Multiple Choice Question

GIS

1. Which of the following is an example of a primary data source in GIS?

A) Digital elevation model (DEM) generated from LIDAR
B) Satellite image interpreted manually
C) Digitized paper maps
D) Data derived from online gazetteers
Answer: A

2. The major difference between raster and vector data models lies in:
A) The coordinate system used
B) The method of data storage and representation
C) The ability to store attribute information
D) The projection method applied
Answer: B

3. Topological relationships are most explicitly maintained in which vector data model?
A) Simple spaghetti model
B) CAD-based vector model
C) Topological data model
D) Object-oriented data model
Answer: C

4. Which of the following is NOT a valid advantage of object-based spatial data models?
A) Supports complex features
B) Supports multiple inheritance
C) Increases redundancy
D) Stores geometry and attributes together
Answer: C

5. In a raster data model, the accuracy of spatial representation primarily depends on:
A) File size
B) Coordinate reference system
C) Pixel resolution
D) Compression algorithm
Answer: C

6. Which of the following is a common secondary data source in GIS?

A) Total Station Survey data
B) Field-collected GPS data
C) Photogrammetric data
D) Social media geotagged posts
Answer: D

7. The TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) data model is best suited for representing:
A) Categorical data
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GIS
B) Continuous surface data with variable sampling density
C) Discrete polygon features
D) Regularly spaced point data
Answer: B

8. The concept of 'map algebra' is most closely associated with which data model?
A) Raster
B) Vector
C) Network
D) TIN
Answer: A

9. In the context of spatial databases, which of the following is true about spatial indexing?
A) It reduces attribute query time
B) It is only applicable to vector data
C) It improves performance for spatial queries
D) It eliminates data redundancy
Answer: C

10. Which of the following standards governs interoperability of spatial data among
different systems?
A) IEEE 802.11
B) W3C HTML
C) OGC standards
D) ISO 9000
Answer: C

11. In raster data storage, lossless compression algorithms are used to:
A) Maximize compression by removing spatial detail
B) Maintain exact original data integrity after decompression
C) Introduce minimal acceptable distortion
D) Remove redundant spatial features
Answer: B

12. Which type of spatial data model would best represent underground utility networks
with multiple interconnected nodes?
A) Raster model
B) Surface model
C) Topological network model
D) TIN model
Answer: C

13. In the object-oriented data model, 'methods' refer to:

A) Data tables
B) Functions that operate on objects
C) Unique IDs assigned to objects
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GIS
D) Metadata of spatial features
Answer: B

14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vector data models?

A) High precision in representing boundaries
B) Easy overlay analysis
C) Complex topology representation
D) More efficient for discrete data representation
Answer: B

15. Which spatial data source is most prone to positional inaccuracy due to atmospheric
conditions?
A) LIDAR
B) GPS
C) Photogrammetry
D) Aerial orthophoto
Answer: B

16. Raster datasets suffer from "mixed pixel" problems mainly in which situation?
A) Low spatial resolution
B) High data redundancy
C) High attribute dimensionality
D) Large file size
Answer: A

17. Which of the following is a major drawback of spaghetti vector data model?
A) Cannot store attribute data
B) No spatial relationships maintained
C) Difficult to visualize
D) Cannot be converted to raster format
Answer: B

18. The MODIS satellite primarily collects which type of data?

A) High-resolution vector data
B) Multispectral raster data
C) Real-time video data
D) LiDAR point cloud data
Answer: B

19. Which of the following methods is commonly used for vector-to-raster conversion?
A) Interpolation
B) Tessellation
C) Orthorectification
D) Mosaicking
Answer: B
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GIS
20. Which spatial data format is specifically designed for web-based vector data sharing?
A) TIFF
B) GeoJSON
C) HDF5
D) ASCII Grid
Answer: B

1. Which geometric transformation technique corrects distortions caused by sensor

movement and Earth curvature in satellite imagery?
A) Affine transformation
B) Rubber sheeting
C) Orthorectification
D) Helmert transformation
Answer: C

2. A second-order polynomial transformation is most appropriate when:

A) Simple rotation and translation are needed
B) Image has uniform scale error only
C) There is curvature and complex distortion
D) The dataset is in UTM projection
Answer: C

3. In geometric transformations, Ground Control Points (GCPs) are used to:

A) Classify land cover types
B) Normalize pixel values
C) Establish spatial relationships for alignment
D) Reduce file size of raster images
Answer: C

4. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in geometric transformation quantifies:

A) Band-wise reflectance
B) Angular distortion between layers
C) Spatial accuracy of transformed data
D) Number of control points used
Answer: C

5. Which of the following is NOT a linear transformation model?

A) Helmert
B) Similarity
C) Affine
D) Polynomial of 2nd order
Answer: D

6. What happens when you use an inadequate number of GCPs for a higher-order
transformation?
A) Improves processing speed
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GIS
B) Increases accuracy
C) Results in overfitting and instability
D) Reduces spectral distortion
Answer: C

7. In affine transformation, which of the following is not altered?

A) Scale
B) Rotation
C) Shear
D) Curvature
Answer: D

8. Which geometric transformation maintains straight lines but allows parallel lines to
remain non-parallel?
A) Similarity
B) Projective
C) Affine
D) Helmert
Answer: B

9. Which factor has the least effect on the accuracy of geometric transformation?
A) Number of bands
B) Distribution of GCPs
C) Transformation model used
D) RMSE minimization strategy
Answer: A

10. Which software function is typically used to apply geometric correction to satellite
images using GCPs?
A) Clip raster
B) Resample
C) Warp
D) Dissolve
Answer: C

11. Which geospatial analysis technique is most suitable for identifying optimal locations
based on multiple weighted criteria?
A) Buffering
B) Overlay analysis
C) Suitability modeling
D) Thiessen polygon generation
Answer: C

12. Which interpolation method assumes the variable being mapped decreases in influence
with distance?
A) IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting)
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GIS
B) Spline
C) Kriging
D) Trend Surface Analysis
Answer: A

13. Kriging differs from IDW in that it:

A) Ignores spatial autocorrelation
B) Uses deterministic algorithms
C) Models spatial structure through a variogram
D) Can’t be used for elevation data
Answer: C

14. Spatial autocorrelation is best measured by:

A) Z-score
B) Moran's I
C) RMSE
D) Euclidean distance
Answer: B

15. Which type of geospatial analysis is used in predicting flood-prone zones using elevation
and rainfall data?
A) Network analysis
B) Surface analysis
C) Overlay analysis
D) Proximity analysis
Answer: B

16. In viewshed analysis, which input is most critical besides elevation data?
A) Raster cell size
B) Observer point location
C) Atmospheric conditions
D) Land use data
Answer: B

17. Raster overlay operations are typically performed using:

A) SQL queries
B) Map algebra
C) Topology rules
D) Vector buffering
Answer: B

18. Which of the following is a limitation of raster-based analysis over vector-based

analysis?
A) Poor at handling continuous data
B) Requires complex topology
C) Lacks spatial resolution flexibility
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GIS
D) Large file sizes with fine resolution
Answer: D

19. Network analysis can best solve which of the following problems?
A) Identifying elevation contours
B) Finding shortest path between two points
C) Performing viewshed analysis
D) Interpolating surface temperature
Answer: B

20. Which technique is most suitable to classify regions based on similarity of multivariate
attributes in spatial clustering?
A) Buffering
B) Thiessen polygons
C) K-means clustering
D) Raster resampling
Answer: C

1. Which of the following best describes a Digital Elevation Model (DEM)?

A) Vector model representing discrete point data
B) Raster-based continuous surface of elevation values
C) Triangulated network of breaklines and mass points
D) Tabular database of elevation measurements
Answer: B

2. In a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network), elevation is stored at:

A) Raster grid cells
B) Regularly spaced intervals
C) Irregularly spaced nodes and edges
D) Uniform blocks of data
Answer: C

3. Which interpolation method provides the most statistically unbiased surface predictions,
accounting for spatial autocorrelation?
A) Spline interpolation
B) IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting)
C) Trend surface analysis
D) Kriging
Answer: D

4. In TIN models, which of the following ensures that no points fall inside the circumcircle
of any triangle?
A) Delaunay triangulation
B) Voronoi tessellation
C) Thiessen polygon
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GIS
D) Laplace interpolation
Answer: A

5. The term ‘breaklines’ in surface modeling refers to:

A) Lines of constant slope
B) Lines representing abrupt changes in surface elevation
C) Boundaries of raster datasets
D) Vertical datum shifts
Answer: B

6. Which method is most appropriate for generating a hydrologically correct DEM?

A) Smoothing
B) Depression filling (sink filling)
C) Surface generalization
D) Triangulation
Answer: B

7. The primary limitation of IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) interpolation in surface

modeling is that:
A) It requires large computation time
B) It cannot model directional trends or anisotropy
C) It overestimates variance
D) It generates non-continuous surfaces
Answer: B

8. Which surface modeling technique allows prediction of surface uncertainty?

A) IDW
B) Spline interpolation
C) Kriging
D) TIN
Answer: C

9. The ‘z-factor’ used in terrain modeling is primarily applied to:

A) Normalize vertical exaggeration in 3D rendering
B) Correct map projections
C) Determine interpolation smoothing
D) Calculate spatial autocorrelation
Answer: A

10. Aspect analysis in surface modeling is used to determine:

A) The steepness of a slope
B) The direction that a slope faces
C) Elevation relative to sea level
D) The curvature of terrain surfaces
Answer: B
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GIS
11. Which of the following interpolation methods best preserves the original sample points?
A) Natural neighbor interpolation
B) Spline interpolation
C) Trend surface analysis
D) Kriging
Answer: A

12. Hillshade models in surface modeling are primarily used for:

A) Calculating slope gradients
B) Producing visually enhanced 3D terrain visualizations
C) Correcting DEM errors
D) Generating hydrological flow paths
Answer: B

13. Which surface model type is most sensitive to sampling density and distribution?
A) Raster grid
B) TIN
C) Contour maps
D) Hillshade models
Answer: B

14. In hydrological modeling, the accumulation of flow across a surface is determined

using:
A) Flow direction and flow accumulation grids
B) Slope aspect analysis
C) Elevation raster resampling
D) Kriging interpolation
Answer: A

15. The primary advantage of using TIN over raster DEM is:
A) Easier data storage
B) Reduced file size regardless of terrain complexity
C) Uniform sampling
D) Better representation of complex terrain with fewer data points
Answer: D

16. Which of the following models is most appropriate for creating contour lines from
elevation data?
A) Raster DEM
B) TIN
C) IDW surface
D) Both A and B
Answer: D

17. Which process modifies a DEM to ensure water flow continuity in watershed modeling?
A) Smoothing
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GIS
B) Stream burning
C) Hillshading
D) Zonal statistics
Answer: B

18. Surface roughness can be quantified by:

A) Standard deviation of elevation
B) Mean slope value
C) Aspect variability
D) Curvature analysis
Answer: A

19. Vertical exaggeration in 3D terrain models is typically applied because:

A) Real-world vertical changes are often too subtle to visualize
B) DEMs cannot store actual elevation values
C) It reduces computational complexity
D) It normalizes map projections
Answer: A

20. Which of the following can handle both continuous and discontinuous surface features
better than raster models?
A) TIN
B) Kriging
C) Hillshade
D) IDW
Answer: A

1. Which interpolation method is best suited for capturing local variation without assuming
any global trend?
A) Polynomial interpolation
B) Trend surface analysis
C) Kriging
D) IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting)
Answer: D

2. Kriging differs from IDW primarily because it:

A) Uses distance exclusively
B) Applies smoothing functions
C) Models spatial autocorrelation using variograms
D) Requires regularly spaced data points
Answer: C

3. The 'nugget effect' in variogram modeling refers to:

A) Long-range autocorrelation
B) Measurement error and microscale variation
C) Maximum variance
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GIS
D) The sill value
Answer: B

4. In geostatistics, anisotropy indicates:

A) Variability is equal in all directions
B) No spatial dependence exists
C) Directional dependence in spatial variability
D) High standard deviation of residuals
Answer: C

5. Which interpolation technique can generate surfaces with negative values even if input
data are strictly positive?
A) IDW
B) Natural neighbor interpolation
C) Spline interpolation
D) Kriging
Answer: C

6. What does a ‘range’ in a variogram model represent?

A) The spatial distance at which samples are no longer correlated
B) The maximum elevation
C) The lowest point of elevation
D) The smoothing factor in interpolation
Answer: A

7. Which interpolation method is deterministic?

A) Universal Kriging
B) Co-Kriging
C) IDW
D) Bayesian Kriging
Answer: C

8. The primary limitation of spline interpolation is:

A) Over-smoothing and unrealistic surface undulations
B) Failure to consider spatial autocorrelation
C) Poor handling of dense data sets
D) Inability to handle large surfaces
Answer: A

9. Co-Kriging improves on ordinary Kriging by:

A) Using secondary correlated variables
B) Limiting the number of sample points
C) Ignoring spatial correlation
D) Interpolating categorical data
Answer: A
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GIS
10. Which of the following interpolation methods is most computationally intensive?
A) IDW
B) Spline
C) Kriging
D) Trend Surface
Answer: C

11. A Digital Surface Model (DSM) differs from a DTM by:

A) Including buildings, trees, and other surface features
B) Providing higher horizontal resolution
C) Only representing bare ground elevation
D) Having no vertical reference datum
Answer: A

12. Which hydrological application typically uses DTMs?

A) Flow accumulation and drainage network delineation
B) Wind speed modeling
C) Atmospheric pollution modeling
D) Air temperature estimation
Answer: A

13. For landslide susceptibility mapping, DTM analysis commonly involves:

A) Soil moisture mapping only
B) Slope, aspect, and curvature analysis
C) Point cloud filtering
D) Stream order classification
Answer: B

14. The most appropriate method to derive slope from a DTM is:
A) First-order finite difference
B) Contour generalization
C) Hillshading
D) Flow accumulation
Answer: A

15. The ‘curvature’ derived from a DTM describes:

A) Relative height difference
B) Directional aspect variation
C) Convexity or concavity of the surface
D) Terrain roughness
Answer: C

16. Watershed boundary extraction primarily depends on:

A) Flow direction and flow accumulation derived from DTM
B) Slope thresholding
C) Aspect categorization
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GIS
D) Mean surface roughness
Answer: A

17. In solar radiation modeling, which DTM-derived factor is essential?

A) Hillshade
B) Flow direction
C) Curvature
D) Aspect
Answer: D

18. The primary limitation of using DTM for urban flood modeling is:
A) Insufficient resolution for surface microtopography
B) Lack of vegetation data
C) Ignorance of evapotranspiration
D) Lack of rainfall input
Answer: A

19. Which technology most directly generates DTMs with sub-meter accuracy?
A) Passive optical sensors
B) LIDAR
C) Thermal infrared sensors
D) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Answer: B

20. In which application would a DSM be more useful than a DTM?

A) Forest canopy height modeling
B) Watershed delineation
C) Floodplain mapping
D) Slope failure analysis
Answer: A

1. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) primarily focuses on:

A) Developing commercial GIS software
B) Establishing open standards for geospatial data interoperability
C) Protecting intellectual property in GIS technology
D) Certifying GIS professionals
Answer: B

2. Which OGC standard enables web-based access to spatial raster data layers?
A) WMS (Web Map Service)
B) WFS (Web Feature Service)
C) WCS (Web Coverage Service)
D) CSW (Catalogue Service for the Web)
Answer: C
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GIS
3. Which OGC standard allows real-time sensor data integration into GIS?
A) WMS
B) SOS (Sensor Observation Service)
C) WCS
D) WFS-T
Answer: B

4. The primary purpose of WFS (Web Feature Service) is to:

A) Serve rendered map images over HTTP
B) Provide access to raw vector feature geometries
C) Manage sensor networks
D) Provide metadata catalogs
Answer: B

5. Which open-source GIS software was originally developed as a GRASS interface and has
become a leading cross-platform tool?
A) MapServer
B) GeoServer
C) QGIS
D) OpenLayers
Answer: C

6. The main advantage of open-source GIS platforms is:

A) Guaranteed technical support
B) Full customization and community-driven development
C) Limited scalability for enterprise solutions
D) Lack of data sharing capabilities
Answer: B

7. The EPSG code system (used in open GIS systems) defines:

A) Global administrative boundaries
B) Spatial reference system definitions
C) Metadata standards
D) Cloud-based GIS protocols
Answer: B

8. Which of the following is NOT a core benefit of adopting Open GIS standards?
A) Vendor-neutral data sharing
B) Interoperability across platforms
C) Reduced data quality
D) Improved reproducibility of geospatial research
Answer: C

9. The open-source GIS server that fully supports OGC services like WMS, WFS, WCS is:
A) ArcGIS Server
B) GeoServer
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C) ERDAS IMAGINE
D) PostGIS
Answer: B

10. In OGC-compliant systems, which format is typically used for vector data exchange?
A) TIFF
B) KML
C) GML (Geography Markup Language)
D) JPEG
Answer: C

11. The OGC Simple Features Specification defines:

A) Coordinate reference systems
B) SQL standards for spatial databases
C) Rules for topology validation
D) Geometry types and operations for vector data
Answer: D

12. Which open-source GIS database extension implements OGC Simple Features for
SQL?
A) GeoPackage
B) PostGIS
C) Oracle Spatial
D) NetCDF
Answer: B

13. Which protocol is primarily used for querying OGC-compliant Web Feature Services?
A) SOAP
B) REST
C) HTTP GET and POST
D) FTP
Answer: C

14. The OGC WPS (Web Processing Service) enables:

A) Downloading remote sensing data
B) Running geospatial processing tasks via web services
C) Displaying tiled web maps
D) Cloud storage of large GIS datasets
Answer: B

15. Which of the following tools is an open-source web mapping library used to build
browser-based GIS applications?
A) ArcGIS Online
B) OpenLayers
C) GeoMedia
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D) ER Mapper
Answer: B

16. Which file format is both OGC-certified and suitable for storing both raster and vector
data in a portable SQLite database?
A) GML
B) GeoTIFF
C) GeoPackage (.gpkg)
D) Shapefile
Answer: C

17. The term ‘OGC interoperability’ refers to:

A) Proprietary data storage standards
B) Common algorithms for topology checks
C) Open, standardized protocols enabling systems to exchange geospatial information
D) Open-source GIS licensing agreements
Answer: C

18. The OGC CSW (Catalogue Service for the Web) provides:
A) Metadata discovery and querying capabilities
B) Raster data visualization
C) Real-time data feeds
D) Feature editing interfaces
Answer: A

19. Which OGC service standard allows access to tiled map images optimized for web use?
A) WMS
B) WMTS (Web Map Tile Service)
C) WCS
D) SOS
Answer: B

20. Which open-source GIS tool is widely used for managing and serving vector, raster,
and attribute data through OGC services in enterprise environments?
A) MapServer
B) Global Mapper
C) AutoCAD Map 3D
D) MapInfo Professional
Answer: A