READY RECKONER

FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL OF THE SALT

The original solution (0.5.) of the·salt is prepared in water, or in dil. HCI or in cone. HCI. If the 0.5. is prepared in water, then to one part of 0.5 addfew drops of dil. HCI.
For group II pass H2Sgas through O.S . to which di!. HCI is added.
Group I
White ppt. (Pb 2+) Group II For group llI to the O.S. add solid NH4CI, few drops of cone. HNO3' boil and cool. Add excess of NH 4OH.
Confirmatory Black ppt. (Pb 2+, cul+)
Yellow ppt, (As3+) Group III For group IV, Pass H2S gas through solution of group Ill.
tests of Pb2+
Dissolve the black ppt. In Reddish brown ppt. For group V, take 0.5. add solid NH/I, excess of NH 4 0H
Boil thewh.ite ppt with
minimum quantity of 50% (Fe3+)
s~1b ml water and Group IV and (NH 4) 2C0 3 solution.
divide the solution into HN03 and dMde the solution White ppt. (All+) Dirty White ppt. (Zn 2+) Group VI
in two parts. GroupV
two parts: Conflnnatory tests of Black ppt. (Ni1 +, co 2+) Test for Mg 2+
(i) To one part of above fe 3 + Whiteppt.
(I) Pot. Iodide test Buff coloured ppt. (Mn 2+) • (i) To the 0.5. add a
solution add di!. H2S04 (Ba 2•, sr2+, ca 2+)
To one part of Dissolve the reddish brown pinch of NHFI, a
above solution and ethyl alcohol Dissolve the white ppt. in
ppt. in dil. HCI and divide Dissolve white ppt. in di!. HCI and divide few drops: of
add KI solution -Whiteppt. minimum quantity of acetic acid
the solutiOn into two parts. the solution in two parts NH 4OH and excess
-Pb 2+ present and divide the solution in three
-Yellowppt (i) Pot, ferrocyanide Confirmatory tests of zn 2+ of ammon ium
parts.
(11) Pot. Chromate (ii) lf no white ppt. is test. hydrogen phosp- ·
{I) Pot. ferroeyanlde test Conflnnatory tests of Ba 2+
test formed then to second hate solution
part of above solution To one part of To one part of solution add pot. (i) Potassium Chromate
To the second solution add pot.
- White ppt,.
add excess of NH4OH ferrocyanide solution test. indicates Mif'.
part of above ferrocyanide so-
solution add --Blue colouration - Bluish White ppt. To one part of solution add (ii) Perform charcoal
lution. few drops of pot. chromate
Kz0-04 solution. - cu1 + present (Ii) Sodium hydroxide test cavity and cobalt
-A Prussian blue To other part of above solution add solution - Yellow ppt nitrate test with
-Yellowppt C<>nflrmatory tests of colouration or ppt.
Pb 1+ NaOH soljJtion dropwise (ii) Flame test, white ppt.
(i) Pot. S,\llpho- - White ppt. soluble in excess of Perform the flame test with -A pink mi/SS is
Note : If no ppt . is (I) Pot. iodide test cyanide test. obtained.
NaOH the paste of salt and cone.
formed then group I is 0.5 + KI soln.
To second part of Conflnnatory tests of Co 2+ and Nl 2+ l-1O - Grassy green flame Test for NH; •
absent, then O.S. is tested. - Yellow ppt.
for group II. (ii) Pot. Chromate test
eo
solution add pot. Black ppt. indicates 2• or Ni 2+. Note Note : If Ba 2' is absent then
To the salt add sodiu·m
sulphocyanide solu- the colour of the salt. Purple salt - Co 2+ proceed to test Sr''
0.5 + Pot. chromate tion. hydroxide solution a.nd
indicated Greenish salt-Ni' indicated. Confirmatory tests of sr2+
soln. - Yellow ppt. heat. If gas with
-A blood red Confirmatory tests of co 2+ (I) Ammonium sulphate ammoniacal smell evolves
Confirmatory tests of test
colouration. (i) Potassium nitrite test
Cu 2+
Confirmatory test of To the 0.5 add NH 4OH to neutralise To second part of solution NH: is present.
(i) o.s + excess of
Al3 + the solution, Add a pinch of potassium add ammonium sulphate Pass the gas through
NH40H solution - White ppt Nessler's reagent. A
(i) Lake test. nitrite and few drops of acetic acid,
- Deep blue
warm. - Yellowppt (II) Flame test. brownish ppt. or
colouration White ppt. + di!. HO
(ii) Pot. ferrocyanide + a few drops of (ii) Borax bead test Perform flame test with the colouration is obtained.
Perform borax bead test with the salt paste of salt and cone. HCI
test blue litmus solution +
NHpH solution in -A blue bead is formed -Crimson red flame Note : NH: is generally
0.5 + Pot. ferrocya-
nide solution excess.
Note: If Ba'' and Sr'' both are tested in the beginning of
- Chocolate brown -A blue ppt. f/(lating
absent only then proceed tote.st analysis of basic radicals as
ppt. in a colourless ca'' a zero group radical.
solution is formed.

Confirmatory tests of (ii) Cobalt nitrate Confirmatory tests of Ni 2+ Confirmatory tests of Ca 2+

As 3+ test (i) Dimethyl glyoxlme test 0) Ammonium oxalate
(i) Ammonium moly- Perform charcoal 0.5 + NH4OH (excess)+ few drops test
bdate test cavity test or cobalt of dimethylglyoxime reagent To the third part of solution
yellow ppt. + cone. nitrate test with the - Bright rose red ppt add amm. oxalate solution
HNO 3 + ammonium salt (ii) Borax bead test -Whiteppt.
molybdate solution -Blue mass is Perform borax bead test with the salt
-Yellowppt obtainetf - Brown beadin oxidising flame and Note : If no white ppt. is formed,
(ii) Magnesia mixture grey bead in reducing flame is group Vis absent, then the salt is
test Note : No.ppt. in group lll obtained. tested for group VI radical i.e. M<t'
0 .5. + Magnesia indicates absehce of Confirmatory tests of Mn 2+
mixture radicals Fe3+, Al" then test (I) Sodium hydroxide-Br2 water
-Whiteppt the salt for group IV test
Pass H2S gas through Dissolve the buff coloured ppt. in di!.
Note : If no ppt. is formed in solution of group III. Appt. HO, boil off H2S, add NaOH and Br l
group II. then proceed for indicates that group IV is water -White ppt turning black
detection of group lll radicals. present. (ii) Borax bead test
Perform the borax bead test witH the
sa.lt
-Pinkish bead in oxidising flame and
colourless bead in reducing flame is
obtained.
Note : If no ppt. is obtained, group IV is
absent, we then proceed to group V.
For group V. take the D.S. add solid NHp,
NH 40H and (NH 4) 2 C0 3 solution.

NOTE: For writing the schematic analysis of acid and basic radicals refer to 'Specimen record of analysis' at page No. 151 and 153 of practical chemistry.
 READY RECKONER
L
.FOR QUA ITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACID RADICAL OF THE SALT
, Take small amount of salt and start for dil.H2SO4 test (Column I), if the test is positive, proceed for confirmation of the acid radical. If this test is negative, perform conc.H2S04 t.est (Column !I).
If this test is negative proceed to test independent radicals (Column 111)
l II m
I
I
Dil. sulphuric acid test
(For Co�·,No 2 ,S 2 • ,so; )
Cone. Sulphuric acid test
(For Cr ,Br··,1",N03 ,CH3COO-,C20!·)
Tests for independent radicals
(For so:- , POf ) I
Salt + dil, H 2SO4 Warm a pinch of sal_t with cone. H 2S04.
CONFIRMATORYTESTSFOR so!­
(i) Colourless, odo�rless gas with effervescence, tums (i) Colourless gas with suffocating smell, gives dense whitefumes with rod
dipped in NH.pH. - er present (i) Barium chloride test
-CO�- present
- er present
limewatermilky W.E orS.E (acidify with dil. HCI) + BaCl2
(ii) Reddish brown gas, turns starch paper yellow
(ii) Reddish brown gas turns FeSO4 solution black (iii) Violet vapours, turns starr:h paper blue -rpresent solution - White ppt.
(ii) Lead acetate test
-N0 2 present (iv) Reddish brown vapours, turns FeS04 solutiiJn black -N03 present W.E. orS.E. (acidifywith dil. HO)+ Lead
(iii) Gas with smell of rotten eggs, tums lead acetate paper acetate solution - White ppt.
blad< -s>- present (v) Colourless, odourless gas, tums lime water milky -C2024- present (iii) Match stick test
(iv) Gas with smell of burning sulphur, turns acidified (vi) Colourless gas with vinegar like smell -CH 3coo- present Make paste of above white ppt.
CONFIRMATORYTESTS
obtained in Barium chloride test with
Kpp7 papergreen -so�- present Na,C03 (s) and powder charcoal. Fuse
Chloride, c1- a little of this paste on one end of
CONFIRMATORYTESTS match stick. Dip the fused mass into
(i) Silver nitrate test
sodium nitroprusside solution taken in
Carbonate, co;- W.E. orS.E. (acidify with dil. HN03) + Silver nitrate solution a china dish.
• -white ppt. soluble in NHpH. - Purple streaks are formed.
Add some water to the salt
(ii) Manganese dioxide test
(a) Salt dissolves in Hp -soluble coJ- Salt+ Manganese dioxide+ cone. HzSO., heat-gas with pungent suffo.
CONFIRMATORYTESTSFOR P0!-

(1) A�monium molybdate test

eating smell, turns starr:h iodide paper blue
(b) Salt does not dissolve in Hp -insoluble coJ­ (iii). Chromyl chloride test W.E. or S.E + cone. HN0 3, boil, add
ammonium mo{ybdate solution in excess,
Salt + Potassium dichromate (.s} + cone. H2S04, heat-Red vapours
evolve, pass the red vapoul'S through NaOH solution - Yellow solution is heat -Yellowppt.
Confirmation of soluble co�-
obtained. Add to it dil. acetic add and lead acetate solution, - Yellowppt (ii) Magnesia mixture test
0) W.E. + dil. HCI - brisk effervescence, the gas turns W.E or S.E (acidify with dll. HCI) +
lime watermilky
Bromide,Br
Mjlgnesia mixture -White ppt.
(ii) W.E. + Mg504solution -whiteppt (I) Sliver nitrate test
W.E orS.E (acidify with dil. HN03), boil, cool then add AgN03 solution (Magnesia Mixture is MgCl2 SOln.+
Confirmation of Insoluble co�- -A light yellowppt partially soluble in NHpH NH4 Cl (s). Boil, cool+ excess NH,OH)
The salt does not dissolve in water. (ii) Manganese dioxide test
(Q Salt+ dil. HCI - Gas evolved With brisk effervescence, Salt + solid Mn02 + cone. H2SO4
tums lime water milky confirms insoluble carbonate. -Yellowish brown vapours, tum starr:h paper yellow
(iii) Chlorine water test
W.E. orS.E (acidify with dil. HO)+ 1- 2 ml of carbon disulphide+ chlorine
water, shake -Orange colouration In cs2 layer.

Nitrite, NOi Iodide,I-

(1) Silver nitrate test
(i) Ferrous sulphate test W.E orS.E (acidify with dil. HN03). + AgN0 3 solution
, W,E. + acetic acid+ FeS04solution -Yellow ppt insoluble in NHpH
-dark brown or black colouration (ii) Manganese dioxide test
(ii) Dlphenylamlne test Salt+ solid Mn0 2 + cone. H2SO4
W.E.+ diphenylamine -Deep blue colouration -Violet vapours, tums starr:h paper blue
(iii) Potassium iodide test (iii) Chlorine water test
W.E.+ KI solution + freshly prepared starch solution W.E orS.E. (acidify with dil, HO)+ 1·2 ml carbon disulphide+ chlorine
water, shake -Violet colouration in CS2 layer
-blue solution.
Nitrate, N03
Sulphide, s -
2
(I) .Diphenylamine test
(i) Lead acetate test
W.E+ dlphenylamine reagent --Deep blue colouration
W.E. or S.E. + dil. acetic acid+ lead acetate solution (Ii) Copper chips test
-8/ackppt Salt+ Cone. H2S04+ Cu chips, heat
(ii) Cadmium carbonate test - Dark brown fumes, turns FeSO4 solution black
W.E. or s:E + cadmium carbonate solution· (iii) Ring test
- Yellow ppt. W.E+ freshly prepared .FeSO4 . Pour cone. H2S04 along the sides of test
tube -A dark brown ring at theJ1mction oftwo layers
(iii) Sodium nitroprusside test
W.E. or S.E + sodium nitroprusside solution Oxalate, C2o!-
- Purple or violet colouration >
<1 Calcium chloride test
W.E orS.E (acidify with dil. acetic acid) + CaCl2 solution -white ppt.
Sulphite, so�-
(ii) Potassium permanganate test
(1) Barium chloride test Salt+ dil. H2 SO., warm then add 2·3 drops of KMn04 solution
W.E. orS.E. + Barium cl)loride solution - Pink colour ofKMnO4 gets discharged
- White ppt. Acetate, CH3Coo­
(ii) Potassium dichromate test (I) Oxalic add. test
W.E. or S.E + Potassium dichromate solution + dil. Salt+ oxalic add (.s} + 1-2 drops of water, rub with fingers
- Vinegar like smell
H250 4 - Green colouration
Ester test
0) 5;,lt+ cone, H2S04+ ethyl alcohol, warm -Fruity smell
Note: If the salt does not react with dilute H2S04, the radicals
Ferric chloride test
cq- .N02 ,S2- ,soi· are absent. Qi) W.E.+ neutral Fea3 solution, filter and to the filtrate add water and boil
Then proceed to cone. H,SO, test. - Reddish brown ppt.

Note: If the salt does not react with cone. H 2S04 then the radicals Cl-, Br-, !",
NOi" , CH 3 Coo·, C20i" are absent and the salt is tested for independent radicals.