Chapter 2: Self and Personality

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(2 Marks Each)
1. What is the main distinction between 'personal identity' and 'social identity' according to
the source?
2. What do you understand about Type-C personality?
3. Define 'self-esteem' and state one characteristic of individuals with high self-esteem.
4. According to Alfred Binet, how is 'intelligence' operationally defined for the purpose of
assessment?
5. Name any two physiological symptoms associated with the Type-A personality.
6. What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Approach to personality?
7. Rohan identifies strongly with his nationality and sees himself as an integral part of his
community's traditions and festivals. However, he also believes in his unique abilities and
personal achievements that set him apart from others. Based on the source, what two types of
identity is Rohan demonstrating?
8. A student consistently doubts their ability to succeed in mathematics, even after receiving
good grades in other subjects. This belief leads them to avoid challenging math problems.
Which concept, related to the self, is this student likely struggling with?
9. Mrs. Sharma often rewards herself with a small treat after completing a difficult work task,
stating it helps her stay motivated for future challenges. According to the source, what
specific self-regulation technique is Mrs. Sharma applying?
10. A person is described by their friends as consistently being outgoing, sociable, and
enjoying large gatherings. According to Carl Jung's personality classification, what type
would this person most likely be?
11. Give one example of how a 'trait' differs from a 'type' in personality study, as suggested
by the source.
12. How is Karen Horney’s viewpoint regarding wormen different from that of Freud’s?
In Inida Mallick and Joshi have developed the Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(JMPI). Which test has it been adapted from? Explain its most important use.
13. Tripti is a psychologist. She administers a test that requires the subject to manipulate
objects and other materials to perform a task. Name the type of intelligence test and stat its
importance.
14. What is the interaction approach to understand personality?
15. Define personality.
16. What is meant by self-actualisation?
17. Explain the term ‘reaction formation’.
18. Enlist four areas of self esteem.

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Section B: Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each)
1. Explain the concept of 'self-efficacy' and describe its significance in motivating
individuals.
2. Differentiate between 'introverts' and 'extraverts' as described by Carl Jung.
3. Briefly describe any three 'defence mechanisms' proposed by Freud, without providing
examples.
4. What are 'source traits' and 'surface traits' in Cattell's theory of personality?
5. What are defense mechanisms? Explain any two with example.
6. Describe the characteristics of a 'fully functioning person' as conceptualized by Carl
Rogers.
7. Imagine a child who is excessively neat and orderly, showing a strong need for control
over their environment. Based on Freud's psychosexual stages, which stage might they have
fixated at, and what would be the primary focus of gratification at that stage?
8. Suresh is known for being very competitive, always feeling a sense of time urgency, and
often becoming irritable when faced with delays. Describe two characteristics of his
personality type that contribute to his behaviour.
9. A psychologist is conducting a detailed interview with a new client to understand their
unique life experiences, personal goals, and how they perceive themselves. Which approach
to personality study is this psychologist most likely aligning with, and what is a key goal of
this approach?
10. Explain how 'positive reinforcement' could be used by parents to encourage their child to
consistently complete homework on time.
11. A person tends to exaggerate their positive qualities and deny any negative ones, often
presenting an overly positive image of themselves to others. According to Freudian theory,
what defense mechanism might they be employing, and what is its general purpose?
12. Daniel often feels torn between seeking immediate pleasure and adhering to societal
rules. How does the psychodynamic theory explain his conflict? Explain.
13. Zikra has a distorted body image that leads her to see herself as overweight. What can be
the negative after-effect of this thought?
14. Describe the cultural approach to the study of personality.
15. State the techniques of self self control.
16. Naina does not study systematicall and watches TV in between. Her mother has come to
the counsellor to seek help. Suggest any 3 behavioural techniques to help her.
17. Describe the relationship between culture and self.
18. Discuss the main prepositions of behavioural approach to the study of personality.
19. Discuss Erikson’s concept of identity crisis.
20. Differentiate between repression and regression.
21. What is a trait? Describe Cattell’s trait theory.

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Section C: Long Answer Questions (4 Marks Each)
1. Explain the three levels of 'consciousness' as proposed by Sigmund Freud in his
psychodynamic theory.
2. Discuss the characteristics of the 'Type-C personality' and its associated health risks,
according to the source.
3. Describe two types of 'intelligence' from Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple
Intelligences, providing a brief explanation for each.
4. What is the concept of 'congruence' and 'incongruence' in Rogers' humanistic theory of
personality?
5. Explain personality development by Alfred Adler and Karen Horney.
6. Discuss how Carl Rogers' concept of a 'fully functioning person' contrasts with the
traditional psychodynamic view of a healthy personality. What two core conditions does
Rogers emphasize for personal growth?
7. A manager wants to assess the leadership potential of their employees, but also wants to
understand their unconscious motivations. Recommend two different personality assessment
techniques from the source that could serve these distinct purposes, explaining why each is
suitable.
8. Discuss the main propositions of the humanistic approach to personality.
9. Rohan, from an individualistic culture, and Li, from a collectivistic culture, are asked to
describe themselves. Based on the source, how might their self-descriptions differ in terms of
focus and emphasis?
10. Describe 'self-regulation of behaviour' and explain two specific techniques that an
individual can use to achieve better self-control, as mentioned in the source.
11. Explain the primary focus of the 'Behavioural Approach' to personality. Provide an
example of how this approach would explain the development of a specific personality trait
like shyness.
12. At the age of four Sonia wants to marry her father. How can you explain it from the point
of view of Freud?
13. Discuss the main propositions of the humanistic approach to personality.
14. Describe any two procedures of behavioural analysis.
15. Explain the role of assessments in understanding psychological attributes. Describe the
key features of any two methods used for psychological assessment.
16. Explain two limitations of behavioural ratings.
17. Explain any two problems associatied with self report measures used for personality
assessment.
18. A study found that one-third of British Children, at age six, are afraid of snakes even
though it is rare to encounter snakes in British Isles. The children had never come in contact
with snakes in a traumatic situation., but snakes still generated anxious response. How would
Carl Jung’s theory of personality explain the same? Throw some light on his theory.

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Section D: Extended Answer Questions (6 Marks Each)

1. Compare and contrast the 'Type Approach' and 'Trait Approach' to personality,
highlighting their fundamental differences and key proponents.
2. Explain Freud's 'psychosexual stages of development', detailing the primary focus of any
three stages and the potential adult personality characteristics associated with fixation at these
stages.
3. Discuss the key features and primary goals of the 'Humanistic Approach' to personality,
focusing on the contributions of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
4. Describe the various 'techniques of personality assessment' that psychologists use,
including self-report measures and projective techniques, providing examples for each.
5. Elaborate on the concept of 'culture and self', differentiating between the views of self in
'individualistic' and 'collectivistic' cultures, and explain how they influence personality.
6. Compare and contrast Freud's 'Id', 'Ego', and 'Superego' in terms of their guiding principles,
their relationship with different levels of consciousness, and how they interact to shape
personality.
7. Explain two significant ways in which culture can influence the 'self-concept' and
'personality' of individuals. Provide specific examples from the source to illustrate these
influences.
8. Discuss the key features of the 'Type-A personality' and the associated health risks as
described in the source. How does the concept of 'Type-B personality' serve as a contrast to
Type-A?
9. Describe any three major 'psychosexual stages of development' proposed by Sigmund
Freud, detailing the erogenous zone and the potential outcomes if an individual experiences
fixation at each of these stages.
10. Explain the 'Trait Approach' to personality. Using either Cattell's or Eysenck's theory,
describe how individual differences in personality are categorized and measured, providing
examples of the traits discussed
11. What is meant by delay of gratification? Discuss the techniques used for self control.
12. Arihant wants to become a singer even though he belongs to a family of doctors. Though
his family members claim to love him but strongly disapprove his choice of career. Using
Carl Roger’s terminology, describe the attitude shown by Arihant’s family.
13. How do projective techniques assess personality? Explain any two well-known projective
techniques.
14. A number of theories have been used to understand ‘personality’. Discuss how efforts
have been made to categorise people into personality types since ancient times.
15. According to Freud, individual avoid anxiety by using mechanisms that protect the ego by
distorting reality. What are these mechanisms called? Explain its different kind with the help
of examples.