English 102 glossary words 8 Typed by : Abdalghani Al-hashdi
NO WORD DEFINITION
UNIT 4
1 Bending Movement that causes the formation of a curve .
2 Component A part or element of a larger whole ,especially a part of machine or
vehicle.
3 Compression The process or result of making something smaller by pressing it .
4 Compressive The reduction in the length of a material , in relation to its original
strain length when it is pressed .
5 Deflection The change you can measure when a material bends .
6 Fatigue Gradual failure of materials such as metals under repeated low
stress .
7 Load The force that is applied to an object .
8 Load cell A device that measure loads .
9 Newton (N) A unit of force , equal to the amount of net force required to
accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per
second squared .
10 Stiffness The quality of being firm and difficult to bend .
11 Strain gauge A device used to measure the strain of an object .
12 Strength The ability of something to support a force without breaking .
13 Stress Physical pressure put on something that can break it or cause it to
change shape .
14 Tensile strain The increase in the length of a material , in relation to its original
length when it is pulled .
15 Tensile strength The extent to which something can support a pulling force without
breaking .
English 102 glossary words Typed by : Abdalghani Al-hashdi
9
The new vocabularies from ENGINERING 1-1 pdf
* Any force that acts on a material is called a load. The weight of traffic on a
bridge. Strength and stiffness are the qualities of a material to resist loads.
* The load on a structure is a force measured in newton. Loads on materials
produce stress; the unit of stress is the Pascal. Stress – the internal effect of
a load on a material – is equivalent to pressure. Pressure, the effect of a
force often applied by a fluid on an external area, is also measured in
Pascal’s.
* When materials are subjected to stress, they change shape. The change
measured relative to the original shape is called strain. Strain has no units
but is often expressed as a percentage. When a material is subjected to a
small stress and that stress is then released, and the material returns to its
original length, the material is elastic. At larger stresses, the material
reaches its elastic limit, also known as its yield point, and becomes plastic.
This means that it is permanently deformed. As stress increases further, the
material reaches a point of ultimate stress ( or strength ) where it breaks.
There are four main types of stress and strain:
* Tension – caused by two forces pulling a material in opposite directions.
*Compression – caused by a force pressing or squeezing a material.
* Shear – caused by opposing forces that are out of line producing a cutting
effect.
* Bending – where one surface is in tension and the other is compression.
The change in shape due to bending is called deflection.
The behavior of materials under stress can be complex, so parts are
subjected to realistic tests where loads are applied and strains are
measured often to the point of part failure.
* Engineers choose materials and make specifications based on the forces
that will act upon a structure. The main forces are caused by the weight of
objects, for example cable car.
English 102 glossary words 10 Typed by : Abdalghani Al-hashdi
Materials must have enough stiffness to resist stretching or
compression under the stress caused by forces.
Light materials such as aluminum have low density – they weigh less for the
same volume.
* Fuselage – the main part of an aircraft, in which passengers and goods are
carried.
* Carbon fiber – a material made of fibers that are 5-10 microns in
diameter and made mostly of carbon atoms; carbon fiber composites are
carbon fiber mixed with other materials, usually plastics, to make them
more suitable for particular engineering applications.
* Load cylinder – a mechanism that applies force to a material that is being
tested.
*Rigid – stiff and difficult to bend.
