LESSON PLAN
CLASS: X
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
TOPIC:LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
AIM:
* To enrich the Concept of basic properties Light.
* To impart in-depth knowledge of Ray diagram.
* To develop the ideas of applications of mirror and lens.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Given the content (chapter) the students will be able to understand rules to
draw the ray diagram of mirrors and lenses. They will be able to learn its applications in our day-to-day
life of Concave & convex mirror and lens.
TEACHING AIDS:
*Text Book: NCERT text book for Physics.
*Reference Book CBSE Exemplar
*PPT, Video, White board, charts, pictures.
WARM UP ACTIVITY:
Students will be asked to remember mirrors and lenses usage in our everyday life.
DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATION/PRESENTATION:
Reflection of Light
The process of sending back the light rays which fall on the surface of an object, is called reflection of
light.
Laws of Reflection
*The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (at the point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
*The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.
Reflection of light from curved surfaces spherical mirrors :
A spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is the part of a hollow sphere of glass. The
spherical mirrors are of two types : Concave mirrors, and Convex mirrors.
(i) A concave mirror is that spherical mirror in which the reflection of light takes place at the
concave surface (or bent-in surface).
(ii) A convex mirror is that spherical mirror in which the reflection of light takes place at the
convex surface (or bulging-out surface).
Terms of Spherical Mirror
(i)The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass of which the
mirror is a part.
(ii)The centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole.
(iii)The straight line passing through the centre of curvature and pole of a spherical mirror is called its
principal axis.
(iv)That portion of a mirror from which the reflection of light actually takes place is called the aperture of
the mirror.
(v)focal length of a spherical mirror (a concave mirror or a convex mirror) is equal to half of its radius of
curvature. f=R/2
Rules for obtaining images formed by spherical mirrors
A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis of a spherical mirror, after reflection
converges or diverges from focus.
A ray of light passing through or appearing from the center of curvature of spherical mirror is
reflected back along the same path.
A ray of light passing through or appearing from the focus of spherical mirror becomes parallel to
the principal axis.
A ray of light which is incident at the pole of a spherical mirror is reflected back making same
angle with principal axis.
Image formation by concave mirror
The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the position of object in front of the
mirror. We can place the object at different positions (or different distances) from a concave mirror to get
different types of images.
Uses of concave mirrors
(i) Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a large image of the face.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see the large images of the teeth of patients.
(iii) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in torches, vehicle head-lights and search lights to get
powerful beams of light.
(iv) Concave mirrors are used as doctor’s head-mirrors to focus light coming from a lamp on to
the body parts of a patient (such as eye, ear, nose, throat, etc.) to be examined by the doctor.
(v) Large concave mirrors are used in the field of solar energy to focus sun’s rays for heating
solar furnaces.
Image formation by a convex mirror
(i) When object is placed at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Point sized
(ii) When object is placed between pole and infinity
Image Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature of image– Virtual, erect
Size – Diminished
A full length image of a tall building/tree can be seen in a small convex mirror.
Uses of convex mirrors
(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles (like cars, trucks and buses) to see the traffic
at the rear side (or back side)
(ii)Big convex mirrors are used as ‘shop security mirrors’
Sign convention for spherical mirrors
(i) All the distances are measured from pole of the mirror as origin.
(ii) Distances measured in the same direction as that of incident light are taken as positive.
(iii) Distances measured against the direction of incident light are
taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principal
axis are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured downward and perpendicular to the
principal axis are taken as negative.
Mirror formula
Magnification of Spherical Mirrors
It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.
m = Height of image/Height of object
⇒ m = hi/ho
Also, m = -v/u
→ If ‘m’ is negative, image is real.
→ If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual.
→ If hi = ho then m = 1, i.e., image is equal to object.
→ If hi > ho then m > 1 i.e., image is enlarged.
→ If hi < ho then m < 1 i.e., image is diminished.
• Magnification of plane mirror is always + 1.
‘+’ sign indicates virtual image.
‘1’ indicates that image is equal to object’s size.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and less than 1, it is a convex mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and more than 1, it is a concave mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘-ve’, it is a concave mirror.
Image formation by lenses:
Rules for image formation by convex lens
Sign convention for spherical lenses
• Sign conventions are similar to the one used for spherical mirrors, except that measurements are taken
from optical center of the lens.
• Focal length of convex lens = Positive
Focal length of concave lens = Negative
Lens Formula
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Magnification
m = hi/ho = v/u
Power of a lens
→ It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meter.
→ The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays is expressed in terms of power.
Power (P) = 1/f
→ SI unit of Power = dioptre = D
→ 1 D = 1 m-1
→ 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is one meter.
→ Power of convex lens = Positive
→ Power of concave lens = Negative
→ Power ∝ 1/(focal length or thickness)
→ Power of a lens combination (P) = P1 + P2 + P3 .........
CLASSWORK:
Notes will be given. Numerical calculations will be solved in class work.
ASSIGNMENT/HOMEWORK
Students will be asked to solve Book back exercises.
