Plate tectonics
Tectonic Plates (lithospheric plates) - is a massive irregularly shaped slab of solid rocks.
Lithosphere - the crust and part of the upper mantie.
Asthenosphere - It is located below the lithosphere. It is malleable or partially malleable, allowing the lithosphere to move around.
Crust - It is the thickest part of the earth. It is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.
Oceanic Crust - Water or Sea Land, Relatively thinner but denser than continental crust.
Continental Crust - Land, thicker but less dense
Earthquake - sudden and violent shaking of the ground.
Magnitude - is a measure of earthquake size and remains unchanged with distance from the earthquake.
Intensity - ground shaking at that location by considering the effects of the shaking on people
Epicenter - part of the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake (point where the crust breaks).
Focus - Where the earthquake begins
Fault - a weak point in the tectonic plate where pressure within the crust is release to last waves.
Seismograph - is an apparatus to measure and record vibration (Device).
Seismogram - Result or the output.
Seismometer - is the data or the main part of seismograph.
Main Types of Waves:
Body Waves
Surface Waves
Types of Body Waves:
Primary waves or P waves
Secondary waves or S Waves
Lypes of Surface Waves
Love Waves
Rayleigh Waves
Body wave - is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth.
Surface wave - is a seismic seismic wave that is trapped near the surface of the earth.
P waves or Primary waves - are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph.
• P waves are the fastest seismic waves and can move through solid, liquid, or gas.
§ waves or Secondary Waves - are seismic body waves meaning they travel through the Earth's interior.
• § waves velocity is slower than that of P waves.
Love waves - is a surface wave having a horizontal motion that is transverse (or perpendicular) to the direction the wave is traveling.
Rayleigh Waves - move the surface of the earth around in a circle, forward and down then back and up.
Pacific Ring of fire, ring of Fire or Circum - pacific belt - is a region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes.
Primary Plates - (Pacific, North America, Eurasia, Africa, Indo-Australian, Antarctica, and South America) that make up the majority of
the earth's surface and the Pacific Ocean.
Secondary Plates - Caribbean, the Cocos, the Juan de Fuca, the Nazca, the Philippines Sea, and the Scotia
Oceanic Plates - plates below the ocean
Continental Plates - plates below a continent.
Types of Boundaries:
Convergent (Collide)
Divergent (separation)
Transform (Sliding)
Divergent plate boundaries - mostly happen under the oceans.
Riff Valley - a vertical space that may extend deep down into the lowest layer of the crust is created as plates pull away from each other.
Mantle Convection - is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carrying heat from the
interior to the planet's surface.
These materials pile up near the tension zone forming mountain-like structures called oceanic ridges.
Seafloor Spreading - is the filled-up space between the plates becomes a new seafloor.
Convergent Plate Boundary - It occurs when two plates slide towards each other and form either a SUBDUCTION ZONE (if one plate
moves underneath the other) or an OROGENIC BELI (if the two simply collide and compress]
Orogenic belt - is a region of deformed rocks.
Subduction - is when the less denser plate will go up and the denser plate will go down
Subduction zone - is the place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other (overlapping):
• Subducton zone form when a continental crust and oceanic rust collide.
Oceanic - Oceanic Convergence - A boundary between the crusts is created - trench.
Trench - a long, narrow depression in the ocean floor and a crack on the crust which is underwater. Isunamis may be formed.
Earthquakes may happen.
Volcanic Island Arc - series of volcanoes surrounded by water.
At the mantle, the leading edge of the subducting plate melts and becomes fluid which turns into a hot molten material called Magma,
Mantle Plume - the column of rising magma
Volcanic Arc - a group of volcanoes is formed at the surface of the continental crust along the boundary where the two crusts
converged.
Tsunami - a Japanese term for harbor wave, This event is very dangerous when it moves in land and destroys lives and properties.
Collision Zone - occurs when two continental crusts or plates converged and could cause shallow earthquakes.
In Continental - Continental Convergence there is NO VOLCANOES or TSUNAMIS may formed and happen.
The convergence will result in the formation of a group of high landforms - Mountain Ranges.
Density. - is the mass of an unit volume of a material substance.
Granite - made in continental crust and has a low density.
• The granite and recycled material are much lighter than the heavy basalt layers of the ocean plates.
Basalt - Made in oceanic crust and has a high density.
• Basalt is denser and heavier than the granite that makes up the continental plates.
Transform fault plate boundary - The plates slide against each other in opposite directions. No mountains, trenches or volcanoes are
produced.
Processes and Landforms along with the convergence of plates
Oceanic - Oceanic
Oceanic - Continental
Continental - Continental
Continental drift theory
Alfred Lothar Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift - the idea that Earth's continents move
Panggea
All Earth
Super Continents
Just before the days of the dinosaurs the Earth's continents were all connected into one huge landmass.
Panthalassa
This huge supercontinent was surrounded by one gigantic ocean.
Super Ocean
Mantle convection
Density - Convection current is caused by differences in temperature resulting to variation
It is a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance.
Shows the amount of matter in a given space for a substance.
Scientists believe that the motion of tectonic plates is caused by Convection Currents
Plates move slowly and continuously when the hot less dense material rises. The rising hot material cools down in a certain area.
it becomes denser than the cool, dense material sinks that creates convection cell, with hot rising currents and cool sinking currents
are regularly repeated and become a cycle.
Process of mantle convection
1. The decomposition of radioactive elements causes heat in the interior part of the Earth.
2. Heat moves to the core.
3. Heat slowly rises to the mantle and creates convection current.
4. Lithospheric plates move in the asthenosphere due to the rising and sinking of materials.
5. The process repeats as a cycle.
