Linear Equation in Two Variables
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kalaivaniangel11Linear Equation in Two Variables
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kalaivaniangel11LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES
CONTENTS GENERAL FORM OF PAIR OF LINEAR
Linear equation in two variables
EQUATION
a1x b1y c1 0
General form of pair of linear equation
a 2 x b2 y c2 0
Graph of linear equation in two variables where a1, b1, c1 & a2, b2, c2 are constants.
GRAPH OF LINEAR EQUATION ax+ by + c = 0
Graphical representation of pair of IN TWO VARIABLES, WHERE a 0, b 0
linear equation (i) Step I : Obtain the linear equation, let the
Types of solutions equation be ax + by + c = 0.
(ii) Step II : Express y in terms of x to obtain
Methods of Solving system of linear y = –
ax c
equation b
Word problems (iii) Step III : Give any two values to x and calculate
the corresponding values of y from the expression
in step II to obtain two solutions, say (1, 1) and
(2, 2). If possible take values of x as integers in
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES such a manner that the corresponding values of y
are also integers.
A statement of equality of two algebraic
expressions, which involve one or more unknown (iv) Step IV : Plot points (1, 1) and (2, 2) on a
quantities is known as an equation. If there are graph paper.
two unknown quantities then equation is called (v) Step V : Join the points marked in step IV to
linear equation in two variables. obtain a line. The line obtained is the graph of the
A linear equation is an equation which involves equation ax + by + c = 0.
linear polynomials. EXAMPLES
A value of the variable which makes the two sides Ex.1 Draw the graph of the equation y – x = 2.
of the equation equal is called the solution of the Sol. We have,
equation.
y–x=2
Same quantity can be added/subtracted to/from
both the sides of an equation without changing the y=x+2
equality. When x = 1, we have : y = 1 + 2 = 3
Both the sides of an equation can be When x = 3, we have : y = 3 + 2 = 5
multiplied/divided by the same non-zero number Thus, we have the following table exhibiting
without changing the equality. the abscissa and ordinates of points on the
Note :- To find value of variables in any equation line represented by the given equation.
we required number of equation equal to number x 1 3
of variables in equation. y 3 5
Plotting the points (1, 3) and (3, 5) on the To find the coordinates of the point when
graph paper and drawing a line joining them, x = –5, we draw a line parallel to y-axis and
we obtain the graph of the line represented by passing through (–5, 0). This line meets the
the given equation as shown in Fig. graph of x – 2y = 3 at a point from which we
Y
9
draw a line parallel to x-axis which crosses y-
8 axis at y = –4. So, the coordinates of the
y – x= 2 required point are (–5, –4).
7
6 Since y = 0 on x-axis. So, the required point is
5
4
(3,5) the point where the line meets x-axis. From the
3 graph the coordinates of such point are (3, 0).
(1, 3)
2
1
Hence, required points are (–5, –4) and (3, 0).
X X
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
–2
–3
–4 Let the system of pair of linear equations be
–5 a1x + b1y = c1 ............................ (1)
–6
–7 a2x + b2y = c2 ............................ (2)
–8
Y –9
We know that given two lines in a plane, only one
of the following three possibilities can happen -
Ex.2 Draw a graph of the line x – 2y = 3. From the
(i) The two lines will intersect at one point.
graph, find the coordinates of the point when
(i) x = – 5 (ii) y = 0. (ii) The two lines will not intersect, however far
x 3 they are extended, i.e., they are parallel.
Sol. We have x – 2y = 3 y = (iii) The two lines are coincident lines.
2
1 3 Y
�1
Y �1 and �2
When x = 1, we have : y = = –1 �2
2
1 3
When x = –1, we have : y = = –2 P()
2
Thus, we have the following table : 0 0
X X
x 1 –1 Y
y –1 –2 �1 �2
Plotting points (1, –1) & (–1, –2) on graph
paper & joining them, we get straight line as
shown in fig. This line is required graph of
equation x – 2y = 3.
Y
9
X' 0 X
8
Y'
7
6
EXAMPLES
5
4 Ex.3 The path of highway number 1 is given by the
3 equation x + y = 7 and the highway number 2
x – 2y = 3
2
1 is given by the equation 5x + 2y = 20.
(3, 0)
X X
Represent these equations geometrically.
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(–1, –2) –1 (1, –1) Sol. We have, x + y = 7
–2
–3
y = 7 – x ..............................(1)
–4 In tabular form
–5
–6
–7
–8
Y –9
x 1 4 According to the condition given in the
question
y 6 3
x + 3 = 3(y + 3)
Point s A B
or x – 3y = 6 .............................(2)
and 5x + 2y = 20 x – 7y = –42
20 5x
y= ....(2)
2 x 0 7 14
In tabular form x 42
y 6 7 8
x 2 4 7
y 5 0 Point s A B C
Point s C D
x – 3y = 6
Y x 6 12 18
7 A x 6
6 y 0 2 4
3
5 (1,6) C
(2,5) Po int s D E F
4 B
3 (4,3)
2 Plot the points A(0, 6), B(7, 7), C(14, 8) and
1 join them to get a straight line ABC. Similarly
(4,0) D plot the points D(6, 0), E(12, 2) and F(18, 4)
X' X and join them to get a straight line DEF.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y
Y'
15
Plot the points A (1, 6), B(4, 3) and join them 1 G
10 B C
to form a line AB. A (42, 12)
5 (0,6) (7,7) 2
Similarly, plot the points C(2, 5). D (4, 0) and
join them to get a line CD. Clearly, the two F
E x
lines intersect at the point C. Now, every 0 5D10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
point on the line AB gives us a solution of
equation (1). Every point on CD gives us a Ex.5 10 students of class X took part in a
solution of equation (2). Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4
more than the number of boys, find the
Ex.4 A father tells his daughter, “ Seven years ago, number of boys and girls who took part in the
I was seven times as old as you were then. quiz.
Also, three years from now, I shall be three
times as old as you will be.” Represent this Sol. Let the number of boys be x and the number
situation algebraically and graphically. of girls be y.
Sol. Let the present age of father be x-years and Then the equations formed are
that of daughter = y years x + y = 10 ........................... (1)
Seven years ago father‟s age and y = x + 4 ............................. (2)
= (x – 7) years Let us draw the graphs of equations (1) and
Seven years ago daughter‟s age (2) by finding two solutions for each of the
equations. The solutions of the equations are
= (y – 7) years given.
According to the problem x y 10 y x4
(x – 7) = 7(y – 7)
x 0 8 x 0 1 3
or x – 7y = – 42........................ (1)
y 10 x 10 2 y x4 4 5 7
After 3 years father‟s age = (x + 3) years
Point s A B Po int s C D E
After 3 years daughter‟s age = (y + 3) years
Plotting these points we draw the lines AB y
and CE passing through them to represent the
equations. The two lines AB and Ce intersect
at the point E (3, 7). So, x = 3 and y = 7 is the 28
C (10, 26)
required solution of the pair of linear 24
equations. 20 D(20, 16)
y 16
12
(0,10) A 8
4
B
x' x
0 4 8
E 12 16 20 24
–4
A
D (3, 7)
y'
(1, 5)
C
(0, 4) The two lines AB and CD intersect at the
(8, 2) B point (20, 16), So, x = 20 and y = 16 is the
required solution of the pair of linear
x' x
equations i.e. length of the garden is 20 m and
i.e. Number of boys = 3 width of the garden is 16 m.
Number of girls = 7. Verification :
Verification : Putting x = 20 and y = 16 in (1).
Putting x = 3 and y = 7 in (1), we get We get
L.H.S. = 3 + 7 = 10 = R.H.S., 20 = 16 + 4 = 20, (1) is verified.
(1) is verified. Putting x = 20 and y = 16 in (2). we get
Putting x = 3 and y = 7 in (2), we get 20 + 16 = 36
7 = 3 + 4 = 7, (2) is verified. 36 = 36, (2) is verified.
Hence, both the equations are satisfied. Hence, both the equations are satisfied.
Ex.6 Half the perimeter of a garden, whose length Ex.7 Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0
is 4 more than its width is 36m. Find the and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the
dimensions of the garden. coordinates of the vertices of the triangle
Sol. Let the length of the garden be x and width of formed by these lines and the x-axis, and
the garden be y. shade the triangular region.
Then the equation formed are Sol. Pair of linear equations are :
x = y + 4 .................................... (1) x–y+1 =0 ....(1)
Half perimeter = 36 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 ....(2)
x + y = 36 ............................. (2) In tabular form
x y4 x y36 x 0 4
x 0 4 x 10 20 y x 1 1 5
y 4 0 y 36 x 26 16 Po int s A B
Po int s A B Po int s C D
x 0 2
Plotting these points we draw the lines AB 12 3x
y
In tabularform
and CD passing through them to represent the 6 3
2
equations. Point s C D
Plot the points A(0, 1), B(4, 5) and join them to
get a line AB. Similarly, plot the points C(0, 6),
D(2, 3) and join them to form a line CD.
y Hence, the equations are consistent with
unique solution.
6 (0,6) (ii) Consistent equations with infinitely many
B solutions : The graphs (lines) of the two
5 (4, 5) equations will be coincident.
4 D
(2, 3) For example. Consider
3
27
2 2x + 4y = 9 3x + 6y =
A (0, 1)
2
(–1, 0) 1 E
x' x Y
F 0 1 2 3 4
(4, 0) 4
y' 3
2
Clearly, the two lines intersect each other at
the point D(2, 3). Hence x = 2 and y = 3 is the 1
X
solution of the given pair of equations. 0 1 2 3 4
The line CD cuts the x-axis at the point
E (4, 0) and the line AB cuts the x-axis at the The graphs of the above equations coincide.
point F(–1, 0). Coordinates of every point on the lines are the
Hence, the coordinates of the vertices of the solutions of the equations. Hence, the given
triangle are ; D(2, 3), E(4, 0), F(–1, 0). equations are consistent with infinitely many
solutions.
Verification :
(B) Inconsistent Equation :
Both the equations (1) and (2) are satisfied by
x = 2 and y = 3. Hence, Verified. If a system of simultaneous linear equations has
no solution, then the system is said to be inconsistent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS No Solution : The graph (lines) of the two
equations are parallel.
There are three types of solutions :
For example. Consider
1. Unique solution.
4x + 2y = 10
2. Infinitely many solutions
6x + 3y = 6
3. No solution. Y
(A) Consistent : 5
If a system of simultaneous linear equations 4
has at least one solution then the system is 3
said to be consistent.
2
(i) Consistent equations with unique solution :
The graphs of two equations intersect at a 1
unique point. For example. Consider X
0 1 2 3 4
x + 2y = 4
7x + 4y = 18 The graphs (lines) of the given equations are
Y parallel. They will never meet at a point. So, there
is no solution. Hence, the equations are
5
inconsistent.
4
Graph of Two
3 S.No Types of Equations
Equations
2 1 Intersecting lines Consistent, with unique solution
1 (2, 1) 2 Coincident Consistent with infinite solutions
X 3 Parallel lines Inconsistent (No solution)
0 1 2 3 4
EXAMPLES
The graphs (lines) of these equations intersect
each other at the point (2, 1) i.e., x = 2, y = 1. Ex.8 Show graphically that the system of equations
x – 4y + 14 = 0 ; 3x + 2y – 14 = 0 16 2x
y=
is consistent with unique solution. 5
Sol. The given system of equations is 16 6
When x = 3, y= =2
x – 4y + 14 = 0 ................................. (1) 5
x 14 16 2(2)
y= When x = – 2, y = =4
4 5
6 14 In tabular form
When x = 6, y= =5
4
x 2 3
2 14
When x = – 2, y = =3 y 4 2
4
Point s A B
In tabular form
15
x 6 2 3x + y = 24 ....(1)
2
y 5 3
48 6x
Point s A B y= ....(2)
15
3x + 2y – 14 =0 ....(2) 1 48 3
When x = , y= =3
3x 14
y= 2 15
2 11
0 14 48 6
When x = 0, y = =7 11 2
When x = , y= =1
2 2 15
3 4 14 In tabular form
When x = 4, y = =1
2
1 11
In tabular form x
2 2
x 0 4 y 3 1
y 7 1 Po int s C D
Point s C D Y
Y 5
A
8 4
C(0, 7) (–2, 4)
6 3 (1/2, 3)
C
4 2 B(3, 2)
2 1 (11/2, 1)
D(4, 1) D
X' X
X' X –3 –2 –1O 1 2 3 4 5
–2 0 2 4 6
Y' Y'
The given equations representing two lines, The lines of two equations are coincident.
intersect each other at a unique point (2, 4). Coordinates of every point on this line are the
Hence, the equations are consistent with solution.
unique solution. Hence, the given equations are consistent
Ex.9 Show graphically that the system of equations with infinitely many solutions.
15 Ex.10 Show graphically that the system of equations
2x + 5y = 16 ; 3x + y = 24 2x + 3y = 10, 4x + 6y = 12 has no solution.
2
has infinitely many solutions. Sol. The given equations are
Sol. The given system of equations is 2x + 3y = 10
2x + 5y = 16 ..................................... (1)
10 2x Ex.11 Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0,
3y = 10 – 2x y=
3 write another linear equation in two variables
such that the geometrical representing of the
10 2(4) 10 8
When x = – 4, y = = =6 pair so formed is :
3 3 (i) intersecting lines
10 2 2 10 4
When x = 2, y = = =2 (ii) parallel lines
3 3 (iii) coincident lines
In tabular form Sol. We have,
x 4 2 2x + 3y – 8 = 0
y 6 2 (i) Another linear equation in two variables such
Point s A B that the geometrical representation of the pair
so formed is intersecting lines is
4x + 6y = 12 3x – 2y – 8 = 0
6y = 12 – 4x (ii) Another parallel lines to above line is
6y = 12 – 4x 4x + 6y – 22 = 0
12 4x (iii) Another coincident line to above line is
y=
6 6x + 9y – 24 = 0
12 4(3) 12 12 Ex.12 Solve the following system of linear
When x = – 3, y = = =4
6 6 equations graphically;
12 4(3) 12 12 3x + y – 11 = 0 ; x – y – 1 = 0
When x = 3, y = = =0
6 6 Shade the region bounded by these lines and
In tabular form also y-axis. Then, determine the areas of the
region bounded by these lines and y-axis.
x 3 3 Sol. We have ;
y 4 0 3x + y – 11 = 0 and x – y – 1 = 0
Point s C D (a) Graph of the equation 3x + y – 11 = 0
Plot the points A (–4, 6), B(2, 2) and join We have, 3x + y – 11 = 0
them to form a line AB. Similarly, plot the y = – 3x + 11
points
When, x = 2, y = –3 × 2 + 11 = 5
C(–3, 4), D(3, 0) and join them to get a
line CD. When, x = 3, y = – 3 × 3 + 11 = 2
y Then, we have the following table :
A(–4, 6) 6 x 2 3
5 y 5 2
4
Plotting the points P (2, 5) and Q(3, 2) on
C
3 the graph paper and drawing a line joining
between them, we get the graph of the
2 B(2, 2)
equation 3x + y – 11 = 0 as shown in fig.
1
D (b) Graph of the equation x – y – 1 = 0
x' x We have,
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 x–y–1=0
–2 y=x–1
y' When, x = – 1, y = –2
Clearly, the graphs of the given equations are When, x = 3, y = 2
parallel lines. As they have no common point, Then, we have the following table :
there is no common solution. Hence, the
given system of equations has no solution.
x 1 3 Plotting the points P(0, 2) and Q(3, 4) on
the graph paper and drawing a line joining
y 2 2 between them we get the graph of the
Plotting the points R(–1, –2) and S(3, 2) on equation 2x – 3y = – 6 as shown in fig.
the same graph paper and drawing a line (b) Graph of the equation 2x + 3y = 18;
joining between them, we get the graph of the 2x 18
equation x – y – 1 = 0 as shown in fig. We have 2x + 3y = 18 y =
3
Y
2 0 18
When, x = 0, y = =6
12 T(0,11) 3
10
2(3) 18
8 When, x = – 3, y = =8
Scale : 3
For both axes 2 unit = 0.5 cm 6 P(2, 5) Then, we have the following table :
4
Q(3, 2)
x 0 3
V(0, 2) 2
S(3, 2) y 6 8
X' X
–8 –6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 8
U(0,–1) Plotting the points R(0, 6) and S(–3, 8) on the
R(–1, 2) –2 same graph paper and drawing a line joining
–4 between them, we get the graph of the
equation 2x + 3y = 18 as shown in fig.
Y' (c) Graph of the equation y = 2
You can observe that two lines intersect at It is a clear fact that y = 2 is for every value
Q(3, 2). So, x = 3 and y = 2. The area enclosed of x. We may take the points T (3, 2), U(6, 2)
by the lines represented by the given equations or any other values.
and also the y-axis is shaded. Then, we get the following table :
So, the enclosed area = Area of the shaded
portion x 3 6
1 y 2 2
= Area of QUT = × base × height
2 Plotting the points T(3, 2) and U(6, 2) on the
1 1 same graph paper and drawing a line joining
= × (TU × VQ) = × (TO + OU) × VQ between them, we get the graph of the
2 2 equation y = 2 as shown in fig.
1 1 Y
= (11 + 1) 3 = × 12 × 3 = 18 sq.units.
2 2 9
Hence, required area is 18 sq. units. S(–3, 8)8
Ex.13 Draw the graphs of the following equations ; 7
R(0, 6)
2x – 3y = – 6 ; 2x + 3y = 18; y = 2 6
5
Find the vertices of the triangles formed and
4 Q(3, 4)
also find the area of the triangle.
3
Sol. (a) Graph of the equation 2x – 3y = – 6; y=2
P(0, 2)
2
U(6, 2)
2x 6 1
T(3, 2)
We have, 2x – 3y = – 6 y =
3 X' X
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
20 6 –1
When, x = 0, y = =2 Scale :
3 Y' For both axes 2 unit = 0.5 cm
23 6 From the fig., we can observe that the lines
When, x = 3, y = =4
3 taken in pairs intersect each other at points
Then, we have the following table : Q(3, 4), U (6, 2) and P(0, 2). These form the
three vertices of the triangle PQU.
x 0 3 To find area of the triangle so formed
y 2 4 The triangle is so formed is PQU (see fig.)
In the PQU
QT (altitude) = 2 units (i) a1 = 5, b1 = – 4, c1 = 8;
and PU (base) = 6 units a2 = 7, b2 = 6, c2 = – 9
1
so, area of PQU = (base × height) a1 5 b 4
2 = , 1 =
a2 7 b 2 6
1 1
= (PU × QT) = × 6 × 2 sq. untis a1 b1
2 2
= 6 sq. units. a2 b2
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
equations are intersecting.
Pair of lines (ii) a1 = 9, b1 = 3, c1 = 12;
a1 b1 c1 Compare
a1 x b1 y c1 0 a2 = 18, b2 = 6, c2 = 24
a2 b2 c2 the ratio
a2x b2y c2 0 a1 9 1 b 3 1
2x 3y 4 0 2 3 4 a1 b1 = = , 1 = =
a2 18 2 b2 6 2
5x 6y 9 0 5 6 9 a2 b2
x 2y 5 0 1 2 5 a1 b1 c1 c1 12 1
and = =
3x 6y 15 0 3 6 15 a2 b2 c2 c2 24 2
2x 3y 4 0 2 3 4 a1 b1 c1 a b c1
1
=
1
=
4x 6y 10 0 4 6 10 a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
Graphical Algebraic Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
representation interpretation equation coincide.
Intersecting Exactly one
(iii) a1 = 6, b1 = – 3, c1 = 10;
lines solution (unique)
Coincident Infinitely many a2 = 2, b2 = – 1, c2 = 9
lines solutions a1 6 b1 3 = 3, c1 10
Parallel lines No solution
= 2 = 3, = =
a2 b2 1 c2 9
From the table above you can observe that if the a1 b1 c
= 1
line a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 a2 b2 c2
are Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
a1 b1 equations are parallel.
(i) for the int er secting lines then
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1 ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF
(ii) for the coincident lines then LINEAR EQUATIONS
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 Sometimes, graphical method does not give an
(iii) for the parallel lines then
accurate answer. While reading the coordinates of
a2 b2 c2
a point on a graph paper, we are likely to make an
a1 b c error. So, we require some precise method to
Ex.14 On comparing the ratios , 1 and 1
a2 b2 c 2 obtain accurate result. Algebraic methods given
and without drawing them, find out whether below yield accurate answers.
the lines representing the following pairs of (i) Method of elimination by substitution.
linear equations intersect at a point, are (ii) Method of elimination by equating the
parallel or coincide. coefficients.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0, 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 (iii) Method of cross multiplication.
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0, 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0, 2x – y + 9 = 0
Sol. Comparing the given equations with standard In this method, we first find the value of one
forms of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and variable (y) in terms of another variable (x) from
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 we have, one equation. Substitute this value of y in the
second equation. Second equation becomes a linear 14 – 2y – 3y = 11
equation in x only and it can be solved for x. –5y = – 3 or, y = 3/5.
Putting the value of x in the first equation, we can Now, substituting the value of y in equation
find the value of y. (1), we get;
This method of solving a system of linear
x + 3/5 = 7 x = 32/5.
equations is known as the method of elimination
by substitution. Hence, x = 32/5 and y = 3/5.
„Elimination‟, because we get rid of y or (ii) We have,
„eliminate‟ y from the second equation. x + y = 7 ........................................... (1)
„Substitution‟, because we „substitute‟ the value 12x + 5y = 7 ..................................... (2)
of y in the second equation.
From equation (1), we have;
Working rule : x+y=7
Let the two equations be
x=7–y
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ............................. (1)
Substituting the value of y in equation (2), we
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ............................. (2) get ;
Step I : Find the value of one variable, say y, in 12(7 – y) + 5y = 7
terms of the other i.e., x from any equation, say (1). 84 – 12y + 5y = 7
Step II : Substitute the value of y obtained in –7y = – 77
step 1 in the other equation i.e., equation (2). This
equation becomes equation in one variable x only. y = 11
Step III : Solve the equation obtained in step II to Now, Substituting the value of y in equation
get the value of x. (1), we get ;
Step IV : Substitute the value of x from step II to x + 11 = 7 x=–4
the equation obtained in step I. From this Hence, x = – 4, y = 11.
equation, we get the value of y. In this way, we (iii) We have;
get the solution i.e. values of x and y. 2x – 7y = 1 ....................................... (1)
Remark : Verification is a must to check the 4x + 3y = 15 ..................................... (2)
answer.
From equation (1), we get
EXAMPLES 7y 1
2x – 7y = 1 x=
Ex.15 Solve each of the following system of 2
equations by eliminating x (by substitution) : Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we
(i) x + y = 7 (ii) x + y = 7 get ;
2x – 3y = 11 12x + 5y = 7 7y 1
4× + 3y = 15
(iii) 2x – 7y = 1 (iv) 3x – 5y = 1 2
4x + 3y = 15 5x + 2y = 19 28y 4
+ 3y = 15
(v) 5x + 8y = 9 2
2x + 3y = 4 28y + 4 + 6y = 30
Sol. (i) We have ; 34y = 26 y = 26 = 13
x + y = 7 ........................................... (1) 34 17
2x – 3y = 11 ..................................... (2) Now, substituting the value of y in equation
We shall eliminate x by substituting its value (1), we get;
from one equation into the other. from 13
2x – 7 × =1
equaton (1), we get ; 17
x+y=7 x=7–y 91
2x = 1 + 108 108 54
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we = x= =
17 17 34 17
get ;
2 × (7 – y) – 3y = 11
Hence, x = 54 , y = 13 (i) 3x – y = 3 (ii) 7x + 11y – 3 = 0
17 17 7x + 2y = 20 8x + y – 15 = 0
(iv) We have ; (iii) 2x + y – 17 = 0
3x – 5y = 1 ...................... (1) 17x – 11y – 8 = 0
5x + 2y = 19 .................... (2) Sol. (i) We have;
From equation (1), we get; 3x – y = 3 ......................................... (1)
5y 1 7x + 2y = 20 ..................................... (2)
3x – 5y = 1 x=
3 From equation (1), we get ;
Substituing the value of x in equation (2), we 3x – y = 3 y = 3x – 3
get ; Substituting the value of „y‟ in equation (2),
5y 1 we get ;
5× + 2y = 19
3 7x + 2 × (3x – 3) = 20
25y + 5 + 6y = 57 31y = 52 7x + 6x – 6 = 20
Thus, y =
52 13x = 26 x=2
31 Now, substituting x = 2 in equation (1), we
Now, substituting the value of y in equation get;
(1), we get ; 3×2–y=3
52 y=3
3x – 5 × =1
31 Hence, x = 2, y = 3.
260 (ii) We have;
3x – = 1 3x = 291
31 31 7x + 11y – 3 = 0 ............................. (1)
291 97 8x + y – 15 = 0 ............................... (2)
x= =
31 3 31 From equation (1), we get;
Hence, x = 97 , y = 52 7x + 11y = 3
31 31 3 7x
y=
(v) We have, 11
5x + 8y = 9 ....................................... (1) Substituting the value of „y‟ in equation (2),
2x + 3y = 4 ....................................... (2) we get;
3 7x
From equation (1), we get; 8x + = 15
9 8y 11
5x + 8y = 9 x= 88x + 3 – 7x = 165
5
81x = 162
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we
get ; x=2
9 8y Now, substituting, x = 2 in the equation (2),
2× + 3y = 4 we get ;
5
8×2+y = 15
18 – 16y + 15y = 20
y=–1
–y = 2 or y = – 2
Hence, x = 2, y = – 1.
Now, substituting the value of y in equation
(1), we get ; (iii) We have,
5x + 8 (–2) = 9 2x + y = 17 ....................................... (1)
5x = 25 x=5 17x – 11y = 8 ................................... (2)
Hence, x = 5, y = – 2. From equation (1), we get;
Ex.16 Solve the following systems of equations by 2x + y = 17 y = 17 – 2x
eliminating „y‟ (by substitution) : Substituting the value of „y‟ in equation (2),
we get ;
17x – 11 (17 – 2x) = 8 (ii) The given system of equation is ;
17x – 187 + 22x = 8 11
–
7
= 1;
9
–
4
=6
39x = 195 u u
x=5 Taking 1/ = x and 1/u = y, the above system
of equations can be written as ;
Now, substituting the value of „x‟ in equation
(1), we get ; 11x – 7y = 1 ..................................... (1)
2 × 5 + y = 17 9x – 4y = 6 ....................................... (2)
y=7 Multiplying (1) by 4 and (2) by 7, we get,
Hence, x = 5, y = 7. 44x – 28y = 4 ................................... (3)
Ex.17 Solve the following systems of equations, 63x – 28y = 42 ................................. (4)
15 2 Subtracting (4) from (3) we get,
(i) + = 17
u – 19x = –38 x = 2
1 1 36 Substituting the above value of x in (2), we
+ = get;
u 5
11 7 9 × 2 – 4y = 6 –4y = – 12
(ii) – =1 y=3
u
1 1
9 4
– =6 But, x = =2 =
u 2
1
and, y = =3
Sol. (i) The given system of equation is ; u
1
15 2
= 17 ....(1) u=
+ 3
u v
Hence, the required solution of the given
1 1 36
+ = ....(2) system of the equation is ;
u v 5
1 1
Considering 1/u = x, 1/v = y, the above = , u=
2 3
system of linear equations can be written as :
15x + 2y = 17 ................................... (3) Ex.18 Solve the following system of equations by
the method of elimination (substitution).
36
x+y= ....(4) (a + b) x + (a – b) y = a2 + b2
5
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2
Multiplying (4) by 15 and (iii) by 1, we get ;
Sol. The given system of equations is
15x + 2y = 17 ................................... (5)
(a + b) x + (a – b) y = a2 + b2 ........................(1)
36
15x + 15y = × 15 = 108 ....(6) (a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2 ........................(2)
5
Subtracting (6) form (5), we get; From (2), we get (a + b) y = a2 + b2 – (a – b) x
–13y = – 91 y=7 a2 b2 ab
y= – x ..................... (3)
ab ab
Substituting y = 7 in (4), we get ;
36 36 1 a 2 b2 ab
x+7= x= –7= Substituting y = – x in (1), we
5 5 5 ab ab
1 1 get
But, y = = 7 = 7 a 2 b 2 a b
(a + b) x + (a – b)
1 1 a b ab
x = a2 + b2
and, x= = u=5
u 5 (a b)(a b 2 ) (a b) 2
2
(a + b) x +
Hence, the required solution of the given ab – x
system is u = 5, v = 1/7. (a b)
= a2 + b2 Substituting 2x = 11 – 3y in (2), we get
11 – 3y – 4y = –24
(a + b) x – a 2ab b x
2 2
–7y = – 24 – 11
ab
(a b)(a 2 b 2 ) –7y = – 35
= a2 + b2 – y=5
ab
a 2 2ab b 2 Putting y = 5 in (1), we get
2x + 3 × 5 = 11
(a + b) x – x
ab 2x = 11 – 15
a b 4
= (a2 + b2) x=– =–2
1
a b
2
(a 2ab b )x (a 2ab b 2 )x
2 2 2 Hence, x = – 2 and y = 5
Again putting x = – 2 and y = 5 in y = mx +
ab
3, we get
a b a b
= (a2 + b2) 5x = m(–2) + 3
–2m = 5 – 3
4ab (a b )2ab
2 2 a b 2
x= ab m= =–1
ab 2
METHOD OF ELIMINATION BY
4abx = 2b (a2 + b2) EQUATING THE COEFFICIENTS
a b
2 2
x= Step I : Let the two equations obtained be
2a
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...................... (1)
Putting x = a b in (3), we get
2 2
a x+b y+c =0 ....(2)
2 2 2
2a
Step II : Multiplying the given equation so as to
a 2 b2 (a b) (a 2 b 2 ) make the co-efficients of the variable to be
y= –
ab ab 2a eliminated equal.
(a 2 b 2 ) a b Step III : Add or subtract the equations so
y= 1 obtained in Step II, as the terms having the same
a b
2a co-efficients may be either of opposite or the
a 2 b 2 2a a b same sign.
=
a b 2a Step IV : Solve the equations in one varibale so
a 2 b 2 a b obtained in Step III.
y= Step V : Substitute the value found in Step IV in
a b 2a any one of the given equations and then copmpute
the value of the other variable.
a 2 b2
y= Type I : Solving simultaneous linear
2a
Hence, the solution is equations in two variables
a2 b2 a 2 b2
x= , y= EXAMPLES
2a 2a
Ex.20 Solve the following system of linear
Ex.19 Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and hence equations by applying the method of
find the value of „m‟ for which y = mx + 3.
elimination by equating the co-efficients :
Sol. We have, (i) 4x – 3y = 4 (ii) 5x – 6y = 8
2x + 3y = 11 ..................................... (1) 2x + 4y = 3 3x + 2y = 6
2x – 4y = – 24 ................................. (2) Sol. (i) We have,
From (1), we have 2x = 11 – 3y 4x – 3y = 4 ....................................... (1)
– 8 = 65 56 = 9
2x + 4y = 3 ....................................... (2) 65
6y =
Let us decide to eliminate x from the given 7 7 7
equation. Here, the co-efficients of x are 4 9 3
and 2 respectively. We find the L.C.M. of 4 y= =
42 14
and 2 is 4. Then, make the co-efficients of x
equal to 4 in the two equations. Hence, the solution of the system of equations
13 3
Multiplying equation (1) with 1 and equation is x = , y=
(2) with 2, we get ; 7 14
4x – 3y = 4 ....................................... (3) Ex.21 Solve the following system of equations by
4x + 8y = 6 ....................................... (4) using the method of elimination by equating
Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get ; the co-efficients.
–11y = –2 x 2y + 2 = 10; 2x – y + 1 = 9
+
2 2 5 7 2
y=
11 Sol. The given system of equation is
Substituting y = 2/11 in equation (1), we get; x 2y + 2 = 10 x + 2y
+ =8 ...(1)
2 2 5 2 5
4x – 3 × =4 y 2x y
2x –
11 – + 1= 9 = 8 ........ (2)
6 5 2 7 2
4x – =4
11 The equation (1) can be expressed as :
6 5x 4y
4x = 4 + =8 5x + 4y = 80 ............. (3)
11 10
50 Similarly, the equation (2) can be expressed
4x = as :
11
4x 7y
x=
50
=
25 = 8 4x – 7y = 112 ................ (4)
44 22 14
Hence, solution of the given system of Now the new system of equations is
equation is : 5x + 4y = 80 ..................................... (5)
25 2 4x – 7y = 112 ................................... (6)
x= , y=
22 11 Now multiplying equation (5) by 4 and
(ii) We have; equation (6) by 5, we get ;
20x – 16y = 320 .............................. (7)
5x – 6y = 8 ....................................... (1)
3x + 2y = 6 ....................................... (2) 20x + 35y = 560 ............................... (8)
Let us eliminate y from the given system of Subtracting equation (7) from (8), we get ;
equations. The co-efficients of y in the given 240
y=
equations are 6 and 2 respectively. The 51
L.C.M. of 6 and 2 is 6. We have to make the 240
both coefficients equal to 6. So, multiplying Putting y = in equation (5), we get ;
both sides of equation (1) with 1 and equation 51
(2) with 3, we get ; 240 960
5x + 4 × = 80 5x – = 80
5x – 6y = 8 ....................................... (3) 51 51
9x + 6y = 18 ..................................... (4) 960 4080 960 5040
Adding equation (3) and (4), we get ; 5x = 80 + = =
51 51 51
14x = 26 x = 26 = 13 x = 5040 1008 336 336
14 7 = = x=
255 51 17 17
Putting x = 13/7 in equation (1), we get ; Hence, the solution of the system of equations
13 65 80
5× – 6y = 8 – 6y = 8 is, x =
336
,y= .
7 7 17 17
Ex.22 Solve the following system of linear Ex.24 Solve the following system of linear
equations by usnig the method of elimination equatoins by using the method of elimination
by equating the coefficients : by equating the coefficients
3x + 4y = 25 ; 5x – 6y = – 9 3x– 2 y= 3; 5x+ 3y= 2
Sol. The given system of equations is Sol. The given equations are
3x + 4y = 25 ..................................... (1)
3x– 2 y= 3 ....(1)
5x – 6y = – 9 .................................... (2)
Let us eliminate y. The coefficients of y are 4 5x+ 3y= 2 ....(2)
and – 6. The LCM of 4 and 6 is 12. Let us eliminate y. To make the coefficients
So, we make the coefficients of y as 12 and of equal, we multiply the equation (1) by 3
– 12.
and equation (2) by 2 to get
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation
(2) by 2, we get 3x – 6 y = 3 ................................... (3)
9x + 12y = 75 ................................... (3) 10 x + 6 y = 2 ............................. (4)
10x – 12y = – 18 .............................. (4) Adding equation (3) and equation (4), we get
Adding equation (3) and equation (4), we get
3x + 10 x = 5 (3 + 10 ) x = 5
19x = 57 x = 3. 10 3
Putting x = 3 in (1), we get, 5
5
x= = ×
3 10 10 3
3 × 3 + 4y = 25 10 3
4y = 25 – 9 = 16 y = 4 5( 10 3)
Hence, the solution is x = 3, y = 4. = = 5(– 3)
10 9
Verification : Both the equations are satisfied
by x = 3 and y = 4, which shows that the Putting x = 5( 10 – 3) in (1) we get
solution is correct. 3 × 5( 10 – 3) – 2 y= 3
Ex.23 Solve the following system of equations :
5 30 – 15 – 3 y=
2 3
15x + 4y = 61; 4x + 15y = 72
Sol. The given system of equation is 2 y = 5 30 – 15 3 – 3
15x + 4y = 61 ................................... (1) 2 y = 5 30 – 16 3
4x + 15y = 72 ................................... (2)
5 30 16 3
Let us eliminate y. The coefficients of y are 4 y= – = 5 15 – 8 6
and 15. The L.C.M. of 4 and 15 is 60. So, we 2 2
make the coefficients of y as 60. Multiplying Hence, the solution is x = 5 ( 10 – 3) and
(1) by 15 and (2) by 4, we get
225x + 60y = 915 ............................. (3) y = 5 15 – 8 6 .
16x + 60y = 288 ............................... (4) Verification : After verifying, we find the
solution is correct.
Substracting (4) from (3), we get
627 Ex.25 Solve for x and y :
209x = 627 x= =3 ax by
209 – = a + b ; ax – by = 2ab
Putting x = 3 in (1), we get b a
15 × 3 + 4y = 61 45 + 4y = 61 Sol. The given system of equations is
ax by
4y = 61 – 45 = 16 y=
16
=4 – = a + b ............................. (1)
b a
4
Hence, the solution is x = 3, y = 4. ax – by = 2ab .................................... (2)
Verification : On putting x = 3 and y = 4 in Dividing (2) by a, we get
the given equations, they are satisfied. Hence, by
x– = 2b ..................................... (3)
the solution is correct. a
On subtracting (3) from (1), we get (a + b) y = – 2ab
ax a
–x=a–b x = a – b y = 2ab
1
b b ab
x = (a b)b = b x = b Hence, the solution is x = a + b,
ab 2ab
y=
On substituting the value of x in (3), we get ab
by y
b– = 2b b 1 = 2b Type II : Solving a system of equations
a a which is reducible to a system of
1– y =2 y simultaneous linear equations
=1–2
a a EXAMPLES
y
= –1 y = –a
a Ex.28 Solve the following system of equations
1 1 1 1
Hence, the solution of the equations is – = – 1; + =8
x = b, y = – a 2x y x 2y
Ex.26 Solve the following system of linear Sol. We have ;
equations : 1 1
– =–1 ....(1)
2(ax – by) + (a + 4b) = 0 2x y
2(bx + ay) + (b – 4a) = 0 1 1
Sol. 2ax – 2by + a + 4b = 0 ........... (1) + =8 ....(2)
x 2y
2bx + 2ay + b – 4a = 0 ........... (2)
Let us consider 1/x = u and 1/y = v.
Multiplyng (1) by b and (2) by a and
subtracting, we get Putting 1/x = u and 1/y = v in the above
equations, we get;
2(b2 + a2) y = 4 (a2 + b2) y = 2 u
Multiplying (1) by a and (2) by b and adding, – v = – 1 ..................................... (3)
2
we get
v
2(a2 + b2) x + a2 + b2 = 0 u+ = 8......................................... (4)
2
1
2(a2 + b2) x = – (a2 + b2) x = – Let us eliminate v from the system of
2 equations. So, multiplying equation (3) with
Hence x = –1/2, and y = 2 1/2 and (4) with 1, we get ;
Ex.27 Solve (a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2 u v 1
– =– ....(5)
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2 4 2 2
Sol. The given system of equation is v
u+ = 8 ......................................... (6)
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2............ (1) 2
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2 ................................... (2) Adding equation (5) and (6), we get ;
u 1
(a + b) x + (a + b) y = + a2 b2............... (3) +u= +8
Subtracting equation (3) from equation (1), 4 2
we get 5u 15
=
(a – b) x – (a + b) x = (a2 – 2ab– b2) – (a2 + b2) 4 2
15 4
–2bx = – 2ab – 2b2 u= ×
2ab 2b 2 2 5
x= – =a+b
2b 2b u=6
Putting the value of x in (1), we get We know,
1 1
(a – b) (a + b) + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2 = u =6
(a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2 – (a2 – b2) x x
1 1 8
x= Here =u=–
x x 5
Putting 1/x = 6 in equation (2), we get ; 5
x=–
1 1
6+ =8 =2 8
2y 2y 1
And, = v = 51 y = 5
1 1
=4 y= y 5 51
y 4 5 5
Putting x = and y = in y = ax – 2, we
Hence, the solution of the system is, 8 51
1 1 get;
x= ,y=
6 4 5 5a
= –2
Ex.29 Solve, 51 8
2
+
1
=
1
;
3
+
2
=2
5a
=–2–
5 102 5 = 107
=
x 3y 5 x 3y 8 51 51 51
and also find „a‟ for which y = ax – 2. 107 × = 856 8 856
a= a=
Sol. Considering 1/x = u and 1/y = v, the given 51 5 255 255
system of equations becomes
v 1 Ex.30 Solve,
2u + = 2 6
3 5 + =4
6u v 1 x 2y 2x y
= 1
3 5 5 + =1
30u + 5v = 3 ..................................... (1) 2(x 2y) 3(2x y)
2v
3u + = 2 9u + 2v = 6........... (2) where, x + 2y 0 and 2x – y 0
3 1 1
Sol. Taking = u and = v, the above
Multiplying equation (1) with 2 and equation x 2y 2x y
(2) with 5, we get ; system of equations becomes
60u + 10v = 6 ................................... (3) 2u + 6v = 4 ....................................... (1)
45u + 10v = 30 ................................. (4) 5u v
+ = 1..................................... (2)
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), 2 3
we get ; Multiplying equation (2) by 18, we have;
15u = – 24 45u + 6v = 18 ................................... (3)
24 8
u= = Now, subtracting equation (3) from equation
15 5 (1), we get ;
8 14
Putting u = in equation (2), we get; –43u = – 14 u=
5 43
8 Putting u = 14/43 in equation (1), we get
9× + 2v = 6
5 14 + 6v =4
2×
43
72
+ 2v = 6
5 6v = 4 – 28 = 172 28 v = 144
72 102 43 43 43
2v = 6 + = 14 1
5 5 Now, u = =
43 x 2y
102 51
v= = 14x + 28y = 43 ................................. (4)
25 5
144 1
And, v = =
43 2x y
288x – 144y = 43 ............................. (5) 8x – 8y = 40 ..................................... (8)
Multiplying equation (4) by 288 and (5) by Adding equation (7) and (8), we get;
14, the system of equations becomes 45
16x = 45 x=
288 × 14x + 28y × 288 = 43 × 288 16
288x × 14 – 144y × 14 = 43 × 4
Now, putting the above value of x in equation
4022x + 8064y = 12384 ................... (6) (6), we get;
4022x – 2016y = 602 ....................... (7)
– 5 = 35
45 45
–y=5 y=
Subtracting equation (7) from (6), we get; 16 16 16
10080y = 11782 y = 1.6(approx) Hence, solution of the system of the given
Now, putting 1.6 in (4), we get, equations is ;
14x + 28 × 1.6 = 63
y = 35
45
x= ,
14x + 44.8 = 63 14x = 18.2 16 16
18.2
x= = 1.3 (approx)
14 Type-III : Equation of the form,
Thus, solution of the given system of ax + by = c and bx + ay = d where a b.
equation is x = 1.3 (approx), y = 1.6 (approx).
We may use the following method to solve
Ex.31 Solve, the above type of equations.
1 + 2 =2 Steps :
xy xy Step I : Let us write the equations in the form
2 1 ax + by = c
– =3
xy xy bx + ay = d
where x + y 0 and x – y 0 Step II : Adding and subtracting the above
1 1 type of two equations, we find :
Sol. Taking = u and = v the above
xy xy (a + b) x + (a + b) y = c + d
cd
system of equations becomes x+y= ....(1)
u + 2v = 2 ......................................... (1) ab
2u – v = 3 ......................................... (2) (a – b) x – (a – b)y = c – d
cd
Multiplying equation (1) by 2, and (2) by 1, x–y= ....(2)
we get; ab
2u + 4v = 4 ....................................... (3) Step III : We get the values of x and y after
2u – v = 3 ......................................... (4) adding or subtracting the equations (1) and (2).
Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get; EXAMPLES
1
5v = 1 v = Ex.32 Solve the following equations.
5 156x + 112y = 580; 112x + 156y = 492
Putting v = 1/5 in equation (1), we get; Sol. The given system of equation is
1
u+2× =2 u=2– 2 = 8 156x + 112y = 580 ........................... (1)
5 5 5 112x + 156y = 492 ........................... (2)
8 1 Adding equation (1) and (2) we get ;
Here, u = = 8x + 8y = 5...... (5)
5 xy 268x + 268y = 1072
1 1 268(x + y) = 1072
And, v = = x – y = 5 ........... (6)
5 xy x + y = 4 ........................................... (3)
Multiplying equation (5) with 1, and (6) with Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1),
8, we get; we get
8x + 8y = 5 ....................................... (7) 44x – 44y = 88
x – y = 2 ........................................... (4) Step IV : Taking the help of elimination
Adding equation (3) with equation (4), we get; method, solve the equations in x, y obtained
in Step III.
2x = 6 x = 3
Step V : Substitute the values of x, y found in
Putting x = 3 in equation (3), we get; Step IV and Step II to get the value of z.
y=1
Thus, solution of the system of equations is
EXAMPLES
x = 3, y = 1 Ex.34 Solve the following system of equations.
Ex.33 Solve the following system of equations. x–z =5
43x + 35y = 207; 35x + 43y = 183 y+z =3
Sol. The given system of equations is ; x–y =2
43x + 35y = 207 ............................... (1) Sol. The given system of equations to ;
35x + 43y = 183 ............................... (2) x – z = 5................................ (1)
Adding equation (1) and (2), we get; y + z = 3................................ (2)
78x + 78y = 390 x – y = 2................................. (3)
From equation (1), we have;
78(x + y) = 390 z=x–5
x + y = 5 ........................................... (3) Putting z = x – 5 in equation (2), we get ;
Subtracting equation (2) from the equation y+x–5=3
(1), we get ; x + y = 8 ........................................... (4)
8x – 8y = 24 Adding equations (3) and (4), we get;
x – y = 3 ........................................... (4) 2x = 10
Adding equation (3) and (4), we get; x=5
2x = 8 x = 4 Again putting x = 5 in equation (1), we get;
Putting x = 4 in equation (3), we get; 5–z=5
4+y=5y=1 z=0
Hence, the solution of the system of equation Hence, the solution of the given system of
is ; x = 4, y = 1. equation is x = 5, y = 3, z = 0.
Other method :
Type IV : Equation of the form, adding (1), (2) & (3)
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 2x = 10
x=5
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 now put this value in equation (1) & (3), we
get z = 0, y = 3 respectively
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Ex.35 Solve,
We may use the following method to solve x + 2y + z = 12
the above type of equations. 2x – z = 4
Steps : x – 2y = 4
Step I : Consider any one of the three given Sol. We have,
equations. x + 2y + z = 12 .......................... (1)
Step II : Find the value of one of the 2x – z = 4................................... (2)
variable, say z, from it. x – 2y = 4 ................................. (3)
Step III : Substitute the value of z found in From equation (1), we have z = 12 – x – 2y.
Step II in the other two equations to get two
linear equatons in x, y. Putting, z = 12 – x – 2y in the equation (2),
we get;
2x – (12 – x – 2y) = 4
2x – 12 + x + 2y = 4 Ex.36 Solve the following system of equations by
3x + 2y = 16 ..................................... (4) cross-multiplication method.
Adding equations (3) and (4), we get; 2x + 3y + 8 = 0
4x = 20 4x + 5y + 14 = 0
Sol. The given system of equations is
x=5
2x + 3y + 8 = 0
Putting the value of x = 5 in equation (2), we
get 4x + 5y + 14= 0
2×5–z=4 By cross-multiplication, we get
z = 10 – 4 = 6 x = –y = 1
3 8 2 8 2 3
Again putting the value of x = 5 in equation 5 14 4 14 4 5
(3), we get x y 1
5 – 2y = 4 y = 1/2 = =
314 58 214 48 25 43
Hence, the solution of the given system of
x y 1
equations is ; = =
x = 5, y = 1/2 , z = 6 42 40 28 32 10 12
x
=y 1
CROSS-MULTIPLICATION METHOD =
2 4 2
By the method of elimination by substitution, only x 1
those equations can be solved, which have unique =–
2 2
solution. But the method of cross multiplication
discussed below is applicable in all the cases; x=–1
whether the system has a unique solution, no y 1
and =– y = – 2.
solution or infinitely many solutions. 4 2
Let us solve the following system of equations Hence, the solution is x = – 1, y = – 2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0.................................... (1) We can verify the solution.
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ................................... (2) Ex.37 Solve the follownig system of equations by
the method of cross-multiplication.
Multiplying equation (1) by b2 and equation (2)
2x – 6y + 10= 0
by b1, we get
3x – 7y + 13= 0
a1b2x + b1b2y + b2c1 = 0 ......................... (3)
Sol. The given system of equations is
a2b1x + b1b2y + b1c2 = 0 ......................... (4) 2x – 6y + 10= 0 ................................ (1)
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), we get 3x – 7y + 13= 0 ................................ (2)
(a1b2 – a2b1) x + (b2c1 – b1c2) = 0 By cross-multiplication, we have
b1c2 b2c1 x = –y = 1
x=
a1 b 2 a2 b 1 –6 10 2 10 2 –6
–7 13 3 13 3 –7
a1b2 a2b1 0 x y
a1 b 1 6 13 (7) 10 = 213 310
a 2 b 2 1
c a c a =
1 2 2 1
Similarly, y = 2 (7) 3 (6)
a1 b 2 a2 b 1
x y 1
These values of x and y can also be written as = =
– 78 70 26 30 14 18
x y 1
= = x y 1
b1c2 b2c1 a1c 2 a 2 c1 a1 b 2 a2 b 1 = =
8 4 4
EXAMPLES
x 1
=
8 4
x=–2 x y
=
y 1 ab b a ab
2 2
a ab ab b 2
2
=
4 4 1
=
y=1 (a b 2 )
2
Hence, the solution is x = – 2, y = 1 x y 1
Ex.38 Solve the following system of equations by = =
(a b )
2 2
(a b )
2 2
(a b 2 )
2
the method of cross-multiplication.
11x + 15y = – 23; 7x – 2y = 20 x 1
= x=1
(a b )2 2
(a b 2 )
2
Sol. The given system of equations is
11x + 15y + 23 = 0
y 1
and =
7x – 2y – 20 = 0 (a b )2 2
(a b 2 )
2
Now, by cross-multiplication method, we y=–1
have Hence, the solution is x = 1, y = –1.
x –y 1
15 23 = 11 23 = 11 15 Ex.40 Solve the following system of equations by
–2 –20 7 –20 7 –2 cross-multiplication method.
x y x + y = a – b; ax – by = a2 + b2
=
15 (20) (2) 23 11 (20) 7 23 Sol. The given system of equations can be
rewritten as :
1
= x + y – (a – b) = 0
11 (2) 7 15
ax – by – (a2 + b2) = 0
x y
= =
1 By cross-multiplication method, we have
300 46 220 161 22 105 x –y 1
x y 1 1 –(a – b) = 1 –(a – b) = 1 1
= = –b –(a2 + b2) a –(a2 + b2) a –b
254 381 127
x 1 x
x=2 (a b2) (b) {(a b)}
= 127
254
y 1
and y =
1
y=–3 = =
381 127 (a b2) a {(a b)} ba
Hence, x = 2, y = – 3 is the required solution.
x
Ex.39 Solve the following system of equations by (a b ) b(a b)
2 2
cross-multiplication method.
y 1
ax + by = a – b; bx – ay = a + b = =
(a b ) a(a b) (b a)
2 2
Sol. Rewriting the given system of equations, we
get
x y
=
ax + by – (a – b) = 0 a b ab b
2 2 2
a b 2 a 2 ab
2
bx – ay – (a + b) = 0 =
1
By cross-multiplication method, we have (a b)
x = –y = 1 x y 1
= =
b –(a – b) a –(a – b) a b a(a b) b(a b) (a b)
–a –(a + b) b –(a + b) b –a
x 1
x = x=a
b{(a b)} (a) {(a b)} a(a b) (a b)
y 1 y 1 y=–b
= = and =
a(a b) b(a b) b(a b) (a b)
a 2 b2
Hence, the solution is x = a, y = – b.
Ex.41 Solve the following system of equations by (a b)2
the method of cross-multiplication : ax + by = 1; bx + ay = –1
a 2 b2
x y
+ =a+b Sol. The given system of equations can be written
a b as.
x y
+ =2 ax + by – 1 = 0 ................................. (1)
a2 b2 (a b) 2
Sol. The given system of equations is rewritten as : bx + ay = –1
a 2 b2
x y
+ – (a + b) = 0 ........................ (1) a 2 2ab b2 a 2 b2
a b bx + ay =
a 2 b2
x y
+ – 2 = 0 .............................. (2)
a2 b2 bx + ay = 2ab
a b2
2
Multiplying equation (1) by ab, we get
bx + ay – ab (a + b) = 0 .................... (3) 2ab
bx + ay – =0 ....(2)
Multiplying equation (2) by a2 b2, we get a b2
2
b2x + a2y – 2a2b2 = 0........................ (4) Rewritting the equations (1) and (2), we have
By cross multiplication method, we have ax + by – 1 = 0
x –y 1 bx + ay –
2ab
=0
a –ab(a + b) = b –ab(a + b) = b a a b2
2
a2 –2a2b2 b2 2 2
–2a b b 2
a2
Now, by cross-multiplication method, we
x y
= have
2a3b2 a3b(a b) 2a2b3 ab3(a b) x –y 1
= =a b
b 1 a 1
1
= a 2ab b 2ab b a
a b ab2
2
– 2 – 2
a b2 a b2
x –y
=
2a b a4b a3b2
3 2
2a2b3 a2b3 ab4 x
1 b 2ab a (1)
= 2
a b2
ab(a b)
y 1
x y 1 = =
= =
a ba b
3 2
ab a b
4 2 3
ab(a b) a 2ab b (1) a a b b
2
a b
2
x
=
y
=
1 y
ab(a b) x 1
a b(a b)
3
ab (a b)
3
= =
2ab 2
2a 2 b a 2 b2
x 1 a b
= a2 b2 a2 b2
a b(a b)
3 ab(a b) x
3 y
a b(a b) =
x= = a2 2ab a ab
2 3 2
2a b a 2 b b 3
2
ab(a b) a2 b2 a 2 b2
y 1 1
And = =
ab (a b)
3 ab(a b) a b2
2
ab (a b)
3
x y 1
2
= =
=b a(a 2 b 2 ) b(b2 a2) a 2 b2
ab(a b)
Hence, the solution x = a2, y = b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
Ex.42 Solve the following system of equations by
cross-multiplication method -
x 1 a y
= x= =
a(a b )
2 2
a 2 b2 a b
2 2
(a b)(a 2ab b2 ) (a b)(a 2 b2 )
2
a2 b2
1
=
y 1 (a b)(a b a b)
and = 2
b(b a )
2 2
a b2 x
a b
2 2
(a b)(2ab 2b2 )
b
y= y
a b2
2 =
a 3 a 2b 3ab 2 b3 a 3 ab 2 a 2 b b3
a
Hence, the solution is x = , 1
a b2
2 =
(a b)(2b)
b x
y= a2 b2 = y 1
=
(a b)(2a 2b)b 4ab 2
2b(a b)
Ex.43 Solve the following system of equations in x
x
and y by cross-multiplication method = 1
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2 2(a b)(a b)b 2b(a b)
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2 x=a+b
Sol. The given system of equations can be y 1
and =
rewritten as : 4ab 2 2b(a b)
(a – b) x + (a +b) y – (a2 – 2ab – b2) = 0 2ab
y=–
(a + b) x + (a + b) y – (a2 + b2) = 0 ab
By cross-multiplication method, we have Hence, the solution of the given system of
x –y equations is
=
(a + b) –(a2 – 2ab– b2) (a – b) –(a2 – 2ab– b2) 2ab
x = a + b, y = – .
(a + b) –(a2 + b2) (a + b) –(a2 + b2)
ab
1 Ex.44 Solve the following system of equations by
=
(a – b) (a + b) cross-multiplications method.
(a + b) (a + b) a(x + y) + b (x – y) = a2 – ab + b2
x
a(x + y) – b (x – y) = a2 + ab + b2
(a b) {(a 2 b2 )} (a b) {(a 2 2ab b2 )} Sol. The given system of equations can be
y rewritten as
= ax + bx + ay – by – (a2 – ab + b2) = 0
(a b) {(a b )} (a b) {(a 2 2ab b2 )}
2 2
(a + b) x + (a – b) y – (a2 – ab + b2) = 0 .... (1)
1
= And ax – bx + ay + by – (a2 + ab + b2) = 0
(a b) (a b) (a b) (a b)
(a – b) x + (a + b) y – (a2 + ab + b2) = 0 ... (2)
x
Now, by cross-multiplication method, we
(a b)(a b ) (a b)(a 2 2ab b2 )
2 2
have
y x –y
= =
(a – b) –(a2 – ab+b2) (a + b) –(a2 – ab+b2)
(a b)(a b ) (a b)(a 2ab b )
2 2 2
2 2
(a + b) –(a +ab + b ) (a – b) –(a2 +ab+b2)
1
= 1
(a b)(a b) (a b) 2 =
x (a + b) (a – b)
(a – b) (a + b)
(a b)[(a 2 b2 ) (a b)(a 2 2ab b2 )] x
(a b) {(a2 ab b2)} (a b) {(a2 ab b2)}
y a b
= Putting = u and = v in equatinos (1)
(a b) {(a ab b )} (a b) {(a ab b )}
2 2 2 2 x y
and (2) the system of equations reduces to
1
= u–v+0=0
(a b) (a b) (a b)(a b)
b2u + a2v – (a2 + b2) = 0
x
By the method of cross-multiplication, we
(a b)(a 2 ab b2 ) (a b)(a 2 ab b2 ) have
y u –v 1
= = 1 = 1
(a b)(a ab b ) (a b)(a 2 ab b2 )
2 2
–1 0 2 0 –1
1 a2 –(a2 + b2) b 2 2
–(a +b ) b2 a2
= u v
(a b) 2 (a b) 2 =
(a b ) b 0
2 2 2
a 2 b2 a 2 0
x
1
(a b ) (a 3 b 2 )
3 3 =
a (b 2 )
2
y
= u v 1
a 3 2a 2b 2ab 2 b3 a 3 2a 2b 2ab 2 b3 = = 2
a b
2 2
(a b )
2 2
a b2
1
= u 1
a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 = 2 u=1
a 2 b2 a b2
x
= y 1
= v 1
2b 3
4a b 2b2 3 4ab and = 2 v=1
(a 2 b 2 ) a b2
x y 1
= = a
2b 3
2b(2a b ) 2 2 4ab and u = =1 x=a
x
x 1 b2 b
= x= v= =1
2b 3 4ab 2a y
y 1 y=b
And =
2b(2a b ) 2 2 4ab Hence, the solution of the given system of
2a 2 b 2 equations is x = a, y = b.
y=
2a
Hence, the solution is
b2
, y = 2a b
2 2
x=
2a 2a
Ex.45 Solve the following system of equations by
the method of cross-multiplication.
a b ab 2 a 2b
– =0; + = a2 + b2 ;
x y x y
where x 0, y 0
Sol. The given system of equations is
a b
– = 0 ....................................... (1)
x y
ab 2 a 2b
+ – (a2 + b2) = 0.............. (2)
x y
The system of equations is given by Sol. The given system of equations can be written as
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ............................. (1) x – 2y – 2 = 0
4x – 2y – 5 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ............................. (2)
The given equations are of the form
(a) It is consistent with unique solution, if a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a1 b1 a x+b y+c =0
2 2 2
a2 b2
Where, a1= 1, b1 = –2, c1 = –2
It shows that lines represented by equations
(1) and (2) are not parallel. and a2 = 4, b2 = –2, c2 = –5
2
= 1, 1 = 2 = 2
(b) It is consistent with infinitely many a1 1 b c
= , 1=
solutions, if a2 4 b2 2 c2 5 5
a1 b1 c1 a1 b
= =
a2 b2 c2 Clearly, 1
a2 b2
It shows that lines represented by equation
So, the given system of equations has a
(1) and (2) are coincident.
unique solution i.e. It is consistent.
(c) It is inconsistent, if
Ex.48 For what value of k the following system of
a1 b1 c1 equations has a unique solution :
=
a2 b2 c2 x – ky = 2 ; 3x + 2y = –5
It shows that lines represented by equation Sol. The given system of equation can be written
(1) and (2) are parallel and non–coincident. as
x – ky – 2 = 0
EXAMPLES 3x + 2y + 5 = 0
Ex.46 Show that the following system of equations The given system of equations is of the form
has unique solution a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
2x – 3y = 6; x + y = 1. a2x + b2y + c2 =0
Sol. The given system of equation can be written as where, a1 = 1, b1 = –k, c1 = –2
2x – 3y – 6 = 0
and a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c2 = 5
x+y–1=0
a1 b1
The given equations are of the form Clearly, for unique solution
a2 b2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
k 2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
1
k
Where, a = 2, b = – 3, c = – 6 3 2 3
1 1 1
Ex.49 Show that the following system has infinitely
and a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2 = – 1 many solutions.
a1 2 b1 3 x = 3y + 3 ; 9y = 3x – 9
= = 2, = =3
a2 1 b2 1 Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as
c1 6
= =6 x – 3y – 3 = 0
c2 1
3x – 9y – 9 = 0
a1 b1
Clearly, The given equations are of the form
a2 b2 a1x + b1y + c 1 = 0
So, the given system of equations has a
a2x + b2y + c2 =0
unique solution. i.e., it is consistent.
Ex.47 Show that the following system of equations Where, a1 = 1, b1 = –3, c1 = –3
has unique solution : and a2 = 3, b2– = –9, c2 = –9
x – 2y = 2 ; 4x – 2y = 5
a 1 = 1 , b1 3 = 1 , c1 3 1 2k – 2 = k + 1 k = 3
= = =
a2 3 b2 9 3 c2 9 3 Taking II and III
a 1 7
Clearly, 1 = b1 = c1 so the given system = 5k – 1 = 14
a2 b2 c2 2 5k 1
of equations has infinitely many solutions. 5k = 15 k = 3
Ex.50 Show that the following system has infinitely Hence, k = 3.
many solutions : Ex.52 For what values of a and b, the following
2y = 4x – 6 ; 2x = y + 3 system of equations have an infinite number
Sol. The given system of equations can be written of solutions:
as 2x + 3y = 7; (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2
4x – 2y – 6 = 0 Sol. The given system of linear equations can be
2x – y – 3 = 0 written as
The given equations are of the form 2x + 3y – 7 = 0
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (a – b) x + (a + b) y – (3a + b – 2) = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 The above system of equations is of the form
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
Where, a1 = 4, b1 = –2, c1 = –6 a x + b y + c = 0,
and a2 = 2, b2 = –1, c2 = –3 2 2 2
a 4 b 2 c 6 where a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –7
1 1 1
= = 2, = = 2, = =2 a2 = (a – b), b2 = (a + b), c2 = – (3a + b – 2)
a2 2 b2 1 c2 3
c1 For the given system of equations to have an
Clearly, a 1 =
b1
= , so the given infinite number of solutions
a2 b2 c2 a b c
1 1 1
system of equations has infinitely many = =
solutions. a2 b2 c2
a1 2 b 3
Ex.51 Find the value of k for which the following Here, = , 1 = and
system of equations has infinitely many a2 a b b2 ab
solutions. c 7 7
1
(k – 1) x + 3y = 7; (k + 1) x + 6y = (5k – 1) = =
c2 (3a b 2) 3a b 2
Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as 2 3 7
= =
(k – 1)x + 3y – 7 = 0 ab ab 3a b 2
(k + 1) x + 6y – (5k – 1) = 0
2
=
3
and
3
=
7
Here a1 = (k – 1), b1 = 3, c1 = –7 ab ab ab 3a b2
and a2 = (k + 1), b2 = 6, c2 = – (5k – 1) 2a + 2b = 3a – 3b and 9a +3b – 6 = 7a + 7b
For the system of equations to have infinite 2a – 3a = –3b – 2b and 9a– 7a = 7b – 3b + 6
number of solutions. –a = –5b and 2a = 4b + 6
a1 b1 c1 a = 5b .... (3) and a = 2b + 3 ........ (4)
= =
a2 b2 c2 Solving (3) and (4) we get
k 1 3 7 5b = 2b + 3 b = 1
= =
k 1 6 (5k 1) Substituting b = 1 in (3), we get a = 5 × 1 = 5
Thus, a = 5 and b = 1
k 1 1 7
= = Hence, the given system of equations has
k 1 2 5k 1
infinite number of solutions when
Taking I and II a = 5, b = 1
k 1 1
=
k 1 2
Ex.53 Show that the following system of equations Sol. The given system of equations may be written
is inconsistent. as
35
y = 25 3x + y – 1 = 0
2x + 7y = 11; 5x +
2 (2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y – (2k + 1) = 0
Sol. The given system of equations can be written The above system of equations is of the form
as a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
2x + 7y – 11 = 0 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
35
5x + y – 25 = 0 where a1 = 3, b1 = 1, c1 = –1
2
The given equations are of the form and a2 = (2k – 1), b2 = (k – 1), c2 = –(2k+1)
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 3 b 1 c
, 1 = 1
= , 1 =
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 a2 2k 1 b2 k 1 c2 (2k 1)
a1
Where, a1 = 2, b1 = 7, c1 = –11 Clearly, for no solution b
= 1 1
c
35 a2 b2 c2
and a2 = 5, b2 = , c2 = – 25 3 1
2 =
a1 2 b1 7 2 c 11 11 2k 1 k 1
= , = = , 1 = =
a2 5 b2 35 5 c2 25 25 3k – 3 = 2k – 1
2 k=2
a1 b1 c 1 1
Clearly, = 1 and
a2 b2 c2 k 1 (2k 1)
So, the given system of equations has no 2k + 1 k – 1
solution, i.e. it is inconsistent. Proved. k–2
Ex.54 Show that the following system of equations
3 1
has no solution : and
2x + 4y = 10 ; 3x + 6y = 12 2k 1 2k 1
6k + 3 2k – 1
Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as 4k – 4 k – 1
2x + 4y – 10 = 0 Hence the given system of linear equations
has no solution, when
3x + 6y – 12 = 0
The given equations are of the form k = 2 and k –2 and k – 1.
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Ex.56 Determine the value of k for each of the
following given system of equations having
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 unique/consistent solution.
Where a1 = 2, b1 = 4, c1 = – 10 (i) 2x + 3y – 5 = 0; kx – 6y = 8
and a2 = 3, b2 = 6, c2 = – 12 (ii) 2x + ky = 1; 5x – 7y – 5 = 0
Sol. (i) The given system of equations may be written
a1 2 b 1 = 4 = 2 c1 10 5
= , , = = as
a2 3 b2 6 3 c2 12 6
2x + 3y – 5 = 0
a
Clearly, 1 = b1 c1 kx – 6y– 8 = 0
a2 b2 c2 Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1= 5,
So, the given system of equations has no a2 = k, b2 = –6, c2 = –8
solution, i.e., it is inconsistent. Proved.
As the given equations have unique solution,
Ex.55 For what values of k will the following
system of liner equations has no solution. we get,
a1 2
3x + y = 1; (2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y = 2k + 1 = and
a2 k
b1 1 1 k
=
3
= or
b2 6 2 3 2
2
Here
a1
b1 k
a2 b2 3
2 1 Thus, the given system of equations has a
2
k 2 solution for all values of k except
3
k–4
(ii) We have
Thus the given system of equations have a
unique solution for all real values of k except –4. 2x – 3y – 1 = 0
(ii) The given system of equations may be written kx + 5y – 7 = 0
as Here, a1 = 2, b1 = –3, c1 = –1,
2x + ky – 1 = 0 a2 = k, b2 = 5, c2 = –7
5x – 7y – 5 = 0 Since, the given system of equations has a
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = k, c1 = –1, unique solution, we get
a2 = 5, b2 = –7, c2 = –5 a1
b1
2 b
We have a1
= and 1 = k = k a2 b2
a2 5 b2 7 7 2 3
a1 b k k 5
Here 1 2
a2 b2 5 7 k 10
It satisfies the condition that the system of 3
given solutions has a unique solution. Thus, the given system of equation has a
k 10
2 unique solution for all value of k except .
So, 3
5 7
Ex.58 Find the value of k for each of the following
14
k systems of equations having infinitely many
5 solutions.
Thus, the given system of equations has a (i) 2x + 3y = k; (k – 1) x + (k + 2) y = 3k
unique solution for all real values of k except
(ii) 2x + 3y = 2; (k + 2) x + (2k + 1) y = 2 (k – 1)
14
. Sol. (i) We have
5
2x + 3y – k = 0
Ex.57 Determine the value of k for each of the
following given system of equations having (k – 1) x + (k + 2) y – 3k = 0
unique/consistent solution. Here a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –k,
(i) x – ky – 2 = 0; 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 a2 = k – 1, b2 = k + 2, c2 = –3k
(ii) 2x – 3y – 1 = 0; kx + 5y – 7 = 0 Since, the given system of equations has
Sol. (i) We have, infinitely many solutions, we get
x – ky – 2 = 0 a1 2 b 3 c k
= , 1 = , 1 =
3x + 2y + 5 = 0 a2 k 1 b2 k 2 c2 3k
Here, a1 = 1, b1 = –k, c1 = –2, a1 b c
and = 1 = 1
a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c2 = 5 a1 b2 c2
Since, the given system of equations has a 2
= 3
=
1
unique solution, we have k 1 k2 3
a1 b1
2
= 3 or
3
=
1
a2 b2
k 1 k2 k2 3
2k + 4 = 3k – 3 or k+2=9
3k – 2k = 4 + 3 or k = 7 k=4
k=7 or k = 7 Here, for this value of k, we get
k=7 a1
=
b1
c1
It shows that the given system of equations a2 b2 c2
has infinitely many solutions at k = 7 Ex.60 Find the value of k of the following system of
(ii) We have equations having infinitely many solutions.
2x + 3y – 2 = 0 2x – 3y = 7; (k + 2) x – (2k + 1) y = 3(2k –1)
(k + 2) x + (2k + 1) y – 2 (k – 1) = 0 Sol. A given system of equations has infinitely
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –2, many solutions, if
a2 = k + 2, b2 = 2k + 1, c2 = –2 (k – 1) a1 b1 c1
= =
a1 b2 c2
Since, the given system of equations has
infinitely many solutions, we get So, we get
a1 2 b 3 c12
2
3 7
= , 1 = , =
a2 k 2 b2 3k 1 c2 2(k 1) k2 (2k 1) 3(2k 1)
2 3 3 7
and a1 b c
= 1 = 1 = or =
a1 b2 c2 k2 2k 1 2k 1 6k 3
2 3 = 1 4k + 2 = 3k + 6 or 18k – 9 = 14k + 7
=
k2 2k 1 k 1 k = 4 or k = 4
2
= 3 3
=
1 k=4
or
k2 2k 1 2k 1 k 1 Thus, the given system of equations has
4k + 2 = 3k + 6 or 3k – 3 = 2k + 1 infinitely many solutions at k = 4.
4k – 3k = 6 – 2 or 3k – 2k = 1 + 3 Ex.61 Determine the values of a and b so that the
following given system of linear equations
k=4
has infinitely many solutions.
or k = 4
2x – (2a + 5) y = 5 ; (2b + 1) x – 9y = 15
k=4 Sol. We have
Ex.59 Determine the values of k for the following 2x – (2a + 5) y – 5 = 0
system of equations having no solution.
(2b + 1) x – 9y – 15 = 0
x + 2y = 0; 2x + ky = 5
Hence, a1 = 2, b1 = –(2a + 5), c1 = –5,
Sol. The given system of equations may be written
as a2 = 2b + 1, b2 = –9, c2 = – 15 :
x + 2y = 0 The given system of equations has infinitely
2x + ky – 5 = 0 many solutions, if
Here, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c1 = 0, a1 b1 c1
such that
a2 = 2, b2 = k, c2 = –5 a2 b2 c2
As the given system of equations has no 2 (2a 5) 5
= =
solution, we get 2b 1 9 15
2 c1 0 2a 5 1
= 1 =
a1 1 b = 2
=
a2 2 b2 k c2 5 2b 1 9 3
We must write 2 1 2a 5 1
and
a 1 b1 c 2b 1 3 9 3
= 1
a2 b2 c2 2b + 1 = 6 or 6a + 15 = 9
1 2 5
= b= and a = –1
2 k 2
Thus, the given system of equations has p 3 6 3 9 3
5 and
infinitely many solutions at a = –1, b = . p 6 6 2
2 3 p3
Ex.62 Find the value of c if the following system of So,
p p
equation has no solution.
cx + 3y = 3; 12x + cy = 5 Thus, p = –6 satisfy the equation 3 p 3 .
Sol. We have p p
cx + 3y –3 = 0 Thus, the given system of equations will have
12x + cy – 6 = 0 no solution, if p = – 6
The given system of equations has no Ex.64 Find the value of k for the following system
solution, if of equations has no solution.
a1 b c c 3 3 (3k + 1) x + 3y = 2 ; (k2 + 1) x – 5 = – (k – 2)y
= 1 1 such that Sol. The given system of equations may be written
a2 b2 c 2 12 c 6
as
c 3 and 3 1 (3k + 1) x + 3y – 2 = 0
12 c c 2
(k2 + 1) x + (k – 2) y – 5 = 0
c2
= 36
Here, a1 = 3k + 1, b1 = 3, c1 = –2,
c=±6
a2 = k2 + 1, b2 = k – 2, c2 = – 5
Thus, the given system of equation has no
solution at c = ± 6. Since the given system of equations has no
Ex.63 For what value of p, the system of equations solution therefore, we can write ;
will have no solution ? a 1 = b 1 c1
px – (p –3) = –3y; py = p – 12x a2 b2 c2
Sol. The given system of equations may be written 3k 1 3
as
k 1 k 2
2
px + 3y – (p – 3) = 0 3k 1 3 3
12x + py – p = 0 = and
k 2 1 k2 k2
Here, a1 = p, b1 = 3, c1 = –(p – 3), 3k 1 3
a2 = 12, b2 = p, c2 = –p So, =
k 1
2
k 2
The given system of equations will have no 3k2 – 6k + k – 2 = 3k2 + 3
a1 b 1 c 1
solution, if – 5k = 5 k = – 1
a1 b2 c2
p 3 3 p3 Putting k = – 1 in the equation 3 2
,
For it we get, and k2 5
12 p p p
we get
p2 = 36 p = ± 6 3
= –1
When p = 6, 3 3 1 and p 3 6 3 1
1 2
p 6 2 p 6 2 3 2
Thus, k = –1 satisfy
So, 3 = p 3 =
1
. Thus, p = 6 does not k2 5
p p 2 Thus, the given system of equation has no
satisfy the equation 3 p 3 solution at k = –1
p p Ex.65 Determine the values of a and b so that the
following system of equations has infinite
3 3 1 number of solutions.
When p = –6,
p 6 2 3x + 4y – 12 = 0
2(a – b) y – (5a – 1) = – (a + b) x
Sol. The given system of equations may be written Ex.66 Find the value of k for which the system of
as equations
3x + 4y – 12 = 0 4x + 5y = 0; kx + 10y = 0
(a + b) x + 2 (a – b) y – (5a – 1) = 0 has infinitely many solutions.
Here, a1 = 3, b1 = 4, c1 = – 12, Sol. The given system is of the form
a2 = a + b, b2 = 2 (a – b), c2 = – (5a – 1) a1x + b1y = 0
Since, the given system of equations has a2x + b2y = 0
infinite number of solutions therefore, we get a1 = 4, b1 = 5 and a2 = k, b2 = 10
a1 b c a1 b1
= 1 = 1 If = , the system has infinitely many
a1 b2 c2
a2 b2
3 4 12 solutions.
= =
ab 2(a b) (5a 1) 4 5
=
3 k 10
4 and
4
12
a b 2(a b) 2(a b) (5a 1) k=8
6a – 6b = 4a + 4b and 20a – 4 = 24a – 24b
WORD PROBLEMS ON SIMULTANEOUS
6a – 4a – 6b – 4b = 0 and LINEAR EQUATION
20a – 24a + 24b = 4
Problems Based on Articles
2a – 10b = 0 and 24b – 4a = 4
a – 5b = 0 and 6b – a = 1 EXAMPLES
Adding the above two equations, we get Ex.67 The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6
– 5b + 6b = 1 balls for j 3800. Later, he buys 3 bats and 5
balls for j 1750. Find the cost of each bat and
b=1 each ball.
Putting b = 1 in the equation 6b – a = 1, we
Sol. Let the cost of one bat be j x and cost of one
get
ball be j y. Then
6×1–a=1 6–a=1a=5
7x + 6y = 3800 .......................... (1)
Thus, the given system of equations has
infinitely many solutions at a = 5, b = 1. 3x + 5y = 1750 .......................... (2)
3800 7x
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS From (1) y =
6
The system of equations 3800 7x
Putting y = in (2), we get
a1x + b1y = 0 6
a2x + b2y = 0 3800 7x
3x + 5 = 1750 .............. (3)
called homogeneous equations has only 6
a b
solution x = 0, y = 0, when 1 Multiplying (3) by 6, we get
a2 b 18x + 5(3800 – 7x) = 10500
a1 b 18x + 19000 – 35x = 10500
(i) when ,
a2 b –17x = 10500 – 19000
The system of equations has only one –17x = –8500 x = 500
solution, and the system is consistent. Putting x = 500 in (1), we get
a1 b1 7(500) + 6y = 3800
(ii) When
a2 b2 3500 + 6y = 3800
The system of equations has infinitely 6y = 3800 – 3500
many solutions and the system is 6y = 300 y = 50
consistent.
Hence, the cost of one bat = j 500 Total number of questions = number of
and the cost of one ball = j 50 correct answers + number of incorrect
Ex.68 Meena went to a bank to withdraw j 2000. answers.
She asked the cashier to give j 50 and = 15 + 5 = 20
j 100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Problems Based on Numbers
Find how many notes of j 50 and j 100 she Ex.70 What number must be added to each of the
received ? numbers, 5, 9, 17, 27 to make the numbers in
Sol. Let the number of notes of j 50 be x, proportion ?
Sol. Four numbers are in proportion if
and the number of notes of j 100 be y,
First × Fourth = Second × Third.
Then according to the question,
Let x be added to each of the given numbers
x + y = 25 ............................(1)
to make the numbers in proportion. Then,
50x + 100y = 2000 .................... (2)
(5 + x) (27 + x) = (9 + x) (17 +x)
Multiplying (1) by 50, we get
135 + 32x + x2 = 153 + 26x + x2
50x + 50y = 1250 ................... (3)
32x – 26x = 153 – 135
Subtracting (3) from (2), we have
6x = 18 x=3
50y = 750 y = 15
Ex.71 The average score of boys in an examination
Putting y = 15 in (1), we get of a school is 71 and that of girls is 73. The
x + 15 = 25 x = 25 – 15 = 10 average score of the school in the
Hence, the number of notes of j 50 was 10 examination is 71.8. Find the ratio of the
and that of j 100 was 15. number of boys to the number of girls that
appeared in the examination.
Ex.69 Yash scored 40 marks in a test, receiving 3
marks for each right answer and losing 1 Sol. Let the number of boys = x
mark for each wrong answer. Had 4 marks Average score of boys = 71
been awarded for each correct answer and 2 Total score of boys = 71x
marks been deducted for each incorrect
Let the number of girls = y
answer, then Yash would have scored 50
marks. How many questions were there in the Average score of girls = 73
test ? Total score of girls = 73 y
Sol. Let the number of correct answers of Yash be According to the question,
x and number of wrong answers be y. Then Average score
according to question :
Total average
Case I. He gets 40 marks if 3 marks are given =
Total number of students
for correct answer and 1 mark is deducted for
incorrect answers. 71x 73y
71.8 =
3x – y = 40.............................. (1) xy
Case II. He gets 50 marks if 4 marks are 71.8x + 71.8y = 71x + 73y 0.8x = 1.2y
given for correct answer and 2 marks are x
deducted for incorrect answers. = 1.2 = 3
y 0.8 2
4x – 2y = 50.............................. (2)
Multiplying (1) by 2, we get Hence, the ratio of the number of boys to the
number of girls = 3 : 2.
6x – 2y = 80.............................. (3)
Ex.72 The difference between two numbers is 26 and
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get one number is three times the other. Find them.
30
2x = 30 x= = 15 Sol. Let the numbers be x and y.
2 Difference of two numbers is 26.
Putting x = 15 in (1); we get
i.e., x – y = 26............................ (1)
3 × 15 – y = 40
One number is three times the other.
45 – y = 40 y=5 i.e., x = 3y.................................. (2)
Putting x = 3y in (1), we get x – 3y = 10 ....................................... (1)
3y – y = 26 Case II. Five years ago Jacob‟s age = x – 5,
2y = 26 y = 13 and his son‟s age = y – 5. Then, according to
question,
Putting y = 13 in (2), we get
x – 5 = 7 (y – 5)
x = 3 × 13 = 39
Hence, the numbers are x = 39 and y = 13. x = 7y – 30 ....................................... (2)
Putting x = 7y – 30 from (2) in (1), we get
Problems Based on Ages
7y – 30 – 3y = 10
Ex.73 Father‟s age is three times the sum of ages of
his two children. After 5 years his age will be 4y = 40 y = 10
twice the sum of ages of two children. Find Putting y = 10 in (1), we get
the age of father. x – 3 × 10 = 10
Sol. Let the age of father = x years. x = 10 + 30 x = 40
And the sum of the ages of his two children Hence, age of Jacob is 40 years, and age of
= y years his son is 10 years.
According to the question
Problems Based on two digit numbers
Father‟s age = 3 × (sum of the ages of his two Ex.75 The sum of a two digit number and the
children)
number obtained by reversing the order of its
x = 3y ............................................... (1) digits is 99. If the digits differ by 3, find the
After 5 years number.
Father‟s age = (x + 5) years Sol. Let the unit‟s place digit be x and the ten‟s
sum of the ages of his two childrens place digit be y.
= y + 5 + 5 = y + 10 Original number = x + 10 y
[Age of his each children increases by 5 years] The number obtained by reversing the
digits = 10x + y
According to the question,
According to the question,
After 5 years
Original number + Reversed number = 99
Father‟s age = 2 × (sum of ages of his two
children) (x + 10y) + (10x + y) = 99
x + 5 = 2 × (y + 10) 11x + 11y = 99
x + 5 = 2y + 20 x+y=9
x – 2y = 15 ....................................... (2) x = 9 – y ........................................... (1)
Putting x = 3y from (1) in (2), we get Given the difference of the digit = 3
3y – 2y = 15 x – y = 3 ........................................... (2)
y = 15 years On putting the value of x = 9 – y from
equation (1) in equation (2), we get
And x = 3y x = 3 × 15 = 45
(9 – y) – y = 3 9 – 2y = 3
x = 45 years.
2y = 6 y=3
Hence, father‟s age = 45 years
Substituting the the value of y = 3 in equation
Ex.74 Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be
(1), we get
three times that of his son. Five years ago,
Jacob‟s age was seven times that of his son. x=9–y=9–3=6
What are their present ages. Hence, the number is x + 10y = 6 + 10 × 3 = 36.
Sol. Let the present age of Jacob and his son be x Ex.76 The sum of a two-digit number and the
and y respectively. number obtained y reversing the order of its
Case I. After five years age of Jacob = (x + 5), digits is 165. If the digits differ by 3, find the
number.
After five years the age of his son = (y + 5).
Sol. Let unit‟s place digit = x
According to question
And ten‟s place digit = y
x + 5 = 3(y + 5)
Original number = x + 10y Putting x = 1 in (1), we get
The number obtained by reversing the digits y=9–1=8
= 10 x + y Thus, the number is
According to first condition. 10 × 1 + 8 = 10 + 8 = 18
The original number + Reversed number = 165 Problems Based on Fraction
x + 10y + 10x + y = 165 Ex.78 The sum of the numerator and denominator of
11x + 11y = 165 a fraction is 4 more than twice the numerator.
165 If the numerator and denominator are
x+y= = 15 increased by 3, they are in the ratio 2 : 3.
11 Determine the fraction.
x = 15 – y ......................................... (1) Sol. Let Numerator = x and Denominator = y
According to second condition. x
Fraction =
The difference of the digits = 3 y
x – y = 3 ........................................... (2) According to the first condition,
Substituting x = 15 – y from equation (1) in Numerator + denominator = 2 × numerator + 4
equation (2), we get
x + y = 2x + 4
(15 – y) – y = 3
y = x + 4 ........................................... (1)
15 – 2y = 3
According to the second condition,
2y = 12 y=6
Increased numerator by 3 2
Putting y = 6 in equation (1), we have =
Increased deno min ator by 3 3
x = 15 – 6 x = 9
x3 2
Hence, the original number = x + 10y =
y3 3
= 9 + 10 × 6 = 69
Ex.77 The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 3x + 9 = 2y + 6
9. Also, nine times this number is twice the 3x – 2y + 3 = 0................................ (2)
number obtained by reversing the order of the Substituting the value of y form equation (1)
number. Find the number. into equation (2), we get
Sol. Let the ten‟s and the unit‟s digits in the 3x – 2(x + 4) + 3 = 0
number be x and y, respectively. So, the
number may be written as 10x + y. 3x – 2x – 8 + 3 = 0
When the digits are reversed, x becomes the x=5
unit‟s digit and y becomes the ten‟s digit. On putting x = 5 in equation (1), we get
The number can be written as 10y + x. y=5+4
According to the given condition, y=9
x + y = 9 .................................... (1) x 5
Hence, the fraction = =
We are also given that nine times the number y 9
i.e., 9(10x + y) is twice the numbers obtained
by reversing the order of the number i.e. Ex.79 The sum of the numerator and denominator of
2(10y + x). a fraction is 3 less than twice the
denominator. If the numerator and
9(10x + y) = 2 (10y + x) denominator are decreased by 1, the
90x + 9y = 20y + 2x numerator becomes half the denominator.
90x – 2x + 9y – 20y = 0 Determine the fraction.
88x – 11y = 0 Sol. Let Numerator = x and Denominator = y,
x
8x – y = 0 ........ (2) Then, fraction =
y
Adding (1) and (2), we get
9x = 9 According to the first condition,
x=1
Numerator + denominator = twice of the 5y 3
denominator – 3 Putting x = in (1), we get
6
x + y = 2y – 3 5y 3
11 – 9y = – 4 ......................... (3)
2y – y = 3 + x 6
y = 3 + x ........................................... (1) Multiplying (3) by 6, we get
According to the second condition, 11(5y – 3) – 54y = –24
1
Decreased numerator by 1 = (decreased 55y – 33 – 54y = – 24
2 y = 33 – 24 = 9
denominator)
Putting y = 9 in (1), we get
1
(x – 1) = (y – 1) 11x – 9 × 9 = – 4
2
11x = – 4 + 81 = 77 x = 7
2(x – 1) = y – 1
7
2x – y = –1 + 2 Hence, the required fraction is .
9
2x – y = 1 ......................................... (2)
4
Substituting y = 3 + x in equation (2), we Ex.81 A fraction becomes if 1 is added to each of
have 5
the numerator and denominator. However, if
2x – (3 + x) = 1
we subtract 5 from each, the fraction becomes
2x – x = 1 + 3 1
. Find the fraction.
x=4 2
On putting x = 4 in equation (1), we get x
Sol. Let the required fraction be where x be the
y=3+4 y
y=7 numerator and y be the denominator.
x 4 First Case :
Hence, the fraction = =
y 7 According to the question,
9 x 1 4
Ex.80 A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both =
y 1 5
11
the numerator and the denominator. If 3 is 5x + 5 = 4y + 4
added to both the numerator and the 5x – 4y = – 1
5
denominator it becomes . Find the fraction. Second Case : 5 is subtracted from x and y
6
x 5 1
Sol. Let the numerator be x and denominator be y. So, =
Then, according to the question, y5 2
x2 9 2x – 10 = y – 5
Case 1 : =
y2 11 2x – y = 5 ......................................... (2)
11(x + 2) = 9(y + 2) Multiplying equation (2) by 4 and equation
(1) by 1, we get
11x + 22 = 9y + 18
5x – 4y = – 1 .................................... (3)
11x – 9y = – 4 ....(1)
8x – 4y = 20 ..................................... (4)
x3 5
Case 2 : = Subtracting (4) from (3), we get
y3 6
–3x = – 21
6(x + 3) = 5(y + 3)
x=7
6x + 18 = 5y + 15 Substituting the value of x in (2) we get
6x – 5y = – 3 ....(2) 2×7–y=5
5y 3 y=9
x= 6
x 7 y=3
So, =
y 9 Putting y = 3 in (1), we get
7 x + 4 × 3 = 27
Hence, the required fraction is .
9 x = 27 – 12 = 15
Problem on Fixed Charges & Running Charges Hence, the fixed charge is j 15 and the
Ex.82 A Taxi charges consist of fixed charges and charge for each extra days is j 3.
the remaining depending upon the distance Ex.84 The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed
travelled in kilometers. If a persons travels 10 charge together with the charge for the
km, he pays j 68 and for travelling 15 km, distance covered. For a distance of 10 km, the
he pays j 98. Express the above statements charge paid is j 105 and for a journey of 15
with the help of simultaneous equations and km, the charge paid is 155. What are the fixed
hence, find the fixed charges and the rate per charges and the charges per kilometer ? How
km. much does a person have to pay for travelling
Sol. Let fixed charges of taxi = j x. a distance of 25 km ?
And running charges of taxi = j y per km. Sol. Let fixed charges of taxi = j x
According to the question, And running charges of taxi = j y per km.
Expenses of travelling 10 km = j 68. According to the question,
Express of travelling 10 km = j 105
x + 10y = 68 ..................................... (1)
Again expenses of travelling 15 km = j 98. x + 10y = 105 ................................... (1)
Again expenses of travelling 15 km = j 155
x + 15y = 98 ..................................... (2)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), x + 15y = 155 ................................... (2)
we get x = 155 – 15y
5y = 30 y=6 Putting x = 155 – 15y in (1), we get
On putting y = 6 in equation (1), we have 155 – 15y + 10y = 105
x + 10 × 6 = 68 155 – 5y = 105
x = 68 – 60 –5y = 105 – 155
x=8 –5y = – 50 y = 10
Hence, fixed charges of taxi = x = j 8 and Putting y = 10 in (2), we get
running charges per km = y = j 6. x + 15 × 10 = 155
Ex.83 A lending library has a fixed charge for the x + 150 = 155
first three days and an addition charge for
each day thereafter. Sarika paid j 27 for a
x = 155 – 150 = 5
book kept for seven days. While Susy paid Hence, fixed charges of taxi = x = j 5 and
j 21 for the book the kept for five days. Find running charges per km = y = j 10 A person
the fixed charge and the charge for each extra should pay for travelling 25 km = 5 + 25 × 10
day. = 5 + 250 = j 255
Sol. Let fixed charge be j x. Problems Based on Speed & Time
and the charge for each extra day be j y. Ex.85 Places A and B are 100 km apart on the
According to the question highway. One car stars from A and another
from B at the same time. If the cars travel in
Case I. Sarika paid j 27 for 7 days i.e. 4 the same direction at a different speed, they
extra days. meet in 5 hours. If they travel towards each
x + 4y = 27 ....................................... (1) other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speed
Susy paid j 21 for 5 days i.e. 2 extra days of the two cars ?
x + 2y = 21 ....................................... (2) Sol. Let the speed of the first car, starting from
A = x km/hr.
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
And the speed of second car, starting from
2y = 6 B = y km/hr.
Distance travelled by first car in 5 hours And the speed of car starting from B = y km/h.
= AC = 5x While moving in the same-direction let they
Distance travelled by second car in 5 hours meet at C.
= BC = 5y Distance travelled by first car in 6 hours
According to the question, = AC = 6x.
Let they meet at C, when moving in the same Distance travelled by second car in 6 hours
direction. = BC = 6y.
AC = AB + BC According to the first condition.
5x = 100 + 5y AC = AB + BC
x = 20 + y ......................................... (1) 6x = 120 + 6y
5x km ( distance = Speed × Time)
A B C x = 20 + y ......................................... (1)
100 km 5y km According to the second condition,
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance travelled by first car in 6 hours
When moving in the opposite direction, let 5
they meet at D 6
= AD = x
Distance travelled by first car in 1 hour = AD = x. 5
Distance travelled by second car in 1 hour 6
= BD = y Distance travelled by second car in hours
5
x km y km 6
A D B = BD = y
100 km 5
While moving in the opposite direction let
AD + BD = AB they meet at D.
x + y = 100 ....................................... (2) AD + DB = AB
Substituting x = 20 + y from equation (1) in 6 6
equation (2), we have x y
A 5 D 5 B
(20 + y) + y = 100
120 km
20 + 2y = 100
6 6
2y = 100 – 20 = 80 x+ y = 120
y = 40 km/hour 5 5
6
On putting y = 40 in equation (1), we get [1 hour 12 minutes = hours]
x = 20 + 40 = 60 km/hour 5
5
Hence, the speed of first car = 60 km/hour x + y = 120 ×
and the speed of the second car = 40 km/hour. 6
Ex.86 Two places A and B are 120 km apart from x + y = 100 ....................................... (2)
each other on a highway. One car starts from Substituting x = 20 + y from equation (1) in
A and another from B at the same time. If equation (2), we get
they move in the same direction, they meet in (20 + y) + y = 100
6 hours and if they move in opposite
directions, they meet in 1 hour and 12 2y = 80
minutes. Find the speed of the cars. y = 40 km/hour
Sol. Let the speed of car starting from Putting y = 40 in equation (1), we have
A = x km/hr. x = 20 + 40 = 60 km/hour
Hence, the speed of first car = 60 km/hour.
6x
A B C And the speed of second car = 40 km/hour.
120 km 6y Ex.87 A plane left 30 minutes later than the
scheduled time and in order to reach the
destination 1500 km away in time, it has to
increase the speed by 250 km/hr from the
usual speed. Find its usual speed.
Sol. Let the usual speed of plane = x km/hr.
The increased speed of the plane = y km/hr.
According to the question,
Time taken in going 16 km upstream + time
taken in going 24 km downstream = 6 hours.
16 24
+ =6 ....(1)
xy xy
y = (x + 250) km/hour ...................... (1) Distance
Distance = 1500 km. Time
Speed
According to the question, Again, according to the question,
(Scheduled time) – (time in increasing the Time taken in going 12 km upstream + time
speed) = 30 minutes. taken in going 36 km downstream = 6 hours.
1 12 36
1500 1500
– = ....(2) + =6 ....(2)
x y 2 xy xy
Time Distance
1
1500 1500 1 Let 1 = p, =q
– =
xy xy
x x 250 2 Speed
1500x 375000 1500x 1 Equation (1) becomes 16p + 24q = 6 ...... (3)
=
x(x 250) 2 Equation (2) becomes 12p + 36q = 6 ...... (4)
x(x + 250) = 750000 Multiplying equation (3) by 3 and equation
(4) by 4, we get
x2 + 250x – 750000 = 0
48p + 72q = 18 ............................... (5)
x2 + 1000x – 750x – 750000 = 0
48p + 144q = 24 ............................... (6)
(x – 750) (x + 1000) = 0
Subtracting equation (5) from equation (6),
x = 750 or x = – 1000 we get
But speed can never be – ve 6 1
72q = 6 q = =
Hence, Usual speed = 750 km/hr. 72 12
Putting the value of q in equation (3), we get
Problems Based on Boat & Stream 1
Ex.88 A boat goes 16 km upstream and 24 km 16p + 24 12 = 6
downstream in 6 hours. It can go 12 km
upstream and 36 km downstream in the same 16p + 2 = 6
time. Find the speed of the boat in still water 16p = 6 – 2 = 4
and the speed of the stream.
p = 1/4
Sol. Let the speed of stream = y km/hr ;
1 = 1 and 1 1
speed of boat in still water = x km/hr. =
xy 4 xy 12
And the speed of boat in upstream = (x – y)
km/hr. x – y = 4 ........................................... (7)
The speed of boat in downstream = (x + y) And, x + y = 12 ....................................... (8)
km/hr. By adding 2x = 16
x=8 30u + 44v = 10 ....................... (4)
Putting x = 8 in equation (7), we get 40u + 55v = 13 ....................... (5)
8–y=4 Multiplying equation (3) by 4 and equation
(5) by 3, we get
y=8–4=4
120u + 176 v = 40
Hence, speed of boat in still water = 8 km/hr.
and speed of stream = 4 km/hr. 120u + 165v= 39
Ex.89 A boat goes 30 km upstream and 44 km On subtracting the two equations, we get
downstream in 10 hours. In 13 hours, it can 1
11v = 1, i.e., v =
go 40 km up stream and 55 km down stream. 11
Determine the speed of the stream and that of Substituting the value of v in equation (4), we
the boat. get
Sol. Let the speed of the boat in still water be 30u + 4 = 10
x km/hr and speed of the stream be y km/hr.
Then the speed of the boat downstream = 30u = 6
1
(x + y) km/hr, and the speed of the boat upstream u=
= (x – y) km/hr. Also time = distance/speed. 5
In the first case, when the boat goes 30 km On putting these values of u and v in equation
upstream, let the time taken be t1. Then (3), we get
30 1 1 1 1
t1 = = and =
(x y) (x y) 5 (x y) 11
i.e., (x – y) = 5 and (x + y) = 11
Adding these equations, we get
i.e., 2x = 16 i.e., x=8
Subtracting the equations, we get
2y = 6 i.e., y = 3
Hence, the speed of the boat in still water is
8 km/hr and the speed of the stream is
3 km/hr.
Ex.90 A sailor goes 8km downstream in 40 minutes
and returns in 1 hour. Determine the speed of
Let t2 be the time taken by the boat to go 44 the sailor in still water and speed of the
44 current.
km downstream. Then t2 = . The total
(x y) Sol. We know that
40 2
time taken, t1 + t2, is 10 hours Therefore, we 40 minutes = hr = hr
get the equation 60 3
30 44 Let the speed of the sailor in still water be
+ = 10 ....(1) x km./hr and the speed of the current be
(x y) (x y)
y km/hr.
In the second case in 13 hours it can go 40 dis tance
km upstream and 55 km downstream. We get We know that speed =
time
the equation
40 55 dis tance
+ = 13 ....(2) time =
xy xy speed
1 1 speed of upstream = (x – y) km/hr
Let = u and = v ............ (3) and speed of downstream = (x + y) km/hr
(x y) (x y)
For the first case, we get
On substituting these values in equations (1)
and (2), we get the linear pair
2 8 distanc 6 + y = 10 y=4
= time Hence, man‟s speed of rowing in still water
3 xy speed
and the speed of the current are 6 km/hr and
2x + 2y = 24 4 km/hr respectively.
x + y = 12 ......................................... (1) Problems Based on Area
For the second case, we get Ex.92 If in a rectangle, the length is increased and
8 dis tance breadth reduced each by 2 metres, the area is
1= time reduced by 28 sq. metres. If the length is
xy
speed
reduced by 1 metre and breadth increased by
2 metres, the area increases by 33 sq. metres.
x – y = 8 ........................................... (2) Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get Sol. Let length of the rectangle = x metres
2x = 20 And breadth of the rectangle = y metres
x = 10 km/hr Area = length × breadth = xy sq. metres
Substituting x = 10 in equation (1), we get Case 1: As per the question
10 + y = 12 x – 12
y = 2 km/hr
xy – 12 y–2
Hence, speed of the sailor in still water and
speed of the current are 10 km/hr and 2km/hr
respectively. Increased length = x + 2
Ex.91 A person rows downstream 20 km in 2 hours Reduced breadth = y – 2
and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find man‟s
Reduced area = (x + 2) (y – 2)
speed of rowing in still water and the speed of
the current. Reduction in area = 28
Sol. Let man‟s speed of rowing in still water and Original Area – Reduced area = 28
the speed of the current be x km/hr and y xy – [(x + 2) (y – 2)] = 28
km/hr respectively. xy – [xy – 2x + 2y – 4] = 28
Then, the upstream speed = (x – y) km/hr
xy – xy + 2x – 2y + 4 = 28
and the downstream speed = (x + y) km/hr
2x – 2y = 28 – 4 = 24
we know that x – y = 12 ......................................... (1)
dis tance
time = Case 2 :
speed
x–1
First case :
20 xy + 33 y+2
2=
xy
2(x + y) = 20
Reduced length = x – 1
x + y = 10 ......................................... (1)
Increased breadth = y + 2
2nd Case : Increased area = (x – 1) (y + 2)
4
2= 2 (x – y) = 4 Increase in area = 33
xy
Increased area – original area = 33
x – y = 2 ........................................... (2) (x – 1) (y + 2) – xy = 33
Adding (1) and (2), we get
xy + 2x – y – 2 – xy = 33
2x = 12
2x – y = 33 + 2 = 35
x=6
2x – y = 35 ....................................... (2)
Substituting the value of x in equation (1), we
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2),
get
we get
x = 23 Hence, length of rectangle = 17 units,
Substituting the value of x in equation (1), we and breadth of rectangle = 9 units.
get Problems Based on Geometry
2x – y = 12 Ex.94 The larger of two supplementary angles
y = 23 – 12 = 11 exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.
Length = 23 metres. Sol. Let the angles be x and y. Then according to
Breadth = 11 metres. the question.
Ex.93 The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 x + y = 180 ..................................... (1)
square units if its length is reduced by 5 units and x = y + 18 ....................................... (2)
and breadth is increased by 3 units. If we Putting x = y + 18 from (2) in (1), we get
increase the length by 3 units and the breadth y + 18 + y = 180
by 2 units, the area increases by 67 square
units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle. 2y = 180 – 18
Sol. Let the length of rectangle be x units 2y = 162
and the breadth of the rectangle be y units y = 81
Area of the rectangle = xy Putting y = 81 in (2), we get
Case 1 : According to the first condition, x = 81 + 18 = 99
x–5 Hence, angles are x = 99º and y = 81º.
Ex.95 In a ABC, C = 3 B = 2 (A + B). Find
y+3
the three angles.
Sol. C = 2(A + B) ....(1) (given)
Reduced length = x – 5 Adding 2C on both sides of (1), we get
Increased breadth = y + 3 C + 2C = 2 (A + B) + 2C
Reduced area = (x – 5) (y + 3) 3C = 2 (A + B + C)
Reduction in area = 9 2
C = × 180º = 120º
Original area – Reduced area = 9 3
xy – [(x – 5) (y + 3)] = 9 A
xy –[xy + 3x – 5y – 15] = 9
xy – xy – 3x + 5y + 15 = 9
3x – 5y = 6 ....................................... (1)
Case 2. According to the second condition,
x+3 B C
Again C = 3B (given)
y+2
120º = 3B
120º
B = = 40º
Increased length = x + 3 3
Increased breadth = y + 2 But A + B + C = 180º
Increased area = (x + 3) (y + 2) A + 40º + 120º = 180º
Increase in area = 67 A = 180º – 40º – 120º = 20º
Increased area – Original area = 67 A = 20º, B = 40º, C = 120º
(x + 3) (y + 2) – xy = 67 Ex.96 Find a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, A =
xy + 2x + 3y + 6 – xy = 67 (2x + 4)º, B = (y + 3)º, C = (2y + 10)º and
2x + 3y = 61 ..................................... (2) D = (4x – 5)º. Find the four angles.
On solving (1) and (2), we get Sol. A = (2x + 4)º, and C = (2y + 10);
x = 17 units and and y = 9 units
D C 2x = 56
x = 28 dm
Substituting x = 28 in equation (3), we get
5 × 28 – 7y = 35
A B
7y = 105
But A + C = 180º (Cyclic quadrilateral)
y = 15 dm
(2x + 4)º + (2y + 10)º = 180º
Hence, length and breadth of the rectangle are
2x + 2y = 166º 28 dm and 15 dm respectively.
Also B = (y + 3)º, D = (4x – 5)º Ex.98 In a triangle PQR, P = xº, Q = (3x – 2)º,
But B + D = 180º (Cyclic R = yº, R – Q = 9º. Determine the three
quadrilateral) angles.
(y + 3)º + (4x – 5)º = 180º Sol. It is given that
4x + y = 182º P = xº, Q = (3x – 2)º,
On solving (1) and (2), we get x = 33º, y = 50º R = yº and
A = (2x + 4)º = (66 + 4)º = 70º R – Q = 9º
B = (y + 3)º = (50 + 3)º = 53º P
C = (2y + 10)º = (100 + 10)º = 110º, x°
D = (4x – 5)º = (4 × 33 – 5)º = 127º
A = 70º, B = 53º, C = 110º, D = 127º
Ex.97 The area of a rectangle remains the same if
the length is decreased by 7 dm and breadth is (3x–2)° y°
increased by 5 dm. The area remains Q R
unchanged if its length is increased by 7 dm We know that the sum of three angles in a
and and breadth decreased by 3 dm. Find the triangle is 180º.
dimensions of the rectangle.
So, P + Q + R = x + 3x – 2 + y = 180
Sol. Let the length and breadth of a rectangle be x
and y units respectively. So, area = (xy) sq. 4x + y = 182 ..................................... (1)
units. It is also given that
First Case : Length is decreased by 7 dm and R – Q = 9º
breadth is increased by 5 dm. or y – (3x – 2) = 9
According to the question, y – 3x + 2 = 9
xy = (x – 7) (y + 5) 3x – y = –7 ....................................... (2)
xy = xy + 5x – 7y – 35 Adding equation (1) with (2), we get
5x – 7y – 35 = 0 .... (1) 7x = 175
x = 25
Second Case : Length is increased by 7 dm Substituting x = 25 in equation (2), we get
and breadth is decreased by 3 dm.
3 × 25 – y = – 7
Here, area also remains same
y = 75 + 7 = 82
so, we get
Thus, P = xº = 25º
xy = (x + 7) (y – 3) = xy – 3x + 7y – 21
Q = (3x – 2)º = (3 × 25 – 2)º = 73º
3x – 7y + 21 = 0 ............................... (2)
and R = y = 82º.
So, the system of equations becomes
5x – 7y – 35 = 0 ............................... (3)
3x – 7y + 21 = 0 ............................... (4)
Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get
2x – 56 = 0
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
1. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is linear 10. Graphically or geometrically a pair of linear
in two variables x and y. For all a and b are the equations
coefficients of x and y respectively such that a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a, b R and a 0 , b 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
2. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is
in two variables represents a pair of straight lines
a straight line
which are
3. A linear equation in two variables has infinitely
a1 b1
many solutions (i) intersecting, if
a2 b2
4. Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is – a/b
a1 b1 c
5. Equation of x-axis is y = 0 and equation of y-axis (ii) parallel, if = 1
is x = 0 a2 b2 c2
6. The graph of the line x = a is parallel to y-axis a1 b1 c
(iii) coincident , if = = 1
7. The graph of the line y = b is parallel to x-axis. a2 b2 c2
8. Every point on the graph of a linear equation in 11. A pair of linear equations in two variables can be
two variables is a solution of the equation. solved by the :
9. A pair of linear equations in two variables x and y (i) Graphical method
can be represented algebraically as follows : (ii) Algebraic method
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 12. To solve a pair of linear equations in two
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 variables by Graphical method, we first draw the
lines represented by them.
where a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 are real number such
(i) If the pair of lines intersect at a point, then we
that a12 + b12 0, a22 + b 22 0.
say that the pair is consistent and the
coordinates of the point provide us the unique
solution.
(ii) If the pair of lines are parallel, then the pair
has no solution and is called inconsistent pair
of equations.
(iii) If the pair of lines are coincident, then it has
infinitely many solutions each point on the
line being of solution. In this case, we say
that the pair of linear equations is consistent
with infinitely many solutions.
13. To solve a pair of linear equation in two variables
algebraically, we have following methods :
(i) Substitution method
(ii) Elimination method
(iii) Cross-multiplication method
14. If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
is a pair of linear equation in two variable x and y
such that :
a 1 b1 , then the pair of linear equations is
(i)
a2 b2
consistant with a unique solution.
a1 b1 c1
(ii) = , then the pair of linear
a2 b2 c2
equations is inconsistent.
a1 b1 c1
(iii) = = , then the pair of linear
a2 b2 c2
equations is consistent with infinitely many
solutions.
WORKSHEET-1
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ANSWER KEY:-
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