Topic 1 Energy
Topic 2 Electricity
Topic 3 Particle Model of Matter
Topic 4 Atomic Structure
Topic 5 Forces
Topic 6 Waves
Topic 7 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Topic 8 Space Physics
Practical Skills
Kinetic energy is the energy stored in
moving objects.
Stationary objects have no kinetic
energy
2
EK = 0 .
5 xm xU
D mass (kg) Speed (m/s)
Kinetic energy (J)
:
v
□
L- e
A car with a mass of 700kg is moving with a speed of
20m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy of the car
A tennis ball is traveling at 50m/s and has a kinetic energy of
75J. Calculate the mass of the tennis ball.
KE =
ZMV 2
a
502
75 = m
When we stretch a spring, we’re applying a force to
change the length of the spring.
Applying force like this is called doing work
We’re putting energy in to stretch the spring. The
stretched spring is storing this energy and we call that
energy elastic potential energy.
J
…
exfenjion
no extension
ION
n
Straight line passing
through zero.
Extension is directly
proportional to force.
>
Force A ppl?ed CN )
When too much
force applied:
iimt toupotronuty
force
.
applzed CN)
At this point, the spring has been stretched beyond the limit
of proportionality. The spring will not return back to its
original length even if we take away the force.
2
Ee 0 5
.
X K X e
*
Spring constant (N/m) Extension (m)
Elastic potential
energy (J):
The value of spring constant
depends on spring
z
2
A spring has an extension of 20cm. Calculate the elastic
potential energy stored in the spring (k=100 N/m)
* 1007400
5 ikex 2
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in spring.
( k = 100 N/m )
. .
.….
Bocfore exfension
…
.
U
.
AfferexXtension
30
iker x
. 10
1000
2
.
2 100 × 0
Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in
an object due to its position above the Earth’s surface.
This is due to the forced of gravity acting on an object.
r snerf
The ball now has a
store of gravitational
potential energy
←
~
6 …
ground ground
What kind of change in energy occurred?
Height (m)
EP mxgxh →
X ↑ X
Gravitational Mass (kg) Gravitational = measure of
field strength force of gravity
Potential
Energy (J) (N/kg)
A crane lifts a 75kg mass a height of 8m. Calculate the
gravitational potential energy gained by the mass (g = 9.8 N/kg)
A ball with a mass of 500g is lifted onto a shelf which is 1.5 m
above the ground. Calculate the gravitational potential energy
gained by the ball (g = 9.8 N/kg)
&
0 5 x 1 5 / 98
-
.
.
.
How much energy is stored in hot
water?
Specific HeaA Capacity
The Specific Heat Capacity of a substance is the
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
1kg of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Ex) 4200J needed to warm 1kg of water by 1 degree
But only 139 J to warm 1kg of mercury by 1 degree
Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature
of 2kg of water from 20 degrees to 100 degrees. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg C
X 4200 8
K O,
2
DE
DE = M X C X 4e
N N N K
Change in Mass (kg) Specific Temperature
thermal Heat change
energy (J) Capacity
( oc )
( J1 Kgoc )
Different Iypes of Energy
due fo object
→
1) thermal energy stores temperatuve
d 2) kinetic energy stores
3) gravitational potential energy stores
mo Uiug 4) elastic potential energy stores C
d
object 5) chemical energy stores object
6) magnetic energy stores
energy
stored
7) electrostatic energy stores
8) nuclear energy stores opsitronabovefnegroundy
instretcned +≥ 9 GPE chec iual
spring The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
Fixed point
D
Define this
ase
system
i d
d
String
Mass
A system is an object or a group of objects
In this case it would be fixed point, string and a
mass, air particles etc.
In a closed system, no energy can enter or leave
…
"
X
Maximum GPE
of the mass
:
D
D
GPE
transferred
to KE
KE
N
transferred
to GPE
~
Maximum GPE
of the mass
Maximum KE
~
Friction in the Friction as the
1
fixed point pendulum passes
through the air
particles.
.
A
…
Friction causes energy to be
transferred to thermal energy
The fixed point and the air around the
pendulum gradually get warmer
These stores of thermal energy are less useful.
The energy has been dissipated (wasted)
This will cause the pendulum to gradually
swing with less energy and eventually stop
Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfers
We can reduce unwanted energy transfers by
reducing friction.
• Use a lubricant (ex. oil) on the fixed point
• Remove air particle around pendulum
Bungee Jump
Energy
change ) .
Elasti [
Bungee
rope
GP 1 KE
( KE
GPE -
(- 1 KE
1 n )H
.
10 . Gravitatronal
g
1
R potentral energy
- fjumper
umuge.
rope
At the start of the jump, all of the energy in the
system is the store of gravitational potential energy
: GPE ÷ KE
As the jumper falls, energy is transferred from the
gravitational potential energy store to kinetic energy store
③
3
d
maximum
E > 07 KE
When the bungee rope just starts to tighten, the
kinetic energy store is now at its maximum
Fextension zevo crnefic
>
energy
When the rope is fully extended, the kinetic
energy store is zero. The jumper is not moving.
1-
All of the energy has been transferred to the
elastic potential energy store.
⑤
5
ElastTc potential
p energy
Kinexrcenergy
The bungee rope now recoils and energy is transferred from the
elastic potential energy store back to the kinetic energy store
KTrexcc eneryy
During the ascent, energy transfers
from kinetic energy store back to the
gravitational potential energy store Gravitatroual
potetral
energy
D
6 * ← JD -
x
* X
All the energy is now as the
gravitational potential
energy store
And finally at the top of the ascent, all of the energy
is now in the gravitational potential energy store
In bungee jump,
The jumper never returns back to the original position
This is because energy is dissipated as thermal energy
Q1.The figure below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.
The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20.0 m.
The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.
The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.
(a) Write down the equation which links gravitational field strength, gravitational
potential energy, height and mass.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy from the position where the
student jumps to the point 20.0 m below.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Change in gravitational potential energy = .......................... J
(2)
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(c) 80% of this change in gravitational potential energy has been transferred to the
student’s kinetic energy store.
How much has the student’s kinetic energy store increased after falling 20.0 m?
Kinetic energy gained = ............................................... J
(1)
(d) Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
x 7840 = 2 * 50 XV .
.............................................................................................................................
①1
?
~ &
.............................................................................................................................
V = n 8
.............................................................................................................................
2 50 -
D
.............................................................................................................................
a
18
Speed = ................................................... m / s
8
(4)
(e) At the lowest point in the jump, the energy stored by the stretched bungee cord is
24.5 kJ.
The bungee cord behaves like a spring.
Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.
k ei
EP =
.............................................................................................................................
-
-
.............................................................................................................................
K
* × 352 .
24500 =
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
K = 40 ,
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
40 .
Spring constant = ............................................... N/m
(3)
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Q4. The miners working in a salt mine use smooth wooden slides to move quickly from
⑦
one level to another.
G PE
@ bylaw
v@⑤ cn
.
l
.
O
GPEx C
O
b
?
10
(a)
⑤
A miner of mass 90 kg travels down the slide.
Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the miner when he moves
15 m vertically downwards.
gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1350
Change in gravitational potential energy = .................................................. J
(2)
x N
(b) Calculate the maximum possible speed that the miner could reach at the bottom of
the slide.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
&
13500 mv
........................................................................................................................
=
........................................................................................................................
qoKg
........................................................................................................................
1
U=
........................................................................................................................
Maximum possible speed = .................................................. m/s
(3)
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The speed of the miner at the bottom of the slide is much less than the calculated
maximum possible speed.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
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