 Hierarchy of the Sciences

STS - the scale of the Universe mapped to

branches of science and showing how one
system is built atop the next through the
hierarchy of the Sciences
 Technology
INTRODUCTION
- the human attempt to change the world by
 Science
creating products that can help people.
- the human attempt to understand the natural
- it involves tools, techniques and procedures
world, with or without concern for practical
for putting the findings of science to use
uses of that knowledge.
- greek word means ‘art or craft’ and ‘subject or
- tries to discover facts and relationships and
interest’
then tries to create theories that make sense of
- practical applications of what we know about
these facts and relationships
nature
- any system of knowledge that is concerned
 Examples of Technology
with the physical world and its phenomena and
- Smartphone
that entails unbiased observation and
- Laptop
systematic experimentation
- Electrical Appliances
- involves a pursuit of knowledge covering
- Machineries
general truths or the operations of fundamental
 Interaction between S&T
laws
 Science explores for the purpose
- is based on the premise that our senses, and
of knowing, while technology
extensions of those senses through the use of
explores for the purpose of making
instruments, can give us accurate information
something useful from that
about the universe
knowledge
- folows very specific ‘rules’ and its results are
 Science drives technology by
always subject to testing
making new technology possible
- even with such constraints science does not
through scientific breakthroughs.
include, and often benefits from creativity and
 Engineers focus on using science
imagination
to develop products.
 Scientific Method
 Without technology, some science
- science may be defined as the system of
experiments would not be possible.
knowledge of the natural world gained through
 Without science, technology could
the scientific method
not proceed.
1. Make an observation.
 The very questions that scientists
2. Ask a question.
ask are shaped by the available
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable
technology.
explanation.
 Role of Science and Technology
4. Make a prediction based on
1. Alter the way people live, connect,
the hypothesis.
communicate and transact, with
5. Test the prediction.
profound effects on economic
6. Iterate: use the results to make
development.
new hypothesis or prediction
2. Key drivers to development
 Division of Science
because technological and
 Three Basic Groups
scientific revolutions underpin
 the physical sciences
economic advances,
 the biological sciences
improvements in health systems,
 the psychological sciences
 education and infrastructures. create culture and to improve
3. The technological revolutions of human conditions.
the 21st century are emerging from  Science influences society through
entirely new sectors, based on its knowledge and world view.
micro-processors, tele-  Society also influences science.
communications, biotechnology There are social influences on the
and nanotechnology. direction and emphasis of scientific
4. Products are transforming and technological development
business practices across the through pressure groups on
economy as well as the lives of all specific issues and through
whi have access to their effects. generally accepted social views,
5. Have the power to better the lives values, and priorities.
of poor people in developing  INTERCONNECTIONS OF STS
countries. - technology alters how we behave
6. Differentiators between countries - society drives technological innovations and
that are able to tackle poverty scientific injury
effectively by growing and - science gives us insight to what kind of
developing their economies and technologies we could potentially create and
those that are not. how to create them and technology allows us
7. Engine growth. to conduct further scientific research
8. Interventions for cognitive
enhancement, proton cancer
therapy and genetic engineering
among others.
 Society
- the sum total of our interactions as humans, INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
including the interactions that we engage in to DEFINED SOCIETY
figure things out and to make things.  Science
- a group of individuas involved in persistent - Science as an idea. It includes ideas,
social interaction or a large social group theories and availably systematic explanations
sharing the same geographical or social and observation about the natural and physical
territory, typically subject to the same political world.
authority and dominant cultural expectations. - Science as a body of knowledge. A body of
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY knowledge that deals with the process of
- is the study of how society, politics and learning about natural and physical world.
culture affect scientific research and - Science as an intellectual activity. It
technological innovation and how these in turn encompasses as systematic and practical
affect society, politics and culture. study of natural and physical world. Involves
- makes the assumption that science and systematic observations and experimentation.
technology are essentially intertwined and they - Science as a personal and social activity.
are each profoundly social and political Science is both knowledge and activities done
 EFFECTS OF S&T TO THE SOCIETY by human beings to develop better
 S&T have a major impact on understanding of the world around them.
society and their impacts is • Science is as old as the world itself.
growing. • Science and Technology indeed play a major
 By making life easier, science has roles in our everyday life.
given man the chance to pursue • They make difficult and complicated tasks
societal concerns such as ethics, easier and allow people to do more with so
aesthetics, education and justice to little effort and time.
• The developments in this field are not just 2. This diversity of lofe came
products of people’s imagination or a one-time about because of the modifications
thought process; they are also brought about in populations thay were driven by
by gradual improvements to earlier works from natural selection.
different periods.  Natural Selection
 Scientific Revolution - Organisms produce more
- a period of enlightenment when the offspring than survive to reproduce.
developments in the fields of mathematics, - Their offspring vary slightly.
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry - Characteristics can be passed on
transformed the views of society about nature. from generation to generation.
• Started in the early 16th century up to 18th - Those most suited to their
century in Europe. Why in Europe? environment survive at the expens
I．Probably because of the invention of the  Sigmund Freud
printing press - Austrian, doctor
II．Blooming intellectual activities done in - father of psychoanalysis
various places. - one of the first psychologists to study
III．Growing number of scholars in various human motivation
fields of human interests. - believed that mental illness is a result of
 Scientific Revolution nurture, not nature.
 Formulation of Science Ideas  3 Aspects which influence behavior
 Transformation of Society  ID
 Development of Human - unconconscious part of the
 Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary mind (this part of the mind seeks to
Ideas bring us pleasure)
 Nicolaus Copernicus - primitive parts of our personality
- proved that the Earth revolved around the including aggression and sexual
Sun drives
- he was not the first to support the heliocentric  EGO
system theory, but he was the first to include a -conscious part of the mind
complete system that combined mathematics, (Rational Self).
physics, and cosmology. - Decides what action to take for
- his writings and contributions to astronomy positive means and what to do
and society as a whole were very important. based on what is believed is the
 Charles Darwin right thing to do.
- famous for his theory of evolution - Aware of reality.
- he changed our concept of the world’s  SUPEREGO
creation and its evolution. - unconscious part of the mind that
- A genius who came from a line of acts as our conscience.
intellectually gifted and wealthy family. - Reminds us of what we should
- Published his book “The Origin of Species by do.
means of Natural Selection” in 1589 ( one of  The ID and the SUPEREGO are in
the most important books in Scientific constant conflict. Your DRIVE tells you to
Literature. do one thing , while SOCIETY tells you to
- His theories marked by observation do something else.
 Two Main Points of the Theory  If you don’t resolve this conflict between
of Evolution the ID and the EGO, you may
1. All life on Earth is connected experience unhappiness or mental
and related to each other. distress.
 Thus, in order to understand motivation, •Discovered speed of acceleration for
you must understand what is in your gravity
unconscious memory. This is the basis • Father of Modern Observational Astronomy,
for PSYCHOANALYSIS. Modern Physics, Science, Modern Science
 Johannes Kepler
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION •Brahe’s student for 20 years
 Scientific Revolution •Living during 30 years of war
- Beginning of modern science •Loved the planets and made it his life’s
- Scientific method: Depends upon logic, work to explain the motion of planets
observation, and reason rather than faith •Invented Three Laws of Planetary
- Created the technologies and techniques Motion
that built the modern world  Rene Descartes
- Created paradigm of our solar system •Deductive logic
 Revolution in Epistemology and •One of the key actors in SR in
Philosophy 17th century
•Universities formed •Deduced the existence of God
•Rediscovery of classical science •Invented Cartesian geometry (xy axis)
•Leading figures •“I think therefore I am”
–Bacon  Isaac Newton
–Brahe •The Principia
–Copernicus •Tied up the loose ends of Kepler and
–Descartes Galileo
–Galileo •Three Laws of Motion
–Kepler •Defined gravity and its laws
–Newton •Invented optics and calculus
 Nicolaus Copernicus  Rise of the Scientific Community
•Earth revolves around the sun •Developed the modern scientific method
•Book On the Revolutions of the •Universe ordered according to natural
Heavenly Spheres laws
•Heliocentric theory: •Discovered that scientific laws can be
–Sun is the center of the universe discovered by human reason
 Tycho Brahe •Took the role of a deity (divinity) or god
•Danish royal astrologer out of the study of the universe
•Follower of Ptolemaic system •Mechanical views of the universe
•Observed and mapped over 700 stars in •Deistic view of God
a 20-year period
 Sir Francis Bacon
•Preferred inductive reasoning and facts SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
over theory  Development
•Invented the scientific method - is the accumulation of human capital and its
- a systematic procedure for collecting effective investment in the progress of an
and analyzing evidence economy.
- major element of modern science - entails improvement in the quality as well as
Inductive Reasoning - particular to quantity of life.
general thinking  Shifts in Development Paradigms
 Galileo Galilei  1920 - 1940 : Economic cum Cultural
•“I recant” Progress; Exploitation of natural
•Invented the telescope, pendulum clock, resources
thermometer, water pump, and sector
  1940 - 1960 : Economic Progress; Declaration to reaffirm global commitment
Industrial as vehicle of economic were adopted.
development  The Agenda 21 was localized based on the
 1950 - 1970 : Economic Progress cum maxim “Think globally, Act Locally” through
Rural Development; Recognition of our Philippine Agenda 21.
disparity in income  Monterrey Conference on Finance for
 1970 : Integrated Area Development; Development
Agri-production and geographic equity  Doha Ministerial Conference which defined
 1980 : Participatory Development; for the world a comprehensive vision for
Reversal of TOP-DOWN approach the future of humanity.
 1990 ; Sustainable Development  World Summiton Sustainable Development
 For Sustainable Development to happen, held at Johannesburg, South Africa from 2-
the world of nations agreed to focus all 4 September 2002.
development initiatives towards  Sustainable Development
sustainability of resources. - development that meets the need of the
 The Stockholm Convention held 30 years present without compromising the ability of the
ago. The whole world agreed on the urgent future generation to meet their own needs
need to respond to the problem of - the harmonious integration of a sound and
environmental deterioration. viable economy
 The Road to Rio - Economic Development + Environment
• Publication of “Our Common Future” by the Protection - Social Reform - People’s
UN World Commission on Environment and Empowerment
Development in 1987 - PEOPLE -> DEVELOPMENT ->
• Publication of the “Brundtland Report,” a ENVIRONMENT
landmark report establishing the need for  Elements/Dimensions
sustainable development in industrialized and of Sustainable Development
developing countries. •Political
• An “Earth Summit” officially known as •Economic
the United Nations Conference on •Institutional
Environment and Development, was held in •Technological
June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro and participated •Socio-cultural
by over 170 states worldwide (114 of whom •Ecological
were represented by Heads of States of  Parameters of Sustainable Development
Governments)  Economic
 Outcomes of the Earth Summit •Maintaining a sustainable population
• convention on biodiversity; •Maintaining productivity and profitability of
• framework convention on climate change; environment and natural resources
• principles of forest management;  Ecological
• Agenda 21; •Adopting environmental management
• the Rio Declaration on Environment and weapons in policy and decision making
Development •Protecting the environment and conserving
 It was agreed that the protection of the natural resources
environment, and social and economic  Technological
development are fundamental •Promoting proper management of wastes
to Sustainable Development(based on the and residuals
Rio Principles). •Adopting environment-friendly technologies
 To achieve such development, the global  Political
program Agenda 21 and the Rio •Empowering the people
•Maintaining peace and order
  Socio-cultural •Cultural, Moral and Spiritual
•Promoting resource access and upholding Sensitivity. Considers the inherent
property rights strengths of local and indigenous
•Promoting environmental awareness, knowledge, practices and beliefs, while
inculcating ethics and supporting env respecting cultural diversity, moral
management action standards and the spiritual nature of the
 Institutional Filipino society.
•Improving institutional capacity/ capability to  Key Concepts and Principles of
manage sustainable development Sustainable Development
 Philippine Agenda 21 •Operates on the principle of indivisible
- is our own national agenda for sustainable world. Environmental problems cross
development. national boundaries in such phenomena
- recognizes three key actors in sustainable as acid rain and global warming.
development, and their roles in different •It does not mean economic stagnation
realms of society or giving up economic growth for the
• The Principles of Unity sake of the environment. It should even
• The Action Agenda promote economic development as a
• The Implementation Strategies requisite for maintaining environmental
 Key Actors in Sustainable Development quality.
• Government is the key actor in POLITICS , •SD in agriculture, forestry and the
which is concerned with democratic fisheries sectors involves conservation of
governance and security of human rights. land, water, plant and animal genetic
• Civil Society is the key actor in CULTURE, sources, does not degrade the
which is concerned with the development of environment and is technologically
thensocial and spiritual capacities of appropriate, economically viable and
human beings. socially acceptable. (ADB, 1991)
• Business is the key actor in •At the level of the individuals and
ECONOMY, which is mainly concerned with communities, SD is a process focused
producing goods and services to people. on people and societies – how they
 Vision of Philippine Agenda 21 define needs with reference to their own
A better quality of life for all, through the goals and the goals they share as
development of a just, moral, creative, spiritual, members of communities and nations.
economically vibrant, caring, diverse yet •It is in contrast to development that
cohesive society characterized by appropriate focused on resource exploitation to
productivity, participatory and democratic generate short –term wealth.
processes, and living in harmony within the  The Concept of
limits of the carrying capacity of nature and the Sustainable Development
integrity of creation. (PA 21, Section 1.4, p.12) •The concept of SD is an evolving one.
 Philippine Agenda 21 Sustainable There is no quick and fast rule towards
Development Principles SD because of its multi-dimensional and
•Primacy of Developing Full Human complex nature.
Potential This puts man at the center of •SD is dynamic and adjusts to the
all development efforts. changing conditions and needs of the
•Holistic Science and Appropriate time.
Technology. Implies development of
appropriate technology to solve
development problems with due ENVIRONMENT GLOBALIZATION
consideration to its impact to society and ( TRANSITIONING FROM MDGs TO SDGs)
ecology.  Millenium Development Goal (MDGs)
- are 8 goals with measurable targets and clear
deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s
poorest people
 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
 Achieve Universal Primary Education
 Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
 Reduce Child Mortality
 Improve Maternal Health
 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other
Diseases
 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
 A Global Partnership for Development
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)
- are blueprint to achieve better and more
sustainable future for all
 No Poverty
 Zero Hunger
 Good Health and Well-Being
 Quality Education
 Gender Equality
 Clean Water and Sanitation
 Affordable and Clean Energy
 Decent Work and Economic Growth
 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
 Reduced Inequalities
 Sustainable Cities and Communities
 Responsible Production and
Consumption
 Climate Action
 Life Below Water
 Lofe on Land
 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
 Partnerships for the Goals

Ps: lantawa nalang sa ppt ang mga meanings

sa SDGs and MDGs kay kapoy na type