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Eurocode 2: Design of |
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Part 4: Liquid retaining and containing |
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(together with United Kingdom National |
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

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Application Document) |
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ICS: 91.080.040 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 DD ENV 1992-4:2000

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee
B/525/2, Sturctural use of concrete, upon which the following bodies were
represented:

Association of Consulting Engineers

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Concrete Society
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under the
direction of the Building and Civil
Engineering Sector Committee,
was published under the
authority of the Standards
Committee and comes into effect
on 15 August 2000

 BSI 08-2000 Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/525/2

ISBN 0 580 33211 X

 DD ENV 1992-4:2000

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Text of National Application Document iii
Text of ENV 1992-4 2
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

 BSI 08-2000 i
 DD ENV 1992-4:2000

National foreword

This Draft for Development was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the official
English language version of ENV 1992-4:1998 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures Ð Part 4: Liquid retaining and containment structures, as published by
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This Draft for Development also
includes the United Kingdom (UK) National Application Document (NAD) to be used
with the ENV in the design of structures to be constructed in the UK.
ENV 1992-4:1998 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural and
geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication should not be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the status of a
European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify the ENV so that
it can be adopted as a European Standard. The publication of this ENV and its National
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

Application Document should be considered to supersede any reference to a British

Standard in previous DD ENV Eurocodes concerning the subject covered by these
documents.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual CEN
Members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These parameters are
designated by _ in the ENV.
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to supporting documents
listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in relation to
safety, to enable the ENV to be used for structures constructed in the UK and the NAD
takes precedence over the corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, draws attention to the
potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building Regulation
compliance. ENV 1992-4:1998 is considered to offer such an alternative approach, when
used in conjunction with its NAD.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of use
and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account when
preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the ENV can
be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/2,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, quoting the document reference, the
relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, by 1st March 2001.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi, the ENV
title page, pages 2 to 18, an inside back cover and a back cover.

ii  BSI 08 2000
 National Application Document

for use in the UK with ENV 1992-4:1998

Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

 BSI 08 2000 iii

 DD ENV 1992-4:2000

Contents of
National Application Document

Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values v
3 Reference standards v
4 Additional recommendations v
Table 1 Ð Reference to EC2: Part 4 to other codes and standards v
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

iv  BSI 08 2000
 DD ENV 1992-4:2000

National Application Document

Introduction 4 Additional recommendations

This National Application Document (NAD) has been 4.1 Clause 1 Introduction
prepared under the direction of the Building and
Civil Engineering Sector Committee. It has been a) Sub-clause 1.1.2 (102)
developed from: Reference should also be made to BS 8007 or
a) a textual examination of ENV 1992-4:1998; CIRIA Report 139 for details of water excluding
structures.
b) a parametric calibration against BS 8110, BS
8007, supporting standards and test data. 4.2 Clause 4 Section and member design
a) Sub-clause 4.4.2.4 (109)
1 Scope This Sub-clause should be revised as follows:
This NAD provides information to enable ENV ªFor members subject predominantly to intrinsic
1992-4:1998 (hereafter referred to as EC2: Part 4) to imposed deformations (e.g. thermal contraction or
be used for the design of structures to be shrinkage) the minimum mean strain esm,min
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

constructed in the UK. It will be used in conjunction should be taken as that given by equation (4.184).
with DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992, the NAD of which refers For strains less than esm,min crack widths are
to BSI publication for values of actions. constant at spacings generally greater than that
given by equation (4.82).

2 Partial factors, combination factors  Act + 1 

esm,min = 0.6kckfct,ef (4.184)
EsA s Ec
and other values
The definition of the symbols is as in 4.4.2.2 of
a) The values for combination coefficients (ψ) part 1. There is no necessity to take any further
given in Table 1 of the NAD for EC2:Part 1.1 are measures to deal with the long term effects.º
not appropriate and a value of 1 for ψ0, ψ1 and ψ2
should be applied to the operating load as given 4.3 Clause 5 Detailing provisions
in 2.2.2.3 (103) of EC2:Part 4. a) Sub-clause 5.4.7.6 (102)
b) The values for partial factors for normal Reference should be made to BS 8007 for
temperature design should be those given semi-continuous types of construction.
in 2.3.3.1 of EC2:Part 4. b) Sub-clause 5.4.7.6 (103)
Reference should be made to BS 8007 or CIRIA
3 Reference standards Report 139 for construction details.
Supporting standards including materials
specification and standards for construction are
listed in Table 1 of this NAD.

Table 1 Ð Reference in EC2:Part 4 to other codes and standards

Reference in Document referred to Document title or Status UK document
EC2:Part 4 subject area
Various ENV 1992-1-1 Design of concrete Published 1991 DD
structures. General ENV1992-1-1:1992
rules for buildings
2.3.3.1 Table 2.102 ENV 1991-1 Basis of design and Published 1994 DD ENV 1991-1:1996
actions on
structures
2.3.3.1(109) Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Published 1994 DD ENV 1997-1:1995
(ENV 1997-1) design: General
rules

 BSI 08-2000 v
 Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

blank
 EUROPEAN STANDARD ENV 1992-4
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISCHE NORM December 1998

ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.40

Descriptors: civil engineering, buildings, concrete structures, design, building codes, compulation

English version

Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Ð Part 4: Liquid

retaining and containment structures
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

Eurocode 2: Calcul des structures en beÂton Ð Eurocode 2: Planung von Stahlbeton- und
Partie 4: Structures de souteÁnement et reÂservoirs Spannbetontragwerken Ð Teil 4: StuÈtz- und
BehaÈlterbauwerke aus Beton

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 May 1997 as a prospective

standard for provisional application.
The period of validity of the ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years
the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on
the question whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same way
as for an EN and make the ENV available promptly at national level in an
appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the
ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. ENV 1992-4:1998 E
 Page 2
ENV 1992-4:1998

Foreword (11) After approximately two years CEN members will

be invited to submit formal comments to be taken into
Objectives of the Eurocodes
account in determining future actions.
(1) The ªStructural Eurocodesº comprise a group of
(12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
standards for the structural and geotechnical design of
Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of
buildings and civil engineering works.
CEN/TC 250/SC 2 at the following address:
(2) They cover execution and control only to the
Deutsches lnstitut fuÈr Normung e.V. (DIN)
extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the
construction products, and the standard of the Burggrafenstrasse 6
workmanship needed to comply with the assumptions D Ð 10787 Berlin
of the design rules. phone: (+49) 30 ± 26 01 ± 25 01
(3) Until the necessary set of harmonized technical fax: (+49) 30 ± 26 01 ± 12 31
specifications for products and for the methods of National Application Documents (NADs)
testing their performance are available, some of the
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Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in (13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities in
informative Appendices. member countries for safety, health and other matters
covered by the essential requirements of the
Background of the Eurocode Programme Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain safety
(4) The Commission of the European Communities elements in this ENV have been assigned indicative
(CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of values which are identified by [ ] (ªboxed valuesº). The
harmonized technical rules for the design of building authorities in each member country are expected to
and civil engineering works which would initially serve assign definitive values to these safety elements.
as alternatives to the different rules in force in the (14) Some of the supporting European or international
various Member States and would ultimately replace standards may not be available by the time this
them. These technical rules became known as the prestandard is issued. it is therefore anticipated that a
ªStructural Eurocodesº. National Application Document (NAD) giving definitive
(5) In 1990, after consulting their respective Member values for the safety elements, referencing compatible
States, the CEC transfe rred the work of further supporting standards and providing national guidance
development, issue and updating of the Structural on the application of this prestandard, will be issued
Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA Secretariat agreed to by each member country or its Standards Organisation.
support the CEN work. (15) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in
(6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 is conjunction with the NAD valid in the country where
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. the building or civil engineering works is located.
Eurocode Programme Matters specific to this prestandard
(7) Work is in hand on the following Structural (16) The scope of Eurocode 2 is defined in 1.1.1 of
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of ENV 1992-1-1 and the scope of this part of Eurocode 2
parts: is defined in 1.1.2. Other additional parts of
EN 1991 Eurocode 1, Basis of design and actions Eurocode 2 which are already issued as ENV are
on structures; indicated in 1.1.3 of ENV 1992-1-1; these cover
EN 1992 Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures; additional technologies or applications, and
complement and supplement this part.
EN 1993 Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures;
(17) In using this prestandard in practice, particular
EN 1994 Eurocode 4, Design of composite steel and regard should be paid to the underlying assumptions
concrete structures; and conditions given in 1.3 of ENV 1992-1-1.
EN 1995 Eurocode 5, Design of timber structures; (18) The five chapters of this prestandard are
EN 1996 Eurocode 6, Design of masonry structures; complemented by three informative appendices. These
EN 1997 Eurocode 7, Geotechnical design; appendices have been introduced to provide general
EN 1998 Eurocode 8, Design provisions for information on material and structural behaviour
earthquake resistance of structures; which may be used in the absence of information
specifically related to the actual materials used or
EN 1999 Eurocode 9, Design of aluminium alloy
actual conditions of service.
structures.
(19) As indicated in paragraph (14) of this Foreword,
(8) Separate sub-committees have been formed by
reference should be made to National Application
CEN/TC 250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
Documents which will give details of compatible
(9) This Part 4 of Eurocode 2 is being published as a supporting standards to be used. For this part of
European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial life of Eurocode 2, particular attention is drawn to the
three years. approved prestandard ENV 206 (Concrete Ð
(10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental performance, production, placing and compliance
application and for the submission of comments. criteria).

 BSI 08-2000
 Page 3
ENV 1992-4:1998

For ENV 1992-4, the following additional subclauses Page

apply.
2.3.2.2 Combinations of actions 6
(20) This part 4 of Eurocode 2 complements
ENV 1992-1-1 for the particular aspects of liquid 2.3.3 Partial safety factors for ultimate limit
retaining and structures for the containment of states 6
granular solids. 2.3.3.1 Partial safety factors for actions on
(21) The framework and structure of this part 4 structures 6
correspond to ENV 1992-1-1. However, part 4 contains 2.3.4 Serviceability limit states 7
Principles and Application Rules which are specific to 2.5 Analysis 7
liquid retaining and containment structures.
(22) Where a particular subclause of ENV 1992-1-1 is 2.5.1 General provisions 7
not mentioned in this ENV 1992-4, that subclause of 2.5.1.1 General 7
ENV 1992-1-1 applies as far as deemed appropriate in 2.5.6 Determination of the effects of
each case. temperature 7
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Some Principles and Application Rules of ENV 1992-1-1 2.5.6.1 General 7

are modified or replaced in this part, in which case the
modified versions supersede those in ENV 1992-1-1 for 3 Material properties 8
the design of liquid retaining or containment 3.1 Concrete 8
structures. 3.1.2 Normal weight concrete 8
Where a Principle or Application Rule in ENV 1992-1-1
is modified or replaced, the new number is identified 3.1.2.5.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion 8
by the addition of 100 to the original number. Where a 3.1.2.5.5 Creep and shrinkage 8
new Principle or Application Rule is added, it is 3.1.2.5.6 Specific heat capacity of concrete 8
identified by a number which follows the last number
in the appropriate clause in ENV 1992-1-1 with 100 3.1.2.6 Heat evolution and temperature
added to it. development due to hydration 8
A subject not covered by ENV 1992-1-1 is introduced in 4 Section and member design 9
this part by a new subclause. The subclause number 4.1 Durability requirements 9
for this follows the most appropriate clause number in 4.1.6 Abrasion 9
ENV 1992-1-1.
4.1.6.1 General 9
(23) The numbering of equations, figures, footnotes
and tables in this part follow the same principles as 4.1.7 Surfaces of structures designed to
the clause numbering as described in (22) above. contain potable water 9
4.2 Design data 9
Contents 4.2.1 Concrete 9
4.2.1.5 Temperature effects due to hydration
Page of cement 9
Foreword 2 4.3 Ultimate limit states 9
1 Introduction 5 4.3.2 Shear 9
1.1 Scope 5 4.3.2.1 General 9
1.1.1 Scope of Part 4 of Eurocode 2 5 4.3.2.4 Elements requiring design shear
1.7 Special symbols used in Part 1 of reinforcement 9
Eurocode 2 5 4.3.2.4.4 Variable strut inclination method 9
1.7.5 Special symbols used in Part 4 of 4.3.6 Design for dust explosions 9
Eurocode 2 5
4.3.6.1 General 9
2 Basis of design 6
4.3.6.2 Design of structural elements 9
2.2 Definitions and classifications 6
4.4 Serviceability limit states 9
2.2.2 Actions 6
4.4.2 Limit states of cracking 9
2.2.2.3 Representative values of variable
actions 6 4.4.2.1 General considerations 9
2.3 Design requirements 6 4.4.2.3 Control of cracking without direct
calculation 10
2.3.1 General 6
4.4.2.4 Calculation of crack width 11
2.3.2 Ultimate limit states 6

 BSI 08-2000
 Page 4
ENV 1992-4:1998

Page
4.4.2.5 Minimizing cracking due to restrained
impaired deformations 11
5 Detailing provisions 14
5.3 Prestressing units 14
5.3.3 Horizontal and vertical spacing 14
5.3.3.2 Post-tensioning 14
5.3.4 Anchorages and couplers for
prestressing tendons 14
5.4 Structural members 14
5.4.7 Reinforced concrete walls 14
5.4.7.5 Corner connections between walls 14
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5.4.7.6 Provision of movement joints 14

5.4.9 Prestressed walls 14
5.4.9.1 Minimum reinforcement areas 14
Informative Appendix 105 Effect of
temperature on the properties of concrete 16
Informative Appendix 106 Calculation of
strains and stresses in uncracked concrete
sections subjected to restrained imposed
deformations 17
Informative Appendix 107 Calculation of
leakage through cracks in elements retaining
liquids 17

 BSI 08-2000
 Page 5
ENV 1992-4:1998

1 Introduction 1.7.5 Special symbols used in part 4 of

Eurocode 2
1.1 Scope
1.7.5.1 Latin upper case symbols
Replacement of clause 1.1.2 in ENV 1992-1-1 by:
1.1.1 Scope of part 4 of Eurocode 2 Er effective modulus of elasticity of the stored
material
P(l01) Part 4 of Eurocode 2 covers the design of
structures constructed from plain or lightly reinforced Lc the crack length (m)
concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete Q leakage rate in m3/s
for the containment of liquids or granular solids and
Qo operating value of imposed load
other liquid retaining structures.
P(l02) Principles and Application Rules are given in Qw imposed load from a retained liquid
this part for the design of those elements of structure Rax factor defining the degree of external axial
which directly support the stored liquids or materials restraint provided by elements attached to the
(i.e. the walls of tanks, reservoirs or silos). Other element considered
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elements which support these primary elements (for Rm factor defining the degree of moment restraint
example, the tower structure which supports the tank provided by elements attached to the element
in a water tower) should be designed according to the considered
provisions of part 1 except that the design actions
arising from the retained material will be calculated T1 temperature of material in contact with
according to the provisions of this part. surface 1
P(103) This part does not cover: T2 temperature of material in contact with
surface 2
Ð structures for the storage of materials at very low
temperatures; Tm mean steady state temperature of a wall
Ð structures for the storage of materials at very 1.7.5.2 Latin lower case symbols
high temperatures;
Ð structures for the storage of hazardous materials fctx tensile-strength, however defined
the leakage of which could constitute a major health fckT characteristic compressive strength of the
or safety risk; concrete modified to take account of
Ð the selection and design of liners; temperature
Ð design for resistance to fire. This is covered by h wall thickness in m
part 1-2 of Eurocode 2 or by national provisions; Welf effective crack width (m)
Ð no-fines concrete and aerated concrete
components, and those made with heavy aggregate 1.7.5.3 Greek symbols
or containing structural steel sections (see Eurocode
4 for composite steel-concrete structures); ar a coefficient taking account of the moisture
content of the concrete
Ð pressurised vessels;
a1 resistance to heat flux at surface 1
Ð floating structures;
Ð structures subjected to significant seismic actions a2 resistance to heat flux at surface 2
(design for seismic actions is covered in Eurocode 8). gw partial safety factor on load due to retained
(104) Storage of materials of very low temperatures liquid
may be assumed where the temperature of the stored Dr pressure difference across the element
material is 220 8C or less. For the storage of liquid (N/mm2)
petroleum gas see EN 26502-2. DTss steady state temperature difference
(105) Storage of materials of very high temperatures
eav average strain in the element
may be assumed where the temperature of the stored
material exceeds 200 8C. eaz actual strain at level z
(106) For the selection and design of liners, reference eiz imposed intrinsic strain at level z
should be made to appropriate documents. eTr transitional thermal strain
1.7 Special symbols used in part 1 of eTh free thermal strain in the concrete
Eurocode 2
lc conductivity of concrete
Addition after 1.7.4.
rr density of the stored material in kN/m3
yr Poisson's ratio of stored material
sz vertical stress in stored material in kN/m2
h dynamic viscosity of liquid (kg/ms)

 BSI 08-2000
 Page 6
ENV 1992-4:1998

2 Basis of design 2.3.3 Partial safety factors for ultimate limit

states
2.2 Definitions and classifications
2.3.3.1 Partial safety factors for actions on structures
2.2.2 Actions
Replacement of Table 2.2 by:
2.2.2.3 Representative values of variable actions
Table Ð 2.102: Partial safety factors for
Replacement of this subclause by: actions in containment structures for
P(l01) The main representative value is the persistent and transient situations
characteristic value, Qk. The representative value permanent variable variable pre-
corresponding to the specified quantity of the retained actions actions, actions stressing
material which the structure is designed to hold should general due to
more properly be called the ªoperating valueº, Qo, but, retained
liquid
for convenience, the symbol Qk, will be used for this
operating value. gG gQ gw gp

(102) In a liquid retaining structure where the Favourable [1,0]* ** ** ***

Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

maximum level of the liquid can be clearly defined effect

and where the effective density of the liquid
[0.9] or
(allowing for any suspended solids) will not vary
[1.0]
significantly, a lower safety factor, ,gw, than that in
Table 22 of ENV 1992-1-1 may be used on the Unfavourable [1.35]* [1.5] [1.2]1) [1.2] or
characteristic load due to the retained liquid, Qw. effect [1.0]
(103) If not stated otherwise, the values of ψ0, ψ1 * See also paragraphs (3) in this clause in part 1 and (109) below.
and ψ2 applied to the operating load should be taken ** See Eurocode 1; in normal circumstances, gQ,inf = 0.
as 1.0.
*** See relevant clauses.
2.3 Design requirements 1)Covering model uncertainties, see ENV 1991-1, clause 9 and
2.3.1 General annex A.
Addition after Principle P(4):
Replacement of Application Rule (8) by:
(105) The design situations to be considered should
comply with ENV 1991-4, clause 3. For liquid (108) By adopting the y values given in Table 2.102,
retaining and containment structures made with the expression [2.7(a)] may be replaced by the
concrete, the following design situations may be following:
relevant: Ð for design situations with only one variable
Ð operating conditions implying patterns of action Qk,1 or Qw:
discharge and filling; ∑gGj Gkj + 1,5 Qk,1 or 1.2 Qw [2.108(a)]
Ð explosions due to powder; Ð for design situations with two or more variable
Ð thermal effects caused, for example, by stored actions:
S
materials or environmental temperature; ∑gGj Gkj + 1.35 i$1 Qk,i + 1.2 Qw [2.108(b)]
Ð imposed deformations. whichever gives the most unfavourable effect.
2.3.2 Ultimate limit states Equations [2.108(a)] and [2.108(b)] should be used
2.3.2.2 Combinations of actions only, if the conditions for the action Qw
in 2.2.2.3 (102) are met. Otherwise, the partial safety
Add a note below Table 2.1 in ENV 1992-1-1. factor gQ = 1.5 should be applied to Qw.
NOTE Where gw is used for one of the variable actions, gwQw is
substituted for the corresponding value of gQQk. (109) Actions resulting from soil or water within soil
are treated as permanent actions and should be
Replacement of Application Rules (5) to (8) by: obtained in accordance with Eurocode 7. Actions
(105) Appropriate values for the characteristic actions from retained materials in silos should be considered
and appropriate combinations of actions are given in as variable actions.
Eurocode 1 part 4: Actions in silos and tanks. (110) It should be noted that, where backfill is
placed against the outside walls of a structure, it is
required that the safety should be checked both with
and without the soil present.

 BSI 08-2000
 Page 7
ENV 1992-4:1998

2.3.4 Serviceability limit states (104) Where a member is subjected to different

Replacement of Application Rule (7) by: temperatures on opposite faces, the steady state
temperature difference across the wall is given by
(107) Where actions other than environmental
Equation (2.125) below (see Figure 2.106):
actions (wind, snow, temperature etc.) are being
considered, the rare combination may be simplified (h/lc)
to the following expressions, which may also be DTss = (T 2 T1) (2.125)
used as a substitute for the frequent combination: a1 + (h/lc) + a2 2
Ð design situations with only one variable where
action, Qk,1: DTss steady state temperature difference;
∑Gkj (+P) + Qk,1 [2.109(d)] a1 resistance to heat flux at surface 1. In the
Ð design situations with two or more variable absence of specific data for the situation
actions, Qkj considered, the following values may be
∑Gkj (+P) + 1.0 ⋅ ∑ Qkj [2.109(e)] adopted for a1:
whichever gives the more critical value. 0.005 m2 8C/W for liquids;
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Addition after Principle P(8): 0.110 m2 8C/W for granular materials;

(109) Acceptance criteria for liquid retaining 0.060 m2 8C/W for ambient atmosphere
structures could include maximum level of leakage. (this may be significantly affected by
wind).
2.5 Analysis
a2 resistance to heat flux at surface 2 (values
2.5.1 General provisions as for a1);
2.5.1.1 General h wall thickness in m;
Addition after Application Rule (6): lc conductivity of concrete which may be
P(107) Account shall be taken of the effects of taken as 1.75 W/m 8C in the absence of
structure-soil interaction where these are significant. better data;
Addition after 2.5.5: Tl temperature of material in contact with
2.5.6 Determination of the effects of temperature surface 1;
T2 temperature of material in contact with
2.5.6.1 General surface 2 numerically higher than T1.
(101) It will normally be adequate to use methods of
analysis based on the assumption of elastic The mean steady state temperature of the wall may
structural behaviour. However, allowance should be be taken as:
made for the effects of creep, shrinkage and
 la
cracking where these are likely to be significant. Tm = T1 + 0.5 + c 1 DTss (2.126)
 h 
(102) Rigorous analyses may be carried out using
In Figure 2.106:
Equation (2.22) in 2.5.5.1 of ENV 1992-1-1. It should
be noted that it will also be necessary to introduce T2 2 T1 T2 2 Ts2 DTss Ts1 2 T1
= = = (2.127)
compatibility and/or equilibrium conditions to obtain (a1 + (h/lc) + a2) a2 (h/lc) a1
a solution [for example, in a fully restrained member (105) Where the mean temperatures in different,
of uniform section, εtot(t1t0), has to be equal to zero monolithically connected, elements of a structure are
at all values of t]. different, significant effects due to the restraint of
(103) In many cases it will be sufficiently accurate to some members by others in the structure may
carry out an elastic analysis on the basis of an occur,. Where significant, these should be taken into
effective modulus of elasticity for the concrete account.
which has been adjusted to make allowance for the (106) In silos, high temperature gradients may occur
effects of creep in accordance with Equation (2.24) where the stored material is either self heating or is
in 2.5.5.1 (12) in ENV 1992-1-1. put into the silo at high temperature. In such
circumstances calculation of the resulting
temperature gradients and the consequent internal
forces and moments will be necessary. Two
situations may require consideration:
Ð high temperature gradients in the walls above
the bulk material due to hot air in an almost
empty silo;
Ð reduced wall temperature gradients due to heat
insulating effects of the bulk material in an almost
full silo.

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Figure 2.106 Ð Steady state temperature state in a wall

(107) An increase in tensile forces and associated 3.1.2.5.5 Creep and shrinkage
moments may also occur where a drop in the Addition after Application Rule (5):
temperature outside the silo leads to the silo walls
(106) Where the elements are exposed for
shrinking onto the retained material. These forces
substantial periods to high temperature (>40 8C),
and moments may be calculated by estimating an
creep behaviour is substantially modified. Where this
effective modulus of elasticity for the retained
is likely to be significant, appropriate data should
material from the approximate relation:
generally be obtained for the particular conditions of
3.09 rr1.5 sz service envisaged. Guidance is given in Informative
Er = (2.128) Appendix 105 on the estimation of creep effects at
(1 2 vr) elevated temperatures.
where Addition after 3.1.2.5.5.
Er effective modulus of elasticity of the stored
3.1.2.5.6 Specific heat capacity of concrete
material;
(101) For design purposes, the specific heat capacity
rr density of the stored material in kN/m3; of normal weight concrete may be taken as
vr Poisson's ratio of stored material; 1 000 J/kg 8C.
sz vertical stress in the stored material in 3.1.2.6 Heat evolution and temperature
kN/m2. development due to hydration
(101) The heat evolution characteristics for a
3 Material properties particular cement should generally be obtained from
tests. The actual heat evolution should be
3.1 Concrete determined taking account of the expected
3.1.2 Normal weight concrete conditions during the early life of the member (e.g.
curing, ambient conditions).
3.1.2.5.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion
Replacement of Principle P(1) by:
(101) Coefficients of thermal expansion of concrete
vary considerably depending on the aggregate type
and the moisture conditions within the concrete. In
the absence of information from tests on the
concrete to be used in the structure, a value of
10 3 1026/8C may be adopted.

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4 Section and member design 4.3.6 Design for dust explosions

4.1 Durability requirements 4.3.6.1 General
Addition after 4.1.5. P(l01) Where silos are designed to contain materials
which may pose a risk of dust explosions, the
4.1.6 Abrasion structure shall either be designed to withstand the
4.1.6.1 General resulting expected maximum pressures or be provided
with suitable venting which will reduce the pressure to
(101) Abrasion of the inner face of the walls of a silo a supportable level.
may cause contamination of the stored material or
lead to significant loss of cover. Three mechanisms P(102) Fire expelled through a venting outlet shall not
of abrasion may occur: cause any impairment of the surroundings nor cause
explosions in other sections of the silo. Risks to people
Ð mechanical attack due to the filling and
due to flying glass or other debris shall be minimised.
discharging process;
Ð physical attack due to erosion and corrosion (103) Vent openings should lead directly to open air
with changing temperature and moisture through planned venting outlets, which reduce the
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conditions; explosion pressure.

Ð chemical attack due to reaction between the (104) Venting systems should, be initiated at low
concrete and the stored material. pressure and have low inertia.
(102) Appropriate measures should be taken to (105) Actions due to dust explosions should be
ensure that the elements subject to abrasion will treated as accidental actions.
remain serviceable for the period foreseen in the 4.3.6.2 Design of structural elements
design. P(101) All structural elements shall be designed to
4.1.7 Surfaces of structures designed to contain withstand the appropriate actions resulting from an
potable water explosion which should be considered as an accidental
(101) Organic material in the concrete or in any action (see 2.3.1 and 2.3.2.2 of this part 4).
surface coating applied to the concrete which may (102) Indicative values for the rate of pressure
lead to fungal or bacterial growth should be avoided. increase and maximum pressures for different types
Reference should be made to relevant documents. of stored materials should be taken from appropriate
documents.
4.2 Design data
(103) The maximum pressures due to explosions
4.2.1 Concrete occur in empty silo bins, however, the pressure in a
Addition after 4.2.1.4. partly filled silo bin combined with the
corresponding pressure from the bulk material may
4.2.1.5 Temperature effects due to hydration of lead to a more critical design condition.
cement
(104) When inertia forces arise due to a rapid
(101) The maximum temperature rise and the time discharge of gas followed by cooling of the hot
of occurrence after casting should be established smoke, apressure below atmospheric may occur.
from the mix design, the nature of the formwork This should be taken into account when designing
and the ambient conditions. the encasing structure and members in the flow
4.3 Ultimate limit states path.
4.3.2 Shear (105) The elements forming a venting device should
be secured against flying off and adding to the risks
4.3.2.1 General from flying debris.
Addition after Application Rule (7): (106) As pressure relief due to venting occurs,
(108) Special measures are not needed to reinforce reaction forces are generated which should be taken
for shear near the corners of silos or tanks where into account in the design of structural members.
the ultimate shear stress is less than the value given (107) Specialist assistance should be sought where
by equation (4.18) in ENV 1992-1-1. complex installations are contemplated or where
explosions might pose a high risk of injury.
4.3.2.4 Elements requiring design shear
reinforcement 4.4 Serviceability limit states
4.3.2.4.4 Variable strut inclination method 4.4.2 Limit states of cracking
Replacement of Application Rule (8) by: 4.4.2.1 General considerations
(108) The variable strut inclination method should Addition after Principle P(9):
not be used in situations where the member (110) It is convenient to classify liquid retaining
considered is subjected to a significant axial force structures in relation to the degree of protection
(either tensile or compressive). against leakage required. Table 4.118 gives the
Addition after 4.3.5. classification.

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Table 4.118 Ð Classification of liquid retaining (115) Cracks may be expected to heal in members
structures which are made with concrete with an appropriate
composition and which are not subjected to
Class Requirements for leakage
significant changes of loading or temperature during
0 Some degree of leakage acceptable, or service. In the absence of more reliable information,
leakage of liquids irrelevant. healing may be assumed where the annual range of
1 Global tightness. Leakage to be limited to strain at a section is less than 150 3 1026.
minimal amount. Some surface staining or (116) If self-healing is unlikely to occur, any crack
damp patches ac eptable. which passes through the full thickness of the
section may lead to leakage, regardless of the crack
2 Local tightness. Leakage generally not width.
permitted. Appearance not to be impaired
by staining. (117) Silos holding dry materials may generally be
designed as Class 0 however it may be appropriate
(111) Appropriate limits to cracking depending on for a higher class to be used where the stored
the classification of the element considered should material is particularly sensitive to moisture.
be agreed with the client, paying due regard to the (118) If plain or lightly reinforced concrete is
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required function of the structure. subjected to stresses that will result in cracking, the
In the absence of more specific requirements, the crack width will be uncontrollable. The use of plain
following may be adopted. or lightly reinforced concrete should therefore be
Class 0 Ð The provisions in 4.4.2 of ENV 1992-1-1 limited.
may be adopted. (119) Special care should be taken where members
are subject to tensile stresses due to the restraint of
Class 1 Ð Any cracks which can be expected to shrinkage or thermal movements.
pass through the full thickness of the
section should be limited to 0.2 mm 4.4.2.3 Control of cracking without direct calculation
where healing of the cracks can be Replacement of Application Rule (2) by.
expected to occur or 0.1 mm where (102) Where at least the minimum reinforcement
ealing is not expected. The provisions given by 4.4.2.2 in ENV 1992-1-1 is provided, the
in 4.4.2 of ENV 1992-1-1 apply where limitation of crack widths to appropriate values
the full thickness of the section is not having regard to the class of the member considered
cracked and where the conditions in (see Table 4.118) and the avoidance of uncontrolled
(112) and (113) below are fulfilled. cracking between widely spaced bars may generally
be achieved by limiting either the bar spacings or
Class 2 Ð Cracks which may be expected to pass the bar diameters. Figures 4.134(a) and 4.134(b) or
through the full thickness of the Tables 4.115 and 4.116 below may be used to
section should be avoided unless establish appropriate maximum bar diameters or
appropriate measures such as liners or maximum bar spacings for control of crack widths
water bars have been incorporated to to within the chosen limits. It should be noted that
ensure that leakage does not occur. larger cracks than those calculated for could
(112) To provide adequate assurance that cracks do occasionally occur. Figures 4.134(a) and 4.134(b) and
not pass through the full width of a section, the Tables 4.115 and 4.116 are based on the crack width
design value of the depth of the compression zone formula (4.80) in 4.4.2.4 of ENV 1 992-1-1, except for
should be at least 50 mm calculated for the most intrinsic imposed deformations for which the mean
critical combination of actions including temperature strain esm is calculated according to equation (4.184)
effects and shrinkage. The action effects may be of this part 4.
calculated on the assumption of a linear elastic Crack widths will not generally exceed the specified
material behaviour. The resulting stresses in a limits provided that:
section should be calculated assuming that the Ð for cracking caused predominantly by restraint,
concrete tensile strength is zero. the bar sizes given in Figure 4.134(a) and Table 4.115
(113) Where a crack may form on one side of an are not exceeded where the steel stress is the value
element under one combination of actions and the obtained immediately after appearance of the first
opposite side under another, then the cracks should crack (i.e. the stress used is as used in
be considered to pass through the full thickness of Equation (4.78) in ENV 1992-1-1) and
the section unless there is at least 50 mm of
concrete within the section which remains in Ð for cracks caused predominantly by loading,
compression under all appropriate combinations of either the provisions of Figure 4.134(a) and
actions. Table 4.115 or the provisions of Figure 4.134(b) and
(114) Leakage through a crack may be expected to Table 4.116 are complied with.
be proportional to the cube of the crack width. For prestressed concrete sections, the stresses in the
Guidelines for the prediction of leakage through reinforcement may be calculated regarding the
cracks are given in Informative Appendix 107 of this prestress as an external force without allowing for any
part 4. stress increase in the tendons due to loading.

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For reinforced concrete the maximum bar diameter Addition after 4.4.2.4:
obtained from Figure 4.134(a) or Table 4.115 may be
modified as follows: 4.4.2.5 Minimizing cracking due to restrained
impaired deformations
for cracking caused predominantly by restraint:
(101) Where it is desirable to minimize the formation
fctmh f •f of cracks due to restrained imposed deformations
fs = fs• $ s ctm
25 (h 2 d) 2.5 resulting from temperature change or shrinkage, this
for cracking caused predominantly by loading: may be achieved for Class 1 structures (see
h Table 4.118) by ensuring that the resulting tensile
fs = fs• $ fs• stresses do not exceed the tensile strength fctk,0.05 of
10 (h 2 d)
the concrete and for Class 2 structures by ensuring
that the concrete section remains in fully
where
compression. This may be achieved by:
fs is the adjusted maximum bar diameter; Ð limiting the temperature rise due to hydration
fs• is the maximum bar size obtained from of the cement;
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Figure 4.134(a) or from Table 4.115; Ð removing or reducing restraints;

h is the overall depth or, in the case of a wall, Ð reducing the shrinkage of the concrete;
thickness, of the member;
Ð using concrete with a low coefficient of
d is the effective depth of the member. thermal expansion;
Ð using concrete with a high tensile strain
(103) In Figures 4.134(a) and 4.134(b) or Tables 4.115 capacity (Class 1 structures only);
and 4.116 respectively the steel stresses used should
be evaluated for reinforced concrete on the basis of Ð application of prestressing.
the quasi-permanent combination of actions and for (102) It will generally be sufficiently accurate to
prestressed concrete on the basis of the frequent calculate the stresses assuming the concrete to be
combination of actions and the relevant estimate of elastic and to allow for the effects of creep by use of
prestress. In Figure 4.134(a) and Table 4.115, if the an effective modulus of elasticity for the concrete.
stresses arise predominantly from restraint then a Informative Appendix 106 provides a simplified
steel stress equal to (ss in Equation (4.78) in method of assessing stresses and strains in
ENV 1992-1-1 should be used. restrained concrete members which may be used in
the absence of more rigorous calculation.
4.4.2.4 Calculation of crack width
Addition after Application Rule (8):
(109) For members subject predominantly to
intrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. thermal
contraction or shrinkage) the last sentence
of 4.4.2.4(2) in ENV 1992-1-1 does not apply. In these
cases the mean strain, esm, should be calculated
from Equation (4.184) rather than Equation (4.81) in
ENV 1992-1-1:
 Act + 1 
esm = 0.6 kc k fct.ef (4.184)
EsAs Ec
The definitions of the symbols are as in 4.4.2.2 of
ENV 1992-1-1. There is no necessity to take any
further measures to deal with long term effects.

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1) stress in reinforcement ss.

2) maximum bar spacing fs•
Figure 4.134a) Maximum bar diameters for crack control

1) stress in reinforcement ss.

2) maximum bar spacing s

Figure 4.134b) Ð Maximum bar spacing for crack control

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ENV 1992-4:1998

Table 4.115 Ð Maximum bar diameters fs• for high bond bars
Steel stress Maximum bar size (mm) for wk =
(N/mm2) 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 0.1 mm
160 32 25 10
200 25 16 6
240 18 12 4
280 14 8 Ð
320 10 6 Ð
360 8 4 Ð
400 6 Ð Ð
450 4 Ð Ð
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Table 4.116 Ð Maximum bar spacings s for high bond bars

Steel stress Maximum bar size (mm) for wk =
(N/mm2) 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 0.1 mm
160 >300 220 40
200 280 125 Ð
240 190 70 Ð
280 125 40 Ð
320 80 Ð Ð
360 50 Ð Ð
400 30 Ð Ð

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5 Detailing provisions 5.4.7.6 Provision of movement joints

5.3 Prestressing units (101) Liquid retaining structures should be provided
with movement joints if effective and economic
5.3.3 Horizontal and vertical spacing means cannot otherwise be taken to minimize
5.3.3.3 Post-tensioning cracking. The strategy to be adopted will depend on
Addition after Application Rule (1): the conditions of the structure in service and the
degree of risk of leakage which is acceptable. It
(102) In the case of circular tanks with internal should be noted that the satisfactory performance of
prestressing within the section, the theoretical joints requires that they are formed correctly. It
centroid of the horizontal cables should generally lie should be noted that the sealants to joints frequently
in the outer third of the wall. Where the cover have a life considerably shorter than the required
provisions make this impossible, this service life of the structure and therefore in such
recommendation may be relaxed provided the cases joints should be constructed so that they are
tendon duct remains within the outer half of the inspectabie and repairable.
wall.
(102) There are two main options available:
(103) The diameter of a duct within a wall should
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not exceed 1/5th of the wail thickness. a) design for full restraint. In this case, no movement
joints are provided and the crack widths and
(104) The prestressing force on a wall should be
spacings are controlled by the provision of
distributed as evenly as possible. Anchorages or
appropriate reinforcement according to the
buttresses should be so arranged as to reduce the
provisions of 4.4.2.
possibilities of uneven force distribution unless
specific measures are taken to take the effects into b) design for free movement. Cracking is controlled
account. by the proximity of joints. A moderate amount of
(105) Unbonded prestressing tendons should reinforcement is provided sufficient to transmit any
generally not be used as vertical prestress in movements to the adjacent joint. Significant cracking
structures subjected to elevated temperatures. If they between the joints should not occur. Where restraint
are used, means should be provided to enable the is provided by concrete below the member
presence of protective grease to be checked and considered, a sliding joint may be used to remove or
renewed if necessary. reduce the restraint.
Table 5.106 indicates recommendations for the options.
5.3.4 Anchorages and couplers for prestressing
tendons (103) Complete joints are joints where complete
discontinuity is provided in both reinforcement and
Addition after Application Rule (5):
concrete. In liquid retaining structures, waterstops
(106) Anchorages located on the inside of tanks and proper sealing of the joint are essential.
should be avoided because of corrosion risks.
5.4.9 Prestressed walls
5.4 Structural members
5.4.7 Reinforced concrete walls 5.4.9.1 Minimum reinforcement areas
Addition after 5.4.7.4. (101) Regardless of the thickness of the wall, if the
provisions of 4.4.2.1 (112) and (113) are not satisfied,
5.4.7.5 Corner connections between walls a minimum amount of steel reinforcement should be
(101) Where walls are connected monolithically at a provided in both directions in each face of the wall
corner and are subjected to moments and shear such that:
forces which tend to open the corner (i.e. the inner As $ 300 mm2/m $ 0.001 ⋅ Ac9 (5.123)
faces of the walls are in tension), care is required in
detailing the reinforcement to ensure that the where Ac denotes the total cross-sectional area of
diagonal tension forces are adequately catered for. the concrete section.
Strut and tie systems as covered in 2.5.3.6.3 of
ENV 1992-1-1 is an appropriate design approach.

Table 5.106 Ð Design of joints for the control of cracking

option method of control movement joint spacing reinforcement
a) Continuous Ð full restraint Generally no joints, though some Reinforcement in accordance
widely spaced joints may be with Chapters 4.3 and 4.4.2
desirable where a substantial
temperature range is expected
b) Close movement joints Ð Complete joints at greater of Reinforcement in accordance
maximum freedom from restraint 5 m or 1.5 times wall height with Chapter 4.3 but not less
than minimum given in 5.4.7.2
to 5.4.7.4.

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(102) In cases where there is no vertical prestressing

(or no inclined prestressing in inclined walls),
vertical (or inclined) reinforcement should be
provided on the basis of reinforced concrete design
such that the internal forces are balanced. This
reinforcement should also meet the following
criteria:
Ð maximum spacing of bars: s # 200 mm (5.124)
Ð quantity: As $ 0,25 % by volume (5.125)
Ð area: As $ 25 % ⋅ Ast (5.126)
where Ast is the area of transverse reinforcement
which would be provided in non-prestressed design.
(103) The thickness of walls forming the sides of
reservoirs or tanks should generally not be less than
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120 mm for Class 0 or 150 mm for Classes 1 or 2.

Slipformed walls should not be thinner than 150 mm
whatever the class and the holes left by the lifting
rods should be filled with cement grout.

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Informative Appendix 105 A.105.3 Material properties at elevated

temperatures
Effect of temperature on the properties (101) The compressive strength of concrete may
of concrete generally be assumed to be unaffected by temperature
A.105.1 General for temperatures up to 200 8C.
(101) This Appendix covers the effects on the material (102) The tensile strength of concrete may be assumed
properties of concrete exposed over a longterm to to be unaffected by temperature up to 50 8C. For
temperatures in the range 220 8C to +200 8C. higher temperatures, a linear reduction in tensile
Properties covered are: strength and stiffness, creep strength may be assumed up to a reduction of 20 % at
and transitional thermal strain. a temperature of 200 8C.
(102) In all cases the changes in properties are strongly (103) The modulus of elasticity of concrete may be
dependant on the particular type of concrete used and assumed to be unaffected by temperature up to 50 8C.
this Appendix provides only general guidance. For higher temperatures, a linear reduction in modulus
of elasticity may be assumed up to a reduction of 20 %
A.105.2 Material properties at sub-zero at a temperature of 200 8C.
temperatures
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(104) For concrete heated prior to loading, the creep

(101) When concrete is cooled to below zero, its coefficient may be assumed to increase with
strength and stiffness increase. This increase depends increase in temperature above normal (assumed as
mainly on the moisture content of the concrete: the 20 8C) by the appropriate factor from Table 105.2.
higher he moisture content, the greater is the increase
in strength and stiffness. Table A.105.2 Ð Creep coefficient multipliers
(102) Cooling concrete to 220 8C leads to increases in to take account of temperature where the
the compressive strength of: concrete is heated prior to loading
Ð around 5 N/mm2 for partially dry concrete temperature creep coefficient multiplier
(8C)
Ð around 30 N/mm2 for saturated concrete.
20 1.00
(103) The formulae given in 3.1.2.4(4) of ENV 1992-1-1
for tensile strength may be modified to give the effect 50 1.35
of temperature as follows: 100 1.96
fctx = aT fckT2/3(A 105.1) 150 2.58
where 200 3.20
fctx tensile strength, however defined (see NOTE To Table A.105,2: The table has been deduced from
Table A.105.1); CEB Bulletin 208 and is in good agreement with multipliers
calculated on the basis of an activation energy for creep of
aT a coefficient taking account of the moisture 8 kJ/mol.
content of the concrete. Values of aT are given 105) In cases where the actions are present during
in Table A.105.1; the heating of the concrete, deformations will occur
fckT the characteristic compressive strength of the in excess of those calculated using the creep
concrete modified to take account of coefficient multipliers given in (104) above. This
temperature according to (102) above. excess deformation, the transitional thermal strain, is
an irrecoverable, time-independent strain which
Table A.105.1 Ð Values of aT for saturated occurs in concrete heated while in a stressed
and dry concrete condition. The maximum transitional thermal strain
may be calculated approximately from the
definition of saturated air dry concrete
tensile strength concrete
expression:
(fctx)
eTr = k ⋅ sc ⋅ eTh/fcm (A.105.2)
fctm 1.30 0.70
where
fclk, 0.05 0.56 0.30 k a constant obtained from tests. The value of
fclk, 0.95 2.43 1.30 k will be within the range 1.8 # k # 2.35;
fcm the mean value of the compressive strength
(104) Cooling concrete to 220 8C leads to increases in of the concrete;
the modulus of elasticity of:
eTr the transitional thermal strain;
Ð around 2 000 N/mm2 for partially dry concrete;
Ð around 8 000 N/mm2 for saturated concrete. eTh the free thermal strain in the concrete
(e.g. temperature change multiplied by the
(105) Creep at sub-zero temperatures may be taken to coefficient of thermal expansion)
be 60 % to 80 % of the creep at normal temperatures.
Below 220 8C creep may be assumed to be negligible. sc the applied compressive stress.

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Informative Appendix 106 Informative Appendix 107

Calculation of strains and stresses in Calculation of leakage through cracks in
uncracked concrete sections subjected to elements retaining liquids
restrained imposed deformations A.107.1 Equation for the prediction of leakage
A.106.1 Formulae for the calculation of stress (101) The leakage through a crack may be predicted
and strain by Equation (A 107.1):
(101) The strain at any level in a section is given by:
k Dr 3
eaz = (1 2 Rax) eav + (1 2 Rm) (1/r) (z 2 zc) (A 106.1) Q= w 3L [m /s] (A 107.1)
h eff c h
and the stress in the concrete may be calculated
from: where
sz = Ec (eiz 2 eaz) (A 106.2) Q the leakage in m3/s;
K a coefficient depending on the surface
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where characteristics of the crack;

Rax factor defining the degree of external axial h the dynamic viscosity of the liquid (kg/ms);
restraint provided by elements attached to
weff the effective crack width (m);
the element considered;
Lc the crack length (m);
Rm factor defining the degree of moment
restraint provided by elements attached to Dr pressure difference across the element (Pa);
the element considered. In most common h the thickness of the element (m).
cases Rm may be taken as 1.0;
eav average strain in the element; (102) The effective crack width, welf, may be
obtained from the relation given below:
eiz imposed intrinsic strain at level z;
eaz actual strain at level z; weff = [2 (wi wo)2/(wi + wo)]î (A 107.2)
z height to section z; where
zc height to section centroid; wo the crack width on the outer face of the
1/r curvature. member;
wi the crack width on the inner face of the
A.106.2 Assessment of restraint member.
(101) The restraint factors Rax and Rm may be
calculated from a knowledge of the stiffnesses of the The value of K may be taken as 1/50 for cracks with
element considered and the members attached to it. no self-healing. For cracks in water with seif-heaiing
Alternatively, practical axial restraint factors for where weff is # 0.2 mm, k may be assumed to reduce
common situations may be taken from Table A.106.1 from 1/50 towards 0 as the time approaches t = `.
and Figure A.106.1. In many cases (e.g. a wall cast
onto a heavy preexisting base) it will be clear that
no significant curvature could occur and a moment
restraint factor Rm of 1.0 will be appropriate.

Table A.106.1 Ð Restraint factors Rax and Rm

for central zones of walls shown in
Figure A.106.1a)
ratio L/H (see Fig. restraint factors restraint factors
A.106.1) at base at top
1 0.5 0
2 0.5 0
3 0.5 0.05
4 0.5 0.3
>8 0.5 0.5

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EN 1992-4:1998
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

See Table A.106.1 for this central zone

a) Wall on base b) Horizontal slab between right restraints

c) Sequential bay wall construction (with construction joints) d) Alternate bay wall construction (with construction joints)

Figure A.106.1 Ð Restraint factors Rax and Rm for central zones of walls

 BSI 08-2000
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

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