Guess

the
Word
ROLERPAAINTTS
INTRAPERSONAL
VEINTIFOMAR CHEESP

INFORMATIVE SPEECH
OUIMMPPRT EECHPS

IMPROMPTU SPEECH
ALSUCA
CASUAL
“Communication is your ticket to
success, if you pay attention and
learn to do it effectively.”
Theo Gold
How do you usually start a
conversation?

What are the problems that you had

encountered during a conversation and
how did you address them?

Have you experienced engaging in a

conversation with a topic that you are not
comfortable with? How did you manage
it?
Types of
Communicative
Strategy
 1. Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively establish
a topic.

Nomination is usually employed at the

beginning of interaction to set the purpose
of conversation.
 Examples:
You may start off with making inquiries, giving
compliment, asking for opinion, or offering help.
This could efficiently signal the beginning of a
new topic in the conversation.
“Have you heard about “the new normal”?
“What can you say about our new plan for the
project? Do you think it will work?”
You are the new student, right? Would you like
me to tour you around the campus?
 2. Restriction
Refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker. It is a strategy used when responses
need to be within the set categories or
instructions.

These instructions confine you as a

speaker and limit what you can say.
 Examples:
In your class, you might be asked by your
teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or
deliver a speech on digital natives. In this case,
you cannot decide to talk about something else.
You are invited to the police station to answer
some questions about what you know about the
accident.
 3. Turn-taking
It pertains to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor.

Turn-taking strategy allows all participants in

the conversation a chance to speak.

You can use this strategy to avoid taking over

the whole conversation.
 Examples:

“What do you think?” or “You wanted

to say something?”

I agree with you about it, but May I add

another?
 4. Topic Control
Covers how procedural formality or informality
affects the development of topic in conversations.

This is a strategy used when there is a need to

control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts in a certain conversation.
 Examples:

During a board meeting, the director manages the

communication and directs who may speak to
collectively develop the topic of conversation.

In the senate session, the senate president

presides the meeting. Senators who wish to
speak asks permission to the senate president.
 5. Topic Shifting
Involves moving from one topic to another.

This strategy is used to change the topic to

a new one which helps communication
keep going.
 Examples:

You may use conversational transitions that

indicate a shift like “By the way...”, “Before I
forget...”, “Which reminds me of,” and the like.

In a report presentation you may use

expressions like “Moving on to the next topic…”,
“Now, let’s talk about…”, “This time, let me tell
you about…”
 6. Repair
It refers to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they
encounter in a conversation.

Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social

interaction (Schegloff et. al, 1977).
 6. Repair
It also include requesting clarification or making
a clarifying question, request for repetition, and
request for definition, translation or explanation.

We can employ this strategy whenever we

encounter problems in communication to prevent
a breakdown.
 Examples:
Speaker may use recasting or changing the form
of message to a more understandable one using
the following expressions:

“What I mean is….”

What I am trying to say is that…”

I am sorry but what do you mean by “new normal?”

“Can you please repeat the last part of the

instructions?”
 7. Termination
It refer to the conversation participants ‘close -
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.
This strategy is used to end an interaction or
close a topic.

Most of the time, the topic initiator or the person

who opened the topic takes responsibility to
signal the end of the discussion as well.
 Examples:
You may use the following expressions to
end a conversation:

“It’s nice catching up with you. I must be

going.”

Thanks for your time. See you around.

Regards to your wife. See you soon.”

Communication
breakdown
 Barriers to
Communication
Physical Barriers
These are the natural barriers

1. People talking too loud.

2. Noise from a construction site

3. Loud sound of a karaoke

4. Blaring of jeepney horns

 Psychological Barriers
These are called as mental barriers
1. trauma
2. shyness, lack of confidence
3. depression
4. fear, stage fright
 Cultural Barriers
It pertain to communication problems encountered
by people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs,
and traditions in conflict with others.
1. different beliefs
2. traditions, and customs
3. manners of dressing
4. speaking
 Linguistic Barriers
It pertain conflicts about language and
word meanings.

1. difference in language

2. accent and dialect

3. use of jargon and slang

4. speech defects or language impairments

Types of Communicative Strategy
1. Nomination 5. Topic Shifting
2. Restriction 6. Repair
3. Turn-taking 7. Termination
4. Topic Control
Barriers to Communication
Physical Barriers
Psychological Barriers
Cultural Barriers
Linguistic Barriers
5 Ways to Avoid
Communication
Breakdown by
Ronnie Peterson
1. Have Clarity of thought
before speaking
Arrange your thoughts before
verbalizing them this can help you
communicate much more clearly
and succinctly.
2. Learn to Listen
3. Take Care of your Body
Language and Tone
Keep your emotions in check, try to
maintain eye contact, and adopt a
relaxed tone when conversing with
others.
4. Build up your confidence by
asking for feedback and
observing others

Focus on improving your skills by

practicing in front of those who you
may feel more comfortable with.
5. Communicate Face to
Face on the important issues
Having that face-to-face dialogue means
you can convey your point more clearly,
with your body language as well as your
tone of voice.
7Cs of Effective
Communication
Completeness
The speaker should include
everything that the receiver needs
to hear, respond, react, or evaluate
properly.
Conciseness
The message should be direct or straight
to the point and should be expressed in
the least possible number of words.
Irrelevant information should not be
included.
Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should give
high regard and courtesy to audience’s
background information such as his/her
culture, education, religion, status, mood,
feelings, and needs.
Concreteness
Effective communication is backed up
by facts, figures, and real-life
examples or situations. This will make
the receiver to understand the
message better.
Courtesy
The speaker can show respect to
his/her receivers through
understanding their culture,
values, and beliefs.
Clearness
It implies the use of simple and
specific words to express ideas.
When the speaker focuses on
specific ideas, it will not confuse
the audience.
Correctness
Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to
boost the credibility and effectiveness of
the message, and at the same time it
eliminates negative impact on the
audience.
Factors affected by a
shift in Speech Context,
Speech Style, Speech
Act, and Communicative
Strategy
Language Form
This refers to the formality or
informality of the language used
and it involves the choice of words
and how sentences or utterances
are structured.
Formal language is used when talking with
professionals or persons in authority in a
formal, official or ceremonial occasion,
situation, gathering or event.

Talking with a lawyer, a doctor or even with

your teacher often creates a formal
ambiance in communication.
Informal language, on the other hand, is
used without much consideration to rules of
convention or etiquette.

It is casual and mostly not well-thought-of or

prepared because it is used to communicate
with people with whom you have close
association with like parents, siblings and
friends.
Duration of Interaction

This refers to the amount of time a

conversation takes between and
among communicators.
Relationship of Speaker
This refers to the speech style used by
the speaker suited to his/her relationship
to the person with whom he/she is
communicating.
Styles can be classified as intimate,
frozen, consultative, casual or formal.
Role and Responsibility of Speaker
This refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker which
will depend on the purpose and context of communication.

The speaker may be a person who gives information and

additional knowledge to another person or an audience,
someone who convinces others for a cause or an individual
who provokes laughter for diversion and fun.

Hence, his responsibility depends on his purpose for

communication which may be to inform, to persuade, or to
entertain.
Message
This involves the content of the message.

The message may be facts, opinion, feelings,

order, suggestions, and questions.
Delivery

This refers to the manner of delivery

involving verbal and nonverbal cues
made by the speaker.