RATIONALISM - Caring in nursing conveys physical acts

- Emphasizes the importance of Priori Reasoning - Caring embraces the mind-body-spirit as it

as the appropriate method of advancing reclaims the embodied spirit as its focus of
knowledge. attention
- Priori Reasoning used deductive logic by - Practice of caring is central to nursing
reasoning to cause an affect or form - Caring is more “healthogenic” than is curing
generalization to a particular instance. - TEN CARATIVE FACTORS:
EMPIRICISM o Formation of a humanistic-altruistic
- Scientific knowledge can be derived only from system of values
Sensory Experience o Installation of faith-hope
- Inductive Method is based on the idea that the o Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self
collection of facts precedes attempts to and to others
formulate generalizations o Development of a helping-trusting,
- “research then theory strategy” human caring relationship
METAPARADIGMS o Promotion and acceptance of the
- Person expression of positive and negative
- Environment feelings
- Health o Systematic use of a creative problem-
- Nursing solving caring process
THREE TYPES OF CLIENTS o Promotion of transpersonal teaching-
- Individuals learning
- Families o Provision for a supportive, protective,
- Communities and corrective mental, physical, societal,
AREAS OF NURSING PRACTICE and spiritual environment
- Promoting health and wellness o Assistance with gratification of human
- Preventing Illness needs
- Restoring Health o Allowance of existential-
- Care of dying phenomenological-spiritual forces
TYPES OF HEALTH SERVICES
- Promotion PATRICIA BENNER’S FROM NOVICE TO
- Prevention EXPERT
- Curative - NOVICE
- Rehabilitation o Has no professional experience
- ADVANCED BEGINNER
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S o Can note recurrent meaningful
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY situational components, but not
- Nurses manipulate and meditate the environment prioritize between them
to put the patient in the best condition for nature - COMPETENT
to act upon o Begins to understand actions in terms of
- 5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: long-range goals
o Pure/Fresh air - PROFICIENT
o Light o Perceives situations as wholes, rather
o Cleanliness than in term of aspects
o Efficient drainage - EXPERT
o Pure water o Has intuitive grasps of the situation and
zeros in on the accurate region of the
JEAN WATSON’S TRANSPERSONAL CARING problem
- Main focus is on carative factors that are derived
from humanistic perspective combined with a
scientific base
HELEN ERICKSON’S MODELING AND ROLE- - Theory is aimed towards making the clients
MODELING THEORY perform self-care activities in order to live
- MODELING independently
o Process the nurses uses as they develop - SELF CARE
an image and an understanding of the o Practice of activities that maturing and
client’s world mature persons initiate and perform
o Development of a mirror image of the within time frames on their own behalf
situation from the client’s perspective o Interest of maintaining life and healthful
- ROLE-MODELING functioning and continuing personal
o Occurs when the nurse plans and development and well being
implements interventions that is unique - SELF-CARE DEMAND
for the client. o The practice of activities for continuous
- HOW PEOPLE ARE ALIKE: self-care action
o Holism - SELF-CARE DEFICIT
o Basic needs o Inadequacy of the self-care agency,
o Lifetime development individuals inability to perform self-care
 Cognitive Stages activities
 Psychological Stages - THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM:
o Affiliated Individuation o WHOLLY COMPENSATORY
- HOW PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT  When the nurse is expected to
o Inherent endowment accomplish all the patient’s
o Adaption therapeutic self-care
o Mind-body-spirit relationships o PARTIALLY COMPENSATORY
o Self-care  When both the nurse and patient
o Self-care knowledge engage in meeting self-care
o Self-care resources needs
o Self-care action o SUPPORTIVE-EDUCATIVE
 The system that requires
MARTHA ROGER’S UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS assistance in decision-making
THEORY behaviour, control, and
- Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic acquisitions of skills
and humanitarian
- The goal of nurses is to participate in the process IMOGENE KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT
of change THEORY
- Nursing interventions seek to promote - Studying the system as a whole than isolated
harmonious interaction persons and their parts of a system
environment - Designed to explain the organized whole within
- 5 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS: nurses are expected to function
o Wholeness - NURSING
o Openness o A process of human interactions
o Unidirectional between nurses and the client whereby
o Pattern and organization each perceives each other and the
o Scientific and thoughts situation
DOROTHEA OREM’S SELF-CARE DEFICIT - PERSON
THEORY OF NURSING o Open system interacting with the
- Defined as goal-oriented activities that are set environment
towards generating interests in the part of the - NURSING FOCUS
client to maintain life and health development o Person interacting with the environment
- NURSING GOAL
 o Health maintenance of individuals and - NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE
groups o To achieve the stability of the system
- ACTION o Act in coordination with the normal
o Means of behaviour or activities that are wellness state
towards the accomplishments of certain - LINE OF RESISTANCE
act o Acts when the normal line of defense is
o Both physical and mental invaded by too much stressor, producing
- REACTION alterations in the client’s health
o A form of reacting or a response to a - FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE
certain stimuli o Serves as a boundary for the normal line
- INTERACTION of defense to adjust to situations that
o Any situation wherein the nurse relates threaten the imbalance within the
and deals with a clientele or patient client’s stability
- OPEN SYSTEM - STRESSORS
o Absence of boundary existence, where a o Forces that produce tensions, alterations
dynamic interaction between the internal or potential problems causing instability
and external environment can exchange within the client’s system
information without barriers or - REACTION
hindrances o Outcomes or produced results of certain
- THREE INTERACTING SYSTEM: stressors and actions of the lines
o PERSONAL resistance of a client
 How the nurse views and - LEVELS OF PREVENTION
integrates self-based from the o PRIMARY PREVENTION
personal goals and beliefs.  When stressors is suspected or
 Self-image, goals, and beliefs identified, no reaction yet nut
o INTERPERSONAL the degree of risk is unknown
 How the nurse interrelates with  Nurse reduces the encounter
a co-worker or patient, with the stressor or strengthens
particularly in a nurse-patient the individuals flexible line of
relationship defense
 Communication, role, stress o SECONDARY PREVENTION
o SOCIAL  Intervention or treatment
 How the nurse interacts with co- initiated after symptoms from
workers, superiors, stress have occurred
subordinates, and the client’s  Both the client’s internal and
environment external resources are used
 Authority, power, status, towards system stabilization
decision making o TERTIARY PREVENTION
 After secondary prevention
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODELS stage, focuses on readjustment
- Based in General System Theory and reflects the towards optimal client system
nature of living organisms as open system stability
- General System Model  Primary goal is to strengthen
o all elements in a complex organization resistance to stressors to help
are in interaction prevent recurrence of reaction or
- CLIENT’S VARIABLES: regression
o Physiological
o Sociocultural CALLISTA ROY’S ADAPTION MODEL
o Developmental - Person is an adaptive system of coping
o Cultural mechanism
 - GOAL OF NURSING  General level- provides survival
o Promote the person’s adaption along and security
with adaptive mode  Consequences:
- ADAPTIVE MODES  Social inclusion,
o PHYSIOLOGIC MODE intimacy, and formation
 Basic needs requisite to and maintenance of a
maintaining the physical and strong social bond
physiological integrity of the o DEPENDENCY SUBSYSTEM
human system  Promotes helping behaviors that
o SELF-CONCEPT MODE calls for a nurturing response
 Deals with individuals  Consequences:
conceptions of their physical  Approval, attention, or
and personal values recognition and physical
 Physical Self deals with body assistance
sensation and body image o INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM
 Personal Self encompass self-  Has to do with when, how,
consistency, self-ideal, and the what, how much, and under
moral-ethical-spiritual self what condition we eat
o ROLE FUNCTION MODE  Sppetitive satisfaction
 Concerned with individuals o ELIMINATIVE SUBSYSTEM
performance of roles on the  When, how, and under what
basics of their position within condition we eliminate body
society waste
o INTERDEPENDENCE MODE o SEXUAL SUBSYSTEM
 Deals with the development and  Dual functions of procreation
maintenance of satisfying and gratification; including but
affectional relationships with not limited to courting, and
significant others mating
 Love, affection, affirmation  Begins with the development of
 Results to either: gender role identity and includes
 Adaptive/effective a broad range of sex role
response behaviour
 Maladaptive/ineffective o ACHIEVEMENT SUBSYSTEM
response  Control or mastery of an aspect
of self or environment to some
DOROTHY JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM degree of excellence
MODEL  Areas:
- Actions or behaviors from outstanding thoughts  Intellectual, physical,
- Included functional unit that determines and creative, mechanical
defines the relations between the person and his and social skills
environment o AGGRESSIVE SUBSYSTEM
- Establishes the bond of the person to the object,  Protection and preservation of
events, and circumstances in his environment self
- Patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of - EQUILIBRIUM
behaving that characterize a person as o Resting state in which the individual is
behavioural system tries to achieve stability and in harmony with himself and with his
balance by adjustment and adaption environment, not synonymous with a
- 7 BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS state of health
o ATTACHMENT/AFFILIATIVE
SUBSYSTEM