BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
POPULATION
-generally consists of the totality
of the observations, individuals, or
objects in which the investigator is
interested.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
-if a researcher is using data
gathered on a group to describe or
reach conclusions about that same
group
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
-if a researcher gathers data from
a sample and uses the statistics
generated to reach conclusions
about the population from which
the sample was drawn.
TWO KINDS OF VARIABLES
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
-are variables that can be placed into
distinct categories, according to some
characteristic or attribute.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
-are numerical and can be
ordered or ranked.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE VARIABLES
-can be assigned values such as 0,
1, 2, and 3 and are said to be
countable. The data obtained by
counting.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
-can assume an infinite number of
values in an interval between any
two specific values.
LEVELS OF DATA
MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL INTERVAL
ORDINAL RATIO
NOMINAL LEVEL
-is the lowest level of data
measurement. The numbers
representing nominal data are used
only for identification or
classification.
NOMINAL LEVEL
ORDINAL LEVEL
-is higher than the nominal level.
The numbers are used not only to
classify items but also to reflect
some rank or order of the
individuals or objects.
ORDINAL LEVEL
YEAR LEVEL CLASS RANK
SOCIAL STATUS CONTEST
ORDER OF BIRTH
INTERVAL LEVEL
-is second to the highest level of
data measurement.
-the measurements have all the
properties of ordinal data; in
addition, the distances between
consecutive numbers have meaning.
INTERVAL LEVEL
Ex:
TEMPERATURE
RATIO LEVEL
-is the highest level of data
measurement.
-it has the same properties as
interval level but the zero point
value of this level is ABSOLUTE.
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
-presents data in a paragraph form
which combines text and figures.
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
TABULAR PRESENTATION
-presents data in tables. Tabulation
is the process of summarizing
classified data and arranging them
in a table.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
-is an effective method of
presenting statistical results and
can present clear pictures of the
data.
Bar Graph Pie Chart
Line Graph
BAR GRAPH
-consists of bars either vertically
or horizontally and usually
constructed for comparative
purposes.
BAR GRAPH
LINE GRAPH
-shows the relationship
between two or more sets of
quantities.
LINE GRAPH
PIE CHART
-is used to represent
quantities that make up a
whole
PIE CHART
