follows:
(1) Security: The data is travelling all over the Internet. So maintaining its
privacy is still a Big Challenge. End-to-end Encryption is a must in IoT.
(2) Compatibility: There is no International Standard for the monitoring of
the equipment.
(3) Complexity: Most of the devices still contain some software bugs. Each
device must be able to seamlessly interact with other devices in the network.
(4) Safety: Suppose a patient is left unattended by a doctor. And some
notorious guy changes the prescription or Health monitoring devices
malfunctioned. Then it can result in the death of the patient.
(5) Policies: Government authorities must take some steps to make policies
and standards related to IoT to stop the Black marketing of IoT devices.
Definitions of IOT

Definitions and Characteristics of IoT

1.1.2.1 Definitions of IOT
We define "the Internet of Things" as sensors and actuators
connected by networks to computing systems. These systems
can monitor or manage the health and actions of connected
objects and machines. Connected sensors can also monitor the
natural world, people, and animals.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a massive network of physical
devices embedded with sensors, software, electronics, and
network which allows the devices to exchange or collect data
and perform certain actions.
Simply put, IoT is made up of two words: Internet & Things.
Definitions of IOT

Things: physical devices, appliances, gadgets, etc.

Internet: through which these devices are connected IoT aims at extending internet
connectivity beyond computen
and smartphones to other devices people use at home or for business.
The technology allows devices to get controlled across network infrastructure
remotely.
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objecta animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
IoT is an umbrella term that refers to the billions of physical objects or "things"
connected to the Internet, all collecting and exchanging data with other devices and
systems over the Internet.
The Internet of Things is a network of physical objects that are connected to the
Internet so that they can exchange data and information in order to improve
productivity, efficiency,
services, and more.
 Fundamentals of IoT

⚫IoT stands for internet of things.

⚫Most simply, it refers to physical objects linked
through wired and wireless networks.
⚫More specifically, it refers to the collection of
internet-connected devices that are able to
communicate autonomously over the internet,
without needing a person to initiate the
communication.
 Fundamentals of IoT

⚫Basic IoT fundamentals, concepts and terms

⚫The four pillars of IoT and the main concepts to
understand are:
⚫Data. IoT technologies provide myriad ways to collect
data about the physical world. Data is the fuel of IoT and
is why it is so important.
⚫Device. The actual, physical components or things in
the internet of things that collect this data.
⚫Analytics. The process of making collected data useful
by turning raw data into actionable insights.
⚫Connectivity. Makes sharing data and insights
possible, increasing the value of that data. This is
the internet in internet of things.
 Introduction

⚫The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network

of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other technologies for
the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet.
⚫These devices range from ordinary household
objects to sophisticated industrial tools.
⚫With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices
today, experts are expecting this number to grow to
10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025.
 Introduction

⚫Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects

that contain electronics embedded within their architecture in order
to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with
respect to the external environment.
⚫In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced
levels of services and practically change the way people lead their
daily lives.
⚫Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture,
smart cities, and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical
examples where IoT is strongly established.
⚫IoT is network of interconnected computing devices
which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them
to send and receive data.
⚫Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to
the Internet, as of now. In the near future, this number is expected
to rise to a whopping 20 billion.
 Definitions & Characteristics of IoT

⚫According to the definition of IoT, It is the way to

interconnection with the help of the internet devices that can
be embedded to implement the functionality in everyday
objects by enabling them to send and receive data.
⚫Today data is everything and everywhere.
⚫Hence, IoT can also be defined as the analysis of the data
generate a meaning action, triggered subsequently after the
interchange of data.
⚫IoT can be used to build applications for agriculture, assets
tracking, energy sector, safety and security sector, defence,
embedded applications, education, waste management,
healthcare product, telemedicine, smart city applications, etc.
 Definitions & Characteristics of IoT

⚫Characteristics of the Internet of Things :

There are the following characteristics of IoT as follows. Let’s
discuss it one by one.
⚫Connectivity –
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT
infrastructure.
⚫Things of IoT should be connected to the IoT infrastructure.
⚫Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be
guaranteed at all times.
⚫For example, connection between people through internet
devices like mobile phones ,and other gadgets, also
connection between Internet devices such as routers,
gateways, sensors, etc.
 Definitions & Characteristics of IoT

⚫Intelligence and Identity –

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very
important.
⚫For example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only be
useful if it is interpreted properly.
⚫Each IoT device has a unique identity.
⚫This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times
for querying its status.
⚫Scalability –
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day
by day.
⚫Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive
expansion.
⚫The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be
handled appropriately.
 Definitions & Characteristics of IoT

⚫Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) –

IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the
changing contexts and scenarios.
⚫Assume a camera meant for the surveillance.
⚫ It should be adaptable to work in different conditions
and different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

⚫Architecture –
IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature.
⚫It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturers ‘
products to function in the IoT network.
⚫ IoT is not owned by anyone engineering branch.
⚫IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.
 Definitions & Characteristics of IoT

⚫Safety –
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet.
⚫This can cause a loss to the user.
⚫Hence, data security is the major challenge.
⚫Besides, the equipment involved is huge.
⚫IoT networks may also be at the risk.
⚫Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

⚫Self Configuring – This is one of the most important characteristics of

IoT.
⚫IoT devices are able to upgrade their software in accordance with
requirements with a minimum of user participation.
⚫Additionally, they can set up the network, allowing for the addition of new
devices to an already-existing network.
 IOT Architectures

⚫There are different phases in the architecture of IoT

but they can vary according to the situations but
generally, there are these four phases in the
architecture of IoT –
⚫Networked Devices
⚫These are the physical devices which include
sensors, actuators, and transducers. These are the
actual devices that collect and send the data for
processing.
⚫They are capable of receiving real-time data and
they can convert the physical quantities into
electrical signals which can be sent through a
network.
 IOT Architectures

⚫Data Aggregation
⚫It is a very important stage as it includes converting
the raw data collected by sensors into meaningful
data which can be used to take actions.
⚫It also includes Data Acquisition Systems and
Internet Gateways.
⚫It converts the Analog signals provided by sensors
into digital signals.
 IOT Architectures

⚫Final Analysis
⚫This is a stage that includes edge IT analytics and the
processing of data to make it more efficient and fully capable
of execution. It also includes managing and locating all the
devices correctly.
⚫Cloud Analysis
⚫The final data is received here and analysed closely and
precisely in data centres. They process and clean the data to
make it free from any kind of errors and missing values. After
this stage, data is ready to be sent back and executed to
perform operations.
⚫Now let us see the basic fundamental architecture of IoT
which consists of four stages as shown in the diagram given
below
IOT Architectures
 IOT Architectures

⚫Sensing Layer : The first stage of IoT includes

sensors, devices, actuators etc. which collect data
from the physical environment, processes it and then
sends it over the network.
⚫Network Layer : The second stage of the IoT
consists of Network Gateways and Data Acquisition
Systems. DAS converts the analogue data (collected
from Sensors) into Digital Data. It also performs
malware detection and data management.
 IOT Architectures

⚫Data Processing Layer: The third stage of IoT is the

most important stage. Here, data is pre-processed on
its variety and separated accordingly. After this, it is
sent to Data Centres. Here Edge IT comes into use.
⚫Application Layer : The fourth stage of IoT consists
of Cloud/Data Centres where data is managed and
used by applications like agriculture, defence, health
care etc.
 Physical & Logical Design of IoT

⚫Physical Design of IoT

⚫Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols. Things
are Node device which have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT Protocols helps
Communication established between things and cloud based server
over the Internet.
⚫Things:- Things are IoT devices that can conduct remote sensing,
actuation, and monitoring tasks and have distinct identities. The core
of IoT applications is things.
⚫IoT devices come in a variety of forms, including wearable sensors,
smart watches, smart electronics appliances, cars, and industrial
machinery.
⚫These devices provide data in one way or another, and when data
analytics systems process that data, they produce meaningful
information that can be used to direct subsequent local or distant
actions.
Physical Design of IoT
 Physical Design of IoT

⚫The Connectivity
⚫Whatever physical device provides connectivity and either transmits or
receives data come in the connectivity part or physical devices of IoT. Here
it can be USB ports, Ethernet cables etc.
⚫Processor
⚫The second, essential component of the physical design of IoT will be the
CPU or the processor. All the data processing happens here and it improves
the decision making quality in the IoT system.
⚫Sound & Visual
⚫The third element is the visual component of IoT. It shows all the
information that the processor sends to the screen. It uses things like
HDMI and RCA. The video player is the audio and visual part of the
physical design of IoT.
⚫Storage Component
⚫Not only a hard disc every component that stores data is the storage
component of IoT. Things like SD, MMC and SDIO. It's different from the
DDR and GPU is used to control the activity of an IoT system.
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫Logical design of IoT system refers to an abstract

representation of the entities & processes without
going into the low-level specifies of the
implementation. For understanding Logical Design
of IoT, we describes given below terms.
⚫IoT Functional Blocks
⚫IoT Communication Models
⚫IoT Communication APIs
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(1) IoT Functional Blocks

⚫An IoT system consists of a number of functional blocks
like Devices, services, communication, security, and
application that provide the capability for sensing,
actuation, identification, communication, and
management.
⚫These functional blocks consist of devices that provide
monitoring control functions, handle communication
between host and server, manage the transfer of data,
secure the system using authentication and other
functions, and interface to control and monitor various
terms.
Logical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫Application
⚫It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the
status and analyze of system.
⚫Management
⚫This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage
an IoT system.
⚫Services
⚫This functional block provides some services like monitoring and
controlling a device and publishing and deleting the data and restoring the
system.
⚫Communication
⚫This block handles the communication between the client and the cloud-
based server and sends/receives the data using protocols.
⚫Security
⚫This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like
authorization, data security, authentication, 2-step verification, etc.
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫Device
⚫These devices are used to provide sensing and
monitoring control functions that collect data from
the outer environment.
⚫(2) IoT Communication Models
⚫There are several different types of models available
in an IoT system that is used to communicate
between the system and server like the request-
response model, publish-subscribe model, push-pull
model, exclusive pair model, etc.
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(3) Request-Response Communication Model

⚫This model is a communication model in which a client
sends the request for data to the server and the server
responds according to the request when a server receives
a request it fetches the data, retrieves the resources and
prepares the response, and then sends the data back to
the client.
⚫In simple terms, we can say that in the request-response
model server send the response of equivalent to the
request of the client. in this model, HTTP works as a
request-response protocol between a client and server.
Logical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(4) Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

⚫In this communication model, we have a broker
between publisher and consumer. Here publishers
are the source of data but they are not aware of
consumers.
⚫●They send the data managed by the brokers and
when a consumer subscribes to a topic that is
managed by the broker and when the broker receives
data from the publisher it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
Logical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(5) Push-Pull Communication Model

⚫It is a communication model in which the data push
by the producers in a queue and the consumers pull
the data from the queues. here also producers are not
aware of the consumers.
Logical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(6) Exclusive Pair Communication Model

⚫It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication
model that uses a persistent connection between the
client and server.
⚫Here first set up a connection between the client
and the server and remain open until the client sends
a close connection request to the server.
Logical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫(7) IoT Communication APIs

⚫These APIs like REST and WebSocket communicate
between the server and system in IoT.
⚫(8) REST-based Communication APIs
⚫Representational state transfer(REST) API uses a
set of architectural principles that used to design web
services.
⚫These APIs focus on the systems' resources that how
resource states are transferred using the request-
response communication model. This API uses some
architectural constraints.
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫Client-server
⚫Here the client is not aware of the storage of data
because it is concerned about the server and
similarly the server should not be concerned about
the user interface because it is a concern of the client.
and this separation is needed for independent
development and updating of server and client. No
matter how the client is using the response of the
server and no matter how the server is using the
request of the client.
 Logical Design of IoT

⚫Stateless
⚫It means each request from the client to the server must
contain all the necessary information to understand by
the server. Because if the server can't understand the
request of the client then it can't fetch the request data in
a proper manner.
⚫Cacheable
⚫In response, if the cache constraints are given then a
client can reuse that response in a later request. it
improves the efficiency and scalability of the system
without loading the extra data. A RESTful web APIs is
implemented using HTTP and REST principles.
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫1.1.5 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫IoT enabling technologies are:
⚫1. Wireless Sensor Network
⚫2. Cloud Computing
⚫3.Big Data Analytics
⚫4. Communications Protocols
⚫5. Embedded System
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)▸

⚫A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are
used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A
wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and
coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to
them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help
of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that
connects WSN to the internet. Example:
⚫Weather monitoring system
⚫Indoor air quality monitoring system
⚫Soil moisture monitoring system
⚫Surveillance system
⚫Health monitoring system
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫2. Cloud Computing

⚫It provides us the means by which we can access applications
as utilities over the internet.
⚫Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
⚫With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from
anywhere like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and
any software over the internet.
⚫Characteristics
⚫1. Broad network access
⚫2. On demand self-services
⚫3. Rapid scalability
⚫4.Measured service
⚫5. Pay-per-use
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫ 3. Big Data Analytics

⚫ It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of
data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store,
control, process and examine the data using traditional databases.
⚫ Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos,
digital images, sensors and sales transaction records. Several steps involved in
analyzing big data:
⚫ 1.Data cleaning
⚫ 2.Munging
⚫ 3. Processing
⚫ 4. Visualization
⚫ Examples:
⚫ Bank transactions.
⚫ Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles.
⚫ E-commerce and in Big-Basket.
⚫ Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands.
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫4. Communications Protocols

⚫They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and linking to applications.
⚫Communication protocols allow devices to exchange
data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe
different aspects of a single communication.
⚫A group of protocols designed to work together is known
as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they
are a protocol stack.
⚫They are used in
⚫1. Data encoding
⚫2. Addressing schemes
 Enabling Technologies in IoT

⚫5. Embedded System

⚫It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform
special tasks.
⚫It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory,
networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output
units (display keyword etc.) and storage devices (flash
memory).
⚫It collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded
systems used in Examples:
⚫1. Digital camera
⚫2. DVD player, music player
⚫3.Industrial robots
⚫4. Wireless Routers etc.
 History of IoT

⚫The first mention of a network of smart devices

dates back to 1982, and the first Internet-connected
gadget was a repurposed Coca-Cola vending machine
at Carnegie Mellon University. This device could
provide information about its inventory and whether
freshly loaded drinks were cold or not.
⚫However, the modern conception of the Internet of
Things was created by Mark Weiser's 1991 paper,
"The Computer of the 21stCentury," as well as work
at organisations like UbiComp and PerCom.
 History of IoT

⚫This idea was developed throughout the 1990s until

Kevin Ashton, who worked for Procter & Gamble and
MIT's Auto-ID Centre, popularised the phrase "The
Internet of Things" in 1999 Ashton thought that radio
frequency identification (RFID) was necessary for the
Internet of Things (IoT), in order to allow computers to
manage any item or thing, even though he actually
favoured the term "The Internet for Things" (IoT).
⚫While the IoT was not fully realised until around 2008-
2009(see below), it could be argued that it was conceived
of by Weiser and Ashton, building on past work such as
the Coca-Cola machine, even if they didn't fully 'invent'
it.
 History of IoT

⚫The Internet of Things was created based upon a series of

earlier developments and breakthroughs. While the Carnegie
mellon University's vending machine was installed in 1982,
this can't really be called the start of the IoT as a whole.
⚫Reza Raji first introduced the idea of the IoT at the IEEE
Spectrum in 1994, and it continued to evolve throughout the
1990s.Before Bill Joy envisioned device-to-device
communication as part of his "Six Webs" architecture at the
World Economic Forum in Davos in 1999, other companies
put forth IoT-style technologies between 1993 and 1997. The
actual term 'the Internet of Things‘ was created by Kevin
Ashton in 1999, although the time when objects were
connected directly to the Internet really began between 2008
and 2009.The following timeline shows the slow progress in
connecting things to the Internet:
 About Things in IoT

⚫An entity or physical object with a unique

identification, an embedded system, and the capacity
to transport data across a network is referred to as a
"thing" in the context of the Internet of things (IoT).
⚫A dress with a RAIN RFID chip embedded in the
tag, or an IV pole that sends location data to
monitoring software, or a printer cartridge that
triggers an email when your ink is running low: all of
these can be considered a 'thing' in the Internet of
Things.
⚫Some examples are:
 About Things in IoT

⚫Connected appliances.
⚫Smart home security systems.
⚫Autonomous farming equipment.
⚫Wearable health monitors.
⚫Smart factory equipment.
⚫Shipping container and logistics tracking.
 The Identifiers in IoT

⚫Definition: An identifier is a pattern to uniquely identify

a single entity (instance identifier) or a class of
entities(i.e. type identifier) within a specific context.
⚫Depending on the application and user need various
types of identifiers are used.
⚫1.1.8.1 Thing Identifier
⚫Thing Identifier Thing identifiers identify the entity of
interest of the IoT application. This can be for example
any physical object (e.g. machines, properties, humans,
animals, plants) or digital data (e.g. files, data sets,
metadata); basically anything that one can interact with.
 The Identifiers in IoT

⚫1.1.8.2 User Identifier

⚫User identifiers identify users of IoT applications
and services. Users can be humans, parties (e.g. legal
entities) or software applications that access and
interact with the IoT application or service.
⚫1.1.8.3 Data Identifier
⚫This class covers both identification of specific data
instances and data types (e.g. meta data, properties,
classes).
 The Identifiers in IoT

⚫1.1.8.4 Application & Service Identifier

⚫Application and Service identifiers identify software
applications and services. This also includes
identifiers for methods on how to interact with the
application or service (i.e. Application Programming
Interfaces, Remote Procedure Calls) Location
Identifier
⚫User identifiers identify users of IoT applications
and services. Users can be humans, parties (e.g. legal
entities) or software applications that access and
interact with the IoT application or service.
 The Identifiers in IoT

⚫1.1.8.5 Protocol Identifier

⚫Protocol identifiers inform for example
communication protocols about the upper layer
protocol they are transporting or applications about
the protocol they have to use in order to establish a
specific communication exchange.
⚫1.1.8.6 Location Identifier
⚫This class is about Identification of locations within
a geographic area (e.g. geospatial coordinates, postal
addresses, room numbers).
 The Identifiers in IoT

⚫1.1.8.7 Communication Identifier

⚫Communication identifiers identify communication
(end)points (e.g. source, destination) and sessions.
 About the Internet in IoT

⚫A complete IoT system integrates four distinct

components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data
processing, and a user interface.
⚫Sensors/Devices
First, sensors or devices collect data from their
environment.
⚫Connectivity
The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud through
a variety of methods including: cellular, satellite, WiFi,
Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), or
connecting directly to the internet via ethernet.
 About the Internet in IoT

⚫Data Processing
Once the data gets to the cloud, software performs
some kind of processing on it. This could be very
simple, such as checking that the temperature reading
is within an acceptable range. Or it could also be very
complex, such as using computer vision on video to
identify objects (such as intruders in your house).
 About the Internet in IoT

⚫User Interface
⚫Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in someway.
This could be via an alert to the user (email, text, notification, etc).
For example, a text alert when the temperature is too high in the
company's cold storage. Also, a user might have an interface that
allows them to proactively check in on the system. For example, a
user might want to check the video feeds in their house via a phone
app or web browser.
⚫The Internet of Things is largely made possible by technologies that
connect devices and enable them to communicate with one another.
Connectivity options have a range of pros and cons, with some more
suitable for certain use cases like smart homes while others may be
more appropriate for IoT applications like industrial automation.
These technologies can be divided into two categories: IoT data
protocols that allow information to be exchanged between devices
even without an internet connection, and IoT network protocols
that link devices to one another and to the internet.
 About the Internet in IoT

⚫Some IOT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

⚫Wi-Fi
⚫Bluetooth
⚫Zigbee
⚫Cellular
⚫LoRaWAN
⚫Sigfox
⚫MQTT
⚫Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
⚫Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
⚫ HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 IOT Frameworks

⚫The IoT framework includes the capabilities to support the

cloud and all the other needs that IoT technology has to meet.
⚫For example, any IoT system will need cloud services,
security for data stored in the cloud, supporting protocols,
edge devices such as gateways, and supporting software.
Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure are cloud capacity
service providers.
⚫The IoT framework reduces the time it takes to create
products that are generally Internet-enabled, speeding up the
development cycle. Which in turn shortens product
deployment time and helps drive innovation.
⚫Device Hardware : Requires an idea of the architecture and
operation of various microcontrollers as well as various
sensors.
 IOT Frameworks

⚫Device Software: Requires knowledge of how the API

works in microcontrollers and how you can create
libraries for programming.
⚫Communication and Cloud Platform: Requires the
basics of wired and wireless communication. The cloud
itself is an indispensable part of IoT and requires
knowledge of how cloud technology works and its IoT
integration.
⚫ Cloud Application: This is a software program in which
local and cloud-based components work together for
faster and easier accessibility. It serves to improve our
ability to use the system to its fullest potential.
⚫Some Examples of IOT Framework are :
 IOT Frameworks

⚫1. Arduino
Arduino is an open-source physical computing
platform based on a simple microcontroller board,
easy-to-use hardware and software, and a
development environment for writing software for the
board.
2. ThingSpeak
ThingSpeak is an Internet of Things (IoT) framework
that allows you to collect and store data in a cloud and
develop IoT applications.
 IOT Frameworks

⚫3. ThingWorx IoT Platform

⚫The Thing Worx model-driven development
environment enables companies to do just that:
innovators to rapidly create and develop IoT
applications. Connected solutions for the Internet of
Things, no matter where the data resides.
⚫4. Node-RED
⚫Node-Red open source is developed around Node.js.
It is designed for the IoT project mainly used in
Raspberry Pi. It can run on 60,000 other different
modules.
 IOT Frameworks

⚫5.KAA IOT
⚫The platform has been developed specifically for
construction. An unlimited number of devices can be
managed through device-to-device interoperability and
integrated device integration, and even by configuring them
remotely or from controllers to the cloud, providing
opportunities for large-scale IoT-scale product development.
⚫6. AWS IOT
⚫AWS IoT (Amazon Internet of Things) is an Amazon Web
Services platform that collects and analyzes data from devices
and sensors connected to the Internet and connects that data
to AWS cloud applications. The AWS IoT can collect data from
billions of devices and connect it to endpoints for other AWS
tools and services, allowing a developer to tie that data into an
application.
 IOT Frameworks

⚫7. Mainflux
Mainflux is a modern, scalable, secure, open-source IoT
framework written in the programming language. Go is a
highly concurrent language that supports a huge number of
concurrent connections. It accepts connections with
multiple network protocols (i.e. HTTP, MQTT, WebSocket)
and thus forms a seamless bridge between them.
⚫8. DeviceHive
The DeviceHive is an open-source IoT framework currently
distributed under the Apache 2.0 license that can be used
and modified for free. The DeviceHive helps connect
devices to the cloud in minutes, allowing device
information to be streamed and commands sent.
 IOT Frameworks

⚫9. Eclipse
⚫The Eclipse IoT initiative is designed to showcase how
open source software, open standards, and commercial
solutions can be used to create true, industry-specific
Internet of Things solutions. The Eclipse IoT platform is
built around the Java /OSGi-based Kura API container.
⚫10. IoTvity
⚫IoTivity provides a common IoT framework for all
sectors particularly industrial and automotive and
system security. This is possible by establishing new
communication protocols for connectivity across
multiple modes of transport.