Lab Code Branch

CSDL7022
Blockchain Lab Computer

Lab Objectives:
1 To explore Blockchain concepts.
2 To implement public and private Blockchain.
3 To create applications using Blockchain.
4 Demonstrate the concept of blockchain in real world application.

At the end of the course, the students will be able to

Lab Outcomes:
1 Creating Cryptographic hash using merkle tree.
2 Design Smart Contract using Solidity.
3 Implementing ethereum blockchain using Geth.
 List of Experiments

1 Cryptography in Blockchain, Merkle root tree hash

2 Creating Smart Contract using Solidity and Remix IDE.
3 Implementation Of Inheritance 1.single 2. Multilevel 3. Hierarchical
4 Create the embedded wallet and perform the transaction using Meta-mask
5 Study Blockchain platform Ganache.
6 Blockchain platform ethereum using Geth.
7 Case Study on Hyperledger
8 Case Study on Other Blockchain platforms.
9 Creating a blockchain Application as a Mini project
 Experiment No-1

Cryptography in Blockchain, Merkle root tree hash

Cryptography is the process of developing a set of techniques and protocols to prevent any third
party from gaining access to the data during a communication process. The word ‘cryptography’ is
derived from two Greek terms, ‘Kryptos’ meaning ‘hidden’ and ‘Graphein’ meaning ‘to write’.
Some terminologies used in cryptography: The method used to secure data from unauthorised
access is called cryptography. Blockchain was built on the concept of enabling secure
communication between two parties therefore, it uses cryptography to secure the transactions that
take place between two nodes on the network. Blockchain uses two main concepts, cryptography
and hashing. The former is used to encrypt messages in a peer-to-peer network, and the latter is
used to secure information on the block and link the blocks in a blockchain.

Maintaining the security of participants and transactions as well as safeguarding against

double-spending, is the primary focus of cryptography. It makes sure that the transactions on the
blockchain network are secure by ensuring data can be obtained, read and processed only by
individuals for whom it was intended.

What Is a Merkle Tree?

●​ Merkle trees, also known as Binary hash trees, are a prevalent sort of data structure in computer
science.

●​ In bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, they're used to encrypt blockchain data more efficiently
and securely.

●​ It's a mathematical data structure made up of hashes of various data blocks that summarize all
the transactions in a block.

●​ It also enables quick and secure content verification across big datasets and verifies the
consistency and content of the data.
What Is a Merkle Root?

A Merkle root is a simple mathematical method for confirming the facts on a Merkle tree.They're
used in cryptocurrency to ensure that data blocks sent through a peer-to-peer network are whole,
undamaged, and unaltered.They play a very crucial role in the computation required to keep
cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and ether running.

Merkle Tree in Blockchain:

A hash tree, also known as a Merkle tree, is a tree in which each leaf node is labeled with the
cryptographic hash of a data block, and each non-leaf node is labeled with the cryptographic hash
of its child nodes' labels. The majority of hash tree implementations are binary (each node has two
child nodes), but they can also have many more child nodes.
Cryptographic Hash Functions

A hash function maps any type of arbitrary data of any length to a fixed-size output. It is
commonly used in cryptography since it is a cryptographic function.

●​ They are efficient and are well-known for one property: they are irreversible. It's a one-way
function that's only meant to work in one direction.

●​ Some of the Hash families available are Message Direct (MD), Secure Hash Function (SHF),
and RIPE Message Direct (RIPEMD).

Now, take an example, if you use the SHA256 hash algorithm and pass 101Blockchains as input,
you will get the following output

fbffd63a60374a31aa9811cbc80b577e23925a5874e86a17f712bab874f33ac9

Working of Merkle Trees

A Merkle tree totals all transactions in a block and generates a digital fingerprint of the entire set
of operations, allowing the user to verify whether it includes a transaction in the block.
●​ Merkle trees are made by hashing pairs of nodes repeatedly until only one hash remains; this
hash is known as the Merkle Root or the Root Hash.

●​ They're built from the bottom, using Transaction IDs, which are hashes of individual
transactions.

●​ Each non-leaf node is a hash of its previous hash, and every leaf node is a hash of transactional
data.

Benefits of Merkle Tree in Blockchain

Merkle trees provide four significant advantages -Validate the data's integrity: It can be used to
validate the data's integrity effectively.

●​ Takes little disk space: Compared to other data structures, the Merkle tree takes up very little
disk space.

●​ Tiny information across networks: Merkle trees can be broken down into small pieces of data
for verification.

●​ Efficient Verification: The data format is efficient, and verifying the data's integrity takes only a
few moments.

Why Is It Essential to Blockchain?

Think of a blockchain without Merkle Trees to get a sense of how vital they are for blockchain
technology. Let’s have one of Bitcoin because its use of Merkle Trees is essential for the
cryptocurrency and easier to grasp.

●​ If Bitcoin didn't include Merkle Trees, per se, every node on the network would have to retain a
complete copy of every single Bitcoin transaction ever made. One can imagine how much
information that would be.

●​ Any authentication request on Bitcoin would require an enormous amount of data to be

transferred over the network: therefore, you'll need to validate the data on your own.

●​ To confirm that there were no modifications, a computer used for validation would need a lot of
computing power to compare ledgers.

Merkle Trees are a solution to this issue. They hash records in accounting, thereby separating the
proof of data from the data itself.

●​ Proving that giving tiny amounts of information across the network is all that is required for a
transaction to be valid.

●​ Furthermore, it enables you to demonstrate that both ledger variations are identical in terms of
nominal computer power and network bandwidth.
Output
Conclusion: Thus we have successfully studied cryptography in block using
merkle tree.
 Experiment No-2

Creating Smart Contract using Solidity and Remix IDE.

 Experiment No-3

Implementation Of Inheritance 1.single 2. Multilevel 3.Hierarchical

 Experiment No-4

Create the embedded wallet and perform the transaction using Meta-mask

What is MetaMask?

MetaMask is a blockchain (Cryptocurrency) wallet used for storing digital coins and money in
online mode safely and securely. It provides a digital bank where you can keep your bitcoin and
other cryptocurrencies.It is mainly used to interact with the Ethereum blockchain. It is fully
equipped with safety and straightforward to use.In simple words, MetaMask is one of the globally
known cryptocurrency wallets. It is a type of browser extension used with the help of web
browsers. An extension is a specific type of application that makes interacting with the Ethereum
network simpler using modern web browsers.MetaMask supplies its customers a software that
allows them to manage Ether and other ERC 20 currencies and engage with Ethereum
decentralized Apps.Its browser extension is use to transmit, buy, receive, and acquire Ethereum or
Ethereum-compatible tokens.Public blockchains like Ethereum are the next evolution of Internet
databases, and MetaMask is the next evolution of the browser. MetaMask keeps no information on
you: not your email address, not your password, and not your Secret Recovery Phrase or other
private keys. You retain all power over your crypto-identity.

How to install MetaMask:​

●​ Browser extension
●​ Mobile app
●​ Chrome,Firefox,Edge,Brave
●​ Alternatively, you could also access each browser's extension store and search
 for MetaMask. Whatever you prefer!
●​ Configure your privacy settings​

// When installing the MetaMask extension, you'll be able to adjust privacy settings
one-by-one to ensure the app is set up according to your privacy preferences.
To do this, simply hit the 'Advanced configuration' button in the wallet set-up process.
Extension permissions​
When adding MetaMask to your browser, you may ask why you 'd have to approve an extension to
“read and change all your data on the websites you visit”. Get ready, the answer is technical:
In order to enable dapps (decentralized applications) to access the blockchain, MetaMask needs to
inject a Web3 JavaScript object into each page. By doing so, it will not change the website, but
merely allows it to access the network. For a fuller explanation of this, see here.
If you are still not convinced, a good way to experiment and manage your browser is to sandbox
your MetaMask: create a separate browser profile so that MetaMask is only installed there. This
will let you get used to MetaMask and Web3 in an environment that's separate from your existing
web identity.
That said, MetaMask is safe for browsing. Welcome — you're joining over 30 million MetaMask
users all over the world!
Fund your wallet​
Adding some tokens to your wallet allows you to fully engage in web3. After creating your wallet,
you'll see a prompt in the MetaMask extension to fund your wallet.
From there, you can buy crypto with a debit or credit card, receive crypto from another account, or
transfer crypto from a CEX. Select the option you'd like to start with; you can always use a
different method later.
Configure your privacy settings​
When installing the MetaMask extension, you'll be able to adjust privacy settings one-by-one to
ensure the app is set up according to your privacy preferences.
To do this, simply hit the 'Advanced configuration' button in the wallet set-up process. Here you
can toggle/configure settings including:

Gas
Gas is the unit of measure for how much computational work is required to process transactions
and smart contracts. Essentially a transaction fee, the term originates from Ethereum, in which
context it refers to computation undertaken on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Since
Ethereum was founded, numerous EVM-compatible (and non-EVM-compatible!) networks have
emerged and adopted similar models.
The term is analogous to the gas that powers a car engine: it's the fluctuating, occasionally
expensive cost of operation. More complex smart contracts require more gas to power their
computation, just as a bigger, more powerful car takes more gas to run.
The method for calculating gas fees varies depending on the network. For example, calculating gas
on Ethereum used to be very complicated, but was considerably simplified with the
implementation of Ethereum Improvement Protocol (EIP) 1559 in August 2021 (also known as the
London Upgrade). Essentially, you pay a base fee for every unit of gas, which is burned (read: it is
deleted, and disappears) upon successful completion of the transaction. On top of the base fee, you
add a priority fee, again per unit of gas, the value of which depends on how quickly you want the
transaction to go through.
Across the broad range of EVM-compatible networks available, gas, or similarly-functioning
alternatives, have essentially become the standard method of calculating transaction costs. Fees are
paid in the network's native token: for example, any transaction on Ethereum requires ETH; using
BSC requires BNB; using Polygon requires POL (previously MATIC). Some networks have
adopted Ethereum's EIP-1559 model wholesale, such as Polygon, whilst others have made
adjustments, including Avalanche, for their C-Chain (which burns both the base fee and priority
fee, rather than just the former).
If you want to read a more in-depth look at how gas works on Ethereum, see here.
Here are some essential details for dealing with gas in MetaMask:

The gas limit (units of gas used)​

The gas limit is the maximum number of units of gas you are willing to pay for in order to carry
out a transaction or EVM operation. Different operations demand different quantities of gas units.
A normal transaction sending ETH or a token normally costs 21,000 gas, whereas an ERC-20
token approval requires 45,000. Many networks, such as EVM-compatible blockchain Harmony,
use an identical model in which standard transactions also cost 21,000 gas.
info
Do I need to edit gas limit?
No! MetaMask automatically sets your gas limit depending on the transaction you're trying to
execute. In the vast majority of cases, this will be adequate to complete your transaction. If you
want to check or edit it, make sure you have advanced gas controls turned on and hit the button
next to the gas information on the transaction confirmation screen that reads 'Market', 'Low', or
'Aggressive'.

The base fee​

Every block on the Ethereum network has a base fee determined by network demand: the base fee
is based on the block size of the block before it, compared against a target block size (where size
refers to the total amount of gas used for all the transactions the block includes). If the size of the
previous block exceeds the target, the base fee for the next block increases by 12.5%, leaving you,
the user (or your wallet), with absolute certainty as to the base fee of the upcoming block. Your
total gas fee must meet this price as a minimum in order to be considered for inclusion in the
block.
The priority fee​
The priority fee, also referred to as the "miner tip", incentivizes the miner to prioritize your
transaction.
Naturally, whether this does actually go to a miner depends on the consensus mechanism they use:
Ethereum mainnet became a Proof of Stake network following the Merge in September 2022, so
the priority fee goes to validators instead of miners.

The max fee​

The max fee is the total, global amount paid for your transaction. It is calculated as: (base fee +
priority fee) x units of gas used. MetaMask initially sets this amount based on the previous block's
history. However, users can edit this amount through custom settings (see below). The difference
between max fee per gas and (base fee + max priority fee per gas) is “refunded” to the user. /

Step1-
Step2-
 Expt 5 : Blockchain platform Ganache.

Ethereum - Ganache for Blockchain

Next

Ganache is used for setting up a personal Ethereum Blockchain for testing your
Solidity contracts. It provides more features when compared to Remix.Ganache is a
popular development tool provided by Truffle Suite for creating a personal Ethereum
blockchain for development and testing purposes. It is designed to make blockchain
development faster and easier by providing a fully controlled environment.

Step 1 : Download and install the Blockchain on your local machine.

Downloading Ganache

You may download Ganache from t

he following URL −

https://archive.trufflesuite.com/ganache/

Download for windows

Installing Ganache

Locate the “Ganache-2.0.0.dmg” in your Downloads folder

and double-click on it to install Ganache. Upon successful
installation, the following screen will appear −
Starting Ganache

Now locate Ganache in your Application folder and double-click on its icon to start
Ganache.

Ganache Desktop

When Ganache starts, the Ganache screen will appear as

shown below −
Click QUICKSTART to start Ganache. You will see Ganache
console as shown below −
The console in the above screenshot shows two user accounts with balance of 100
ETH (Ether - a currency for transaction on Ethereum platform). It also shows a
transaction count of zero for each account. As the user has not performed any
transactions so far, this count is obviously zero.

Conclusion - Thus we have successfully created the Blockchain platform

Ganache.

Expt 5 : Blockchain platform Ganache.

Ethereum - Ganache for Blockchain
Next

Ganache is used for setting up a personal Ethereum Blockchain for testing your
Solidity contracts. It provides more features when compared to Remix.Ganache is a
popular development tool provided by Truffle Suite for creating a personal Ethereum
blockchain for development and testing purposes. It is designed to make blockchain
development faster and easier by providing a fully controlled environment.

Step 1 : Download and install the Blockchain on your local machine.

Downloading Ganache

You may download Ganache from the following URL −

https://archive.trufflesuite.com/ganache/

Download for windows

Installing Ganache

Locate the “Ganache-2.0.0.dmg” in your Downloads folder

and double-click on it to install Ganache. Upon successful
installation, the following screen will appear −
Starting Ganache

Now locate Ganache in your Application folder and double-click on its icon to start
Ganache.

Ganache Desktop

When Ganache starts, the Ganache screen will appear as

shown below −
Click QUICKSTART to start Ganache. You will see Ganache
console as shown below −
The console in the above screenshot shows two user accounts with balance of 100
ETH (Ether - a currency for transaction on Ethereum platform). It also shows a
transaction count of zero for each account. As the user has not performed any
transactions so far, this count is obviously zero.

Conclusion - Thus we have successfully created the Blockchain platform

Ganache.
 7 Case Study on Hyperledger

Hyperledger Fabric “Building Your First Network”

Hyperledger Fabric is a Blockchain framework that works as the foundation for

developing applications with a modular architecture. It is an open-source engine for
blockchain and takes care of the most important features for evaluating and using
blockchain for business use cases. Hyperledger comes under an open-source Umbrella
Project under the Linux Foundation that helps in different fields of finance, banking,
IoT, supply chain, manufacturing, and technology.

Prerequisites for Hyperledger Fabric-Samples

In order to start the first Hyperledger fabric network Fabric-samples repository will be
used.

This repository is a set of CLI tool binaries and Fabric Docker .

Install the below dependencies before starting the project:

1. Install Docker
Installation on Windows: Visit the link to install the Docker setup on Windows.
Hyperledger Fabric samples being used here are highly dependent on the bash script. So
in windows where you need to install docker, it is recommended to use
WSL2(Windows Subsystem for LinuxFor WSL2 you need to ensure that the Docker
desktop has enabled Integration so that WSL2 can Properly interact with the docker
elements. you can do this by going into settings in docker desktop GUI and under the
Resources tab you need to find wsl integration and ensure the checkbox for enable
integration is checked.

Note:

In case if you are using wsl2 in windows you need to mount your local disk or
alternatively you can use mnt command to temporarily mount your local disk at a time.

Installation on Linux: Install the latest version of Docker if it is not already installed.
Run the below command to install:

sudo apt-get -y install docker-compose

Installation on Mac: For macOS, it is recommended to use Homebrew to manage the

prereqs.

/bin/bash -c “$(curl -fsSL

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)”

The Xcode command line tools will be installed as part of the Homebrew installation.
Once Homebrew is ready, installing the necessary prerequisites is very easy:

Homebrew v3.x:

brew install –cask –appdir=”/Applications” docker

Docker Desktop must be launched to complete the installation so be sure to open the
application after installing it:

open /Applications/Docker.app

2. Install Golang-go

Install the latest version of Go if it is not already installed (only required if writing Go
chaincode or SDK applications).

Installation on Linux/Windows-wsl2:

sudo apt install golang-go

Installation on Mac:

brew install [email protected]

3. Install jq

Install the latest version of jq if it is not already installed (only required for channel
configuration transactions).

Installation on Linux/Windows-wsl2:

sudo apt install jq

Installation on Mac:

brew install jq

4. Install Node/java

You can Install Node/java or use typescript to run the default queries present in fabric
samples.

Installation on Linux/Windows-wsl2:

You can install the node in Linux/wsl2 using the below command:

npm install node

If needed for Linux you can install npm using the below command:

sudo apt install npm

Installation on Mac:

Install Node on Mac with the below command (npm will be installed with Node):

brew install node

5. Installing Fabric-samples Repository

To start out with fabric samples install the Fabric-samples bash script:

curl -sSLO
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyperledger/fabric/main/scripts/install-fabric.sh &&
chmod +x install-fabric.sh

Then you can pull docker containers by running one of these commands:

./install-fabric.sh docker samples

./install-fabric.sh d s

To install binaries for Fabric samples you can use the command below:

./install-fabric.sh binary
After that installing all the above-required binaries and docker-compose containers you
can check the compose containers either through docker desktop or in the case of Linux
you can use the docker ps -a command to check all available containers and their
respective status.

Building First Network

Fabric samples by default provide a Test Network that we can use to run our first
network. Follow the steps below to build the first network:

Step 1: Navigate through the Fabric-samples folder and then through the Test network
folder where you can find script files using these we can run our network. The test
network is provided for learning about Fabric by running nodes on your local machine.
Developers can use the network to test their smart contracts and applications. It is
recommended not to change the script file.

cd fabric-samples/test-network

Step 2: From inside this directory, you can directly run ./network.sh script file through
which we run the Test Network. By default, we would be running ./network.sh down
command to remove any previous network containers or artifacts that still exist. This is
to ensure that there are no conflicts when we run a new network.

./network.sh down
Step 3: Now you can bring up a network using the following command. This command
creates a fabric network that consists of two peer nodes and one ordering node. No
channel is created when you run ./network.sh up

./network.sh up

If the above command completes successfully, you will see the logs of the nodes being
created below picture:

Congratulation you have successfully run your first Hyperledger Fabric Network.

Summer-time is here and so is the time to skill-up! More than 5,000 learners have now
completed their journey from basics of DSA to advanced level development
programs such as Full-Stack, Backend Development, Data Science.
 Sample Case Study on Hyperledger

Hyperledger is a collaborative project hosted by the Linux Foundation that focuses on

developing open-source frameworks for enterprise blockchain solutions. It includes several
distinct projects, each designed for different types of applications and use cases. Here’s a
case study overview of Hyperledger’s key projects, illustrating how they have been used in
various industries:

1. Hyperledger Fabric: A Supply Chain Management Solution

Industry: Supply Chain

Use Case: Walmart

Overview: Walmart, one of the world's largest retailers, has been using Hyperledger Fabric
to enhance the traceability and transparency of its food supply chain. The project aims to
improve food safety by tracking the provenance of products from farm to shelf.

Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Fabric was chosen for its modularity and
scalability.
●​ Data Tracking: The solution records every transaction and movement of products
across the supply chain on the blockchain.
●​ Verification: The system enables quick tracing of products to their source, allowing
Walmart to address potential issues rapidly and improve overall food safety.

Results:

●​ Reduced Traceability Time: Tracking a product’s journey from farm to shelf,

which previously took days, now takes seconds.
●​ Enhanced Food Safety: The ability to quickly identify and isolate contaminated
products has significantly improved food safety standards.
2. Hyperledger Sawtooth: Automotive Industry

Industry: Automotive

Use Case: IBM’s Automotive Blockchain

Overview: IBM has leveraged Hyperledger Sawtooth to develop a blockchain solution for
the automotive industry, specifically to address issues related to vehicle lifecycle
management and the provenance of parts.

Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: IBM used Hyperledger Sawtooth’s support for modular

consensus and smart contracts to create a blockchain network for automotive parts
and vehicle histories.
●​ Data Management: The blockchain records detailed histories of vehicle parts,
including manufacturing details, ownership changes, and maintenance records.

Results:

●​ Improved Transparency: The blockchain solution provides a transparent and

immutable record of vehicle and part histories, which helps in reducing fraud and
ensuring quality.
●​ Enhanced Efficiency: Streamlined processes related to parts procurement,
maintenance, and resale.

3. Hyperledger Indy: Digital Identity Management

Industry: Digital Identity

Use Case: Evernym’s Self-Sovereign Identity

Overview: Evernym, a provider of decentralized identity solutions, utilizes Hyperledger

Indy to build a self-sovereign identity system. This solution aims to give individuals
control over their digital identities and personal data.
Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Indy, designed specifically for decentralized

identity management, was used to create a secure and privacy-preserving identity
framework.
●​ Identity Control: Individuals can create and manage their digital identities, share
credentials with third parties, and control access to their personal information.

Results:

●​ User Empowerment: Users have greater control over their identity and personal
data, reducing reliance on central authorities.
●​ Enhanced Privacy: The system ensures that personal data is shared only with user
consent and in a secure manner.

4. Hyperledger Iroha: Financial Services

Industry: Financial Services

Use Case: Soramitsu’s Digital Asset Platform

Overview: Soramitsu, a Japanese fintech company, has used Hyperledger Iroha to develop
a digital asset management platform. The platform is aimed at improving the efficiency of
financial transactions and asset management.

Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Iroha was chosen for its simplicity and ease of
integration.
●​ Digital Assets: The platform supports the creation, management, and transfer of
digital assets, including cryptocurrencies and other financial instruments.

Results:

●​ Streamlined Transactions: The blockchain-based platform has simplified and

accelerated financial transactions.
●​ Improved Asset Management: Enhanced management and tracking of digital
assets, increasing overall operational efficiency.
5. Hyperledger Besu: Enterprise Ethereum

Industry: Finance

Use Case: Consensys’ Financial Services Solution

Overview: Consensys, a blockchain technology company, has implemented Hyperledger

Besu to provide a private Ethereum blockchain for enterprise financial services.

Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Besu, an Ethereum client designed for

enterprise use, was employed to create a private blockchain network.
●​ Smart Contracts: The network supports the use of smart contracts to automate and
manage complex financial transactions and agreements.

Results:

●​ Increased Efficiency: Automation of financial transactions through smart contracts

reduces processing times and costs.
●​ Enhanced Security: The private blockchain offers robust security and compliance
features tailored to financial services.

6. Hyperledger Burrow: Smart Contract Execution

Industry: Legal and Compliance

Use Case: ChainSafe’s Legal Document Management

Overview: ChainSafe, a blockchain development company, used Hyperledger Burrow to

create a platform for managing and executing legal agreements through smart contracts.

Implementation:
 ●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Burrow was chosen for its integration with the
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and support for smart contract execution.
●​ Legal Contracts: The platform allows for the creation, management, and automatic
execution of legal contracts based on predefined conditions.

Results:

●​ Efficient Legal Processes: Streamlined the management of legal documents and

automated contract execution.
●​ Reduced Disputes: The use of smart contracts ensures that agreements are executed
as specified, reducing potential disputes.

7. Hyperledger Cactus: Cross-Blockchain Transactions

Industry: Interoperability

Use Case: Cross-Blockchain Transactions Platform

Overview: Hyperledger Cactus, a project aimed at solving blockchain interoperability

challenges, is used to develop solutions for cross-blockchain transactions and interactions.

Implementation:

●​ Blockchain Network: Hyperledger Cactus provides a framework for integrating

multiple blockchains, enabling transactions and data exchanges across different
networks.
●​ Integration: The solution facilitates seamless interaction between various
blockchain networks and enterprise systems.

Results:

●​ Enhanced Interoperability: Enables businesses to connect and interact with

multiple blockchain networks, improving operational flexibility.
●​ Unified Transactions: Streamlines transactions and data flows across different
blockchain systems, enhancing overall efficiency.

Conclusion
Hyperledger provides a range of blockchain frameworks suited for various industries and
use cases. From supply chain management to digital identity and financial services,
Hyperledger projects offer solutions that address specific business needs through secure,
transparent, and efficient blockchain technology. Each case study demonstrates the
versatility and impact of Hyperledger frameworks in real-world applications, showcasing
their potential to transform industries and streamline operations.

8 Case Study on Other Blockchain platforms.

ertainly! Here’s a selection of case studies showcasing different blockchain
platforms beyond Hyperledger, highlighting their applications in various industries:

1. Ethereum: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) with Uniswap

Industry: Finance

Use Case: Uniswap

Overview: Uniswap is a decentralized exchange (DEX) protocol built on Ethereum,

allowing users to trade Ethereum-based tokens directly from their wallets without
needing a centralized intermediary.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Ethereum
●​ Smart Contracts: Uniswap uses Ethereum’s smart contract functionality to
automate and manage trading, liquidity provision, and token swaps.
●​ Automated Market Maker (AMM): The protocol employs AMM
algorithms to facilitate trading and liquidity provision.

Results:

●​ Decentralization: Uniswap has enabled trustless trading and liquidity

 provision, eliminating the need for centralized exchanges.
●​ High Liquidity: The platform has attracted substantial liquidity, making it
one of the largest decentralized exchanges in terms of trading volume.

2. Bitcoin: Digital Gold with Bitcoin

Industry: Financial Investment

Use Case: Bitcoin as a Store of Value

Overview: Bitcoin is often referred to as "digital gold" due to its function as a store
of value and hedge against inflation. It operates on a proof-of-work blockchain and
has become a significant asset class for institutional and retail investors.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Bitcoin
●​ Security: Utilizes a decentralized network and proof-of-work consensus
mechanism to secure the blockchain.
●​ Adoption: Widely accepted by both individual and institutional investors as a
digital asset and investment vehicle.

Results:

●​ Market Value: Bitcoin has achieved significant market capitalization and is

considered a leading cryptocurrency.
●​ Mainstream Adoption: It is increasingly accepted by financial institutions
and payment processors as a legitimate form of digital asset.

3. Ripple: Cross-Border Payments with RippleNet

Industry: Banking and Finance

Use Case: RippleNet

Overview: RippleNet is a blockchain-based payment platform developed by Ripple,

designed to facilitate fast and low-cost cross-border transactions between banks and
financial institutions.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Ripple’s custom blockchain protocol and XRP Ledger.

●​ Technology: Utilizes Ripple’s XRP cryptocurrency for liquidity and
transaction settlement.
●​ Network: Connects various financial institutions and payment providers for
seamless transactions.

Results:

●​ Faster Transactions: RippleNet has significantly reduced transaction times

from days to seconds.
●​ Cost Efficiency: Offers lower transaction fees compared to traditional
banking systems.

4. EOS: Scalable DApps with EOSIO

Industry: Decentralized Applications (DApps)

Use Case: Voice

Overview: Voice is a decentralized social media platform built on EOSIO, aimed at

providing a transparent and fair platform for content creators and users.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: EOSIO
●​ Scalability: EOSIO’s high throughput and scalability support the operation of
the Voice platform with fast transaction speeds.
●​ Tokenization: Uses EOS tokens for incentivizing and rewarding user
engagement and content creation.

Results:

●​ User Engagement: Voice aims to enhance user engagement by ensuring fair

 content distribution and compensation.
●​ Scalability: EOSIO’s architecture supports high transaction volumes,
ensuring a smooth user experience.

5. Tezos: Governance and Upgradability with Tezos

Industry: Blockchain Governance

Use Case: Nomadic Labs’ Tezos

Overview: Nomadic Labs, a research and development entity, has used Tezos to
develop smart contracts and decentralized applications with a focus on on-chain
governance and upgradability.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Tezos
●​ Governance: Tezos employs an on-chain governance mechanism that allows
stakeholders to propose and vote on protocol upgrades.
●​ Smart Contracts: Supports formal verification of smart contracts to ensure
correctness.

Results:

●​ Continuous Improvement: The on-chain governance model facilitates

ongoing improvements and updates to the Tezos protocol without hard forks.
●​ Security: Formal verification of smart contracts enhances the security and
reliability of deployed applications.

6. Chainlink: Decentralized Oracles with Chainlink

Industry: Smart Contracts and Data

Use Case: Chainlink Network

Overview: Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network that provides smart contracts

with access to real-world data, enabling them to interact with external systems and
APIs.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Ethereum and other blockchain platforms.

●​ Oracles: Chainlink uses a network of decentralized oracles to fetch and
deliver external data to smart contracts.
●​ Data Integrity: Ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data provided to
smart contracts.

Results:

●​ Expanded Functionality: Chainlink enables smart contracts to interact with

a wide range of external data sources, expanding their use cases.
●​ Adoption: Widely adopted by various decentralized applications and
blockchain platforms for reliable data feeds.

7. Corda: Trade Finance with Corda

Industry: Trade Finance

Use Case: Voltron Trade Finance

Overview: Voltron, a trade finance platform, uses Corda to streamline and digitize
the trade finance process, enabling faster and more efficient trade transactions
between parties.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Corda
●​ Private Transactions: Corda’s design focuses on privacy and confidentiality,
allowing only authorized parties to access transaction details.
●​ Smart Contracts: Uses Corda’s smart contracts to automate trade finance
workflows and reduce paperwork.

Results:
 ●​ Efficiency: The platform has improved the efficiency of trade finance
processes by reducing transaction times and paperwork.
●​ Cost Savings: Streamlined processes have led to cost savings for businesses
involved in trade finance.

8. Algorand: Digital Currency with Algorand

Industry: Digital Currency

Use Case: Algorand’s Digital Asset Issuance

Overview: Algorand is a blockchain platform designed for high-speed and low-cost

transactions. It supports the issuance of digital assets and the creation of
decentralized applications.

Implementation:

●​ Platform: Algorand
●​ Consensus Mechanism: Utilizes a pure proof-of-stake (PPoS) consensus
protocol to achieve high performance and scalability.
●​ Digital Assets: Supports the creation and management of custom digital
assets and tokens.

Results:

●​ Scalability: Algorand’s protocol supports a high transaction throughput,

making it suitable for digital asset issuance and other applications.
●​ Low Costs: Transaction fees on the Algorand network are minimal,
enhancing its appeal for various digital asset use cases.

Conclusion

These case studies highlight the diverse applications of different blockchain

platforms across various industries. Each platform offers unique features and
capabilities tailored to specific use cases, ranging from financial transactions and
decentralized applications to digital identity and trade finance. These examples
demonstrate how blockchain technology can drive innovation and efficiency in
different sectors.

9. Creating a blockchain Application as a mini project

Table Of Contents

1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3. Implementation
4.Result
5.Conclusion

Implementation
Creating a blockchain application as a mini-project is a great way to understand the
practical aspects of blockchain technology. For this mini-project, we’ll build a
simple Decentralized Voting Application using Ethereum and Solidity. This example
will cover:

1.​ Setting Up the Development Environment

2.​ Developing the Smart Contract
 3.​ Deploying the Smart Contract
4.​ Building a Frontend Application
5.​ Interacting with the Smart Contract

Sample Mini Project

1. Setting Up the Development Environment
1.1. Install Required Tools:

●​ Node.js: Download and install from Node.js official site.

Truffle Suite: A development framework for Ethereum.​

bash​
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npm install -g truffle

●​ Ganache: A personal blockchain for Ethereum development.

○​ Download Ganache UI: From Ganache official site.

Install Ganache CLI: If you prefer command-line interface.​

 bash​
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npm install -g ganache-cli

○​

1.2. Create a New Truffle Project:

bash
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mkdir voting-app
cd voting-app
truffle init

2. Developing the Smart Contract

2.1. Create a Smart Contract:

In the contracts directory, create a new file Voting.sol:

solidity
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Voting {
// Declare state variables
address public owner;
mapping(address => bool) public voters;
mapping(string => uint) public
votesReceived;
string[] public candidateList;

// Constructor
constructor(string[] memory
candidateNames) {
owner = msg.sender;
candidateList = candidateNames;
}

// Modifier to allow only the owner to

add voters
modifier onlyOwner() {
require(msg.sender == owner, "Only
the owner can perform this action");
_;
}

// Function to add a voter

function addVoter(address voter) public
onlyOwner {
voters[voter] = true;
}
 // Function to vote for a candidate
function vote(string memory candidate)
public {
require(voters[msg.sender], "You must
be a registered voter to vote");
require(isValidCandidate(candidate),
"Invalid candidate name");
votesReceived[candidate]++;
}

// Helper function to check if the

candidate is valid
function isValidCandidate(string memory
candidate) public view returns(bool) {
for (uint i = 0; i <
candidateList.length; i++) {
if
(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(candidateList[i])
) == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(candidate)))
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}

// Function to get the vote count for a

candidate
function getVoteCount(string memory
 candidate) public view returns(uint) {
return votesReceived[candidate];
}
}

2.2. Compile the Smart Contract:

bash
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truffle compile

3. Deploying the Smart Contract

3.1. Create a Migration Script:

In the migrations directory, create a new file 2_deploy_contracts.js:

javascript
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const Voting = artifacts.require("Voting");

module.exports = function(deployer) {
const candidateNames = ["Alice", "Bob",
"Charlie"];
deployer.deploy(Voting, candidateNames);
};

3.2. Start Ganache:

●​ Ganache UI: Open the Ganache application to start a local blockchain.

 Ganache CLI:​
bash​
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ganache-cli

●​

3.3. Deploy the Smart Contract:

bash
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truffle migrate --network development

4. Building a Frontend Application

4.1. Set Up the Frontend:

Create a new directory client inside your project and initialize it with a basic
HTML and JavaScript setup:

bash
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mkdir client
cd client
npm init -y
npm install web3

4.2. Create index.html:

html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width,
initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Voting App</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Voting Application</h1>
<div>
<h2>Vote for a Candidate</h2>
<input type="text" id="candidateName"
placeholder="Candidate Name">
<button
onclick="vote()">Vote</button>
</div>
<div>
<h2>Get Vote Count</h2>
<input type="text"
id="candidateNameCount"
placeholder="Candidate Name">
<button onclick="getVoteCount()">Get
Vote Count</button>
<p id="voteCountResult"></p>
</div>
<script
src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/web3@latest
/dist/web3.min.js"></script>
<script src="app.js"></script>
 </body>
</html>

4.3. Create app.js:

javascript
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const Web3 = require('web3');
const web3 = new
Web3('http://localhost:8545'); // Connect to
Ganache

const contractAddress =
'YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS';
const contractABI = [ /* ABI generated by
Truffle */ ];

const contract = new

web3.eth.Contract(contractABI,
contractAddress);
const accounts = await
web3.eth.getAccounts();

async function vote() {

const candidateName =
document.getElementById('candidateName').valu
e;
await
contract.methods.vote(candidateName).send({
 from: accounts[0] });
alert('Vote cast successfully');
}

async function getVoteCount() {

const candidateName =
document.getElementById('candidateNameCount')
.value;
const count = await
contract.methods.getVoteCount(candidateName).
call();

document.getElementById('voteCountResult').in
nerText = `Vote Count: ${count}`;
}

4.4. Serve the Frontend:

You can use a simple HTTP server to serve your frontend files:

bash
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npm install -g http-server
http-server client

5. Interacting with the Smart Contract

1.​ Open Ganache and start your local blockchain.
2.​ Deploy your smart contract using Truffle.
3.​ Run your frontend application using http-server.
4.​ Open index.html in your browser and interact with the voting application
by adding votes and checking vote counts.