@ Scanned with OKEN ScannerUsing voltage division Ra Ve 48> Rear, From Ohms law Vp = -9m% Vas (igs !IRLU Ro) Output ic taken ot drain and gain is calculated by using the expression Vo Ave Nee Meo ogy x a grail RIS) » | voltage gain in dB is calculated by using the expression : Av» 20log t E Gan be Shown thet the hesapaiaia Polis due to Cy and Ge “age _ © scanned with OKEN ScannerRs Eee: And +the zero of Cs is L Wre RxG \-the 3-d@ frequency at th. low freguency con be approximated a4 woe [Coy t (wba) (wis)” For a Single stage common source amplitien, the Source bypass capacitor 1S usually the determining -factor in establishing the low 3-dB freguery “The high freguency pola are wn ~ Zl) ol “GF leolleoll tas) ond Cr Cast Gq “he approximate high rep uenoy WH phew G= Cyst Cga (149m Re) cut-off is wH = [Gy Gn” Yb) Bietly discuss about the cunent Mirror Cintwit A cunent Mitor is an electronic circuit thot copies or ynirtors a active device Clike a transistor) to another, ens | consistent current Qcrete multiple outpit. Ft is commonly | cunent from ont @ Scanned with OKEN Scannerjh odpad impede precise current seplicalien acros output Working of Curent lator “The basic current mirror dércuit comprises tue BT's, typically td Connected in a contiguro tion where the emitter terminal, an CO Hthe base terminals one tied together | Below is @ simplitieel presentation © | | Soute i. a 4] 4 the circuit red S | | | | Kaa Fig; Basic circuit diagram of Carrer taleror \ Transistor Ti, Acts ax the me-ference cusment generator + Transittr Th: Mirrors the mederence curvertt tb the outpat “Working prinviele: 1. Reference current generation : A tesictor Is connected -ty the emitter first transistor, which establishes the reference current 4, Mirroring Action: The second transistor is Connected im a Gani é of the first transistor. The to | mirrors the Custer ‘i to ensure accunaty in current replication, @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner: bag ee sion Matching: “The transistors wed nthe ae ty reduce mismatch errors in integrated cireul 3. Low pourr (onswnplion: Especially beneficial pibit sensitivily , exhi 4. Temperate Depencene: Current Mirrors ™moy ee an temperature variations, <3 he Parustors Hage dop iS reguired acre the : accuracy tenigter can impact accuracy th temperolune changes vithow sovent ra or low cw tatior nt ty with ana tegrated circuit + Compodibility woseg ir J + Got effect: in circuit design Flexibility with other corfigurations URE Casco. omnpiifiers 22) Discuss the cumpensaton techniques of Op-Amp Circuit? Operational amplifiers au wiclely wed in analog circ clestgn alee to theds | high qain and Versatility. However, in high gain or high speed applications, | . | stability bewmes a criticel concern, porrticularty when negative feedback is | applied, “To enuae gtabk operation, compensation tecknipee ane ampleged. | a ee ae @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner«below Igo" ot the unity guin trepueency « iypes of Compensection ‘Techni gues ‘Dominant Pole Compensation (single pole compensilion) +Most common methed used in internally compensated Op-Amps Irrtroduces a foco tieguercy pole to clominate the “tegvency "spent |Add a capaciter between two stoges (lypically miller compensolion between o/p and ifp of a gain stage < This pushes the deminant pole “to a Lower Wepuaney Result: + Ereures ~20 dB /ck goin slope before wrlty gam -frepuency “Improves stability Aut reducer bandwidth ancl slew tab ZL Mille Compensalien +A form ot dominant pole compensation -that wses the 9 ‘Capacitor Cz is Plated beboan the ofp and ifp OF @ hgh gains f= aH RG 3. lead Compensation (Phare (ead) to boott phase margin by adding a zem befor the unily gain tu. Lag Compensaion (Phase tag) Incr us Low -tepuency gain while neclucing high freencency. gain [5. Pole zero Cancellation Inrtyoolucet a yen to cancel out & problemalie high Trepuency pole © scanned with OKEN Scanner> phase margin iS improved (745! desirable) | 2 Unily -gain bandwidth may reduce Crade- BD White short notes on | A common mode feed-back off) | Slaw Rote di, PSRR Gommon Mode Feedback (cmee) Common Made feedback 1s 0 technigue used in Fall diffeerital omplt 4p regula and mointaly he commen mocle etput voltage ata detied Level ares : ane eibtventiol ootPuOeaeTog at a Youd velloge | 7 | | +Jt dos wot interfere with th nbial sa" Working dense, the ommon-mace devel OF UH culpees A dback control signa! rdjust. internal Bfasing edbo¢ i V | and a teedbade * Cunencts 2 Cireuit Typically implemented wing a Common mode dele amplifier Application Used in hi like ADC hivers, differential i Kers gh precision analog circuits ard tully diflrential — Op- Amps © scanned with OKEN Scannercauses Signal distortion in high frequency opplicaki + Low slew rote . Video anal communication Cireuile “High slew nate is essential for oudio, 3) Pour Supply Rejectian Ratio (pser) PSRR is a measure of how wel an OP-Amp Can reject vaniations in th Power supply voltage, prevertting them trom affecting the output psa (at) = aolog, (Avex) +In inpuh referred terms (wifh gain included) Pree (de). tology, ( ae A) out | Importance |High PSRR means the Op-Amp is less sensitive 40 power supply notte *Gitico in bw-noie and precision analog circuit Note: PSRR is frequency. dependent and “typically decreases at highen trepuencies, Za Drew ard explain the Single stage Common Scerce amplifier and obtain if, smal signal model? A common Source amplifier is wed a1 a custent mirror coltth active ma is “bpolagy # the mart popula gain stege, especially when high @ Scanned with OKEN Scannerie Source Amplifier Sra Signal model (common Source (es) with Resistive a) | Resistive load is often wed in high- cpeed ay neach up to Veo circuit because oF the lineccrily lof resistance and aluo ‘te output voltage swing ™ | Noo — 7 “ -—. oF f | ie | g —o Vout Via ABM ow} ‘a a | =. ft = toe a 2 Ron | a - Un a | = w) | | | @ CS Stage, (b) input-output Chanocteristics (equivalent circuit tn deep | | | triode seguen | i i Sra ie! ml es —o\lout @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner@ Scanned with OKEN Scannerand censicts of 3main Stages: | The Gilbert Cell is builé tum MOSFETs | 1. Differential Pais (Ms 4 Me) «Ach as the tail coment sorace controlled 5 y ahe input signal Vo “ty a. diflerential current + Convorts Hu. inputs voltage tered by the switching gued This cwent is ten shorted a. Suittching Ouad (hs, Mu Mi Ma) + Coftolied by hu local oscillator Input Veount C1& w) The ‘transistor act % cuent switches ‘to Ateer the tail cert , the cutped node « effective’ qnuttiplies the cusent with te LO Signod @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerNal no alifferential output Voutr =0 Casea: Vin >Vinw — Positive differential input «Gate voltage of Mr is higher > MI Conclucl more current +N tonduch te, sine. total ewoent Iss is ined ie Output y Ip 7%, Ac + Vouyer drops more (due to higher cument crcross Ror) Vputr drops tess (Sess cv pent acivss Pox) $0; gut ~Vousie~ Vourr 20 | + Diflerential output 1s negative Case: Vn 2Vim. ~ Negative differential input less «M2 now tonduch more, MI i The cument minor keeps total cwrerit ener Toyo Den Tor Sore Output , dps more, Vow diops ks —> differential oulpu is postive: Vout2 Vour= Vouts ~Vouts 72 © scanned with OKEN Scanner+ Rejection Roto: wp well the amplifier reject Dieta) Gain Gmmen mode Gain | Biasing (ail Curent Source) ; +The tail current source Tey ensues constant total cusnent regardless of Input + Otten implemented with a curnent mirror for better control “This cwwent divides dynamically betwen Mi and Mr based On the input difference Design and develop the Cascade mirror cireutt? fis identical meas CMRR = >! | Dowd ‘out Fig: A cascode current Minor # A costode current mittor is chown in the figue , the output into drain of Ar is ds. tmpedane Soaking ¥ The our impedance can be derived by considering Gu as cuent Source with a sowice degeneration value. tice, Nout = hdsu [it ey Cm 4+ 98449d 64)) © scanned with OKEN ScannerAdS4 (HS, my) Output impedance increased by the factor mu ndSy E the clisadvaritage of cascode cuopent Mirror is that it Sutpur veltage swings belore transistors enter triode fegion * To understand this eduction » fer a nchanne transistor to be in 1 drain voltage must be greaten thor Veer = Vins ~ Vem Up . *Vitn Cox (ui) in Cox (Ux) s have same Sires O current, then Wf J# I we akume all -transis tor } have same Vere and Some gate source voltages Voss = Vere + Vin Vea ~ Vays) +VGis 3 | also tom figuu we soy thot | * QVeee +2V ey N51 = Ving ~Versu = Vina (Vee +Un) = Ve t Ven # Thc drain secure voltoge Of Or 1s Vi, greater than what is tegtired. # The smallest output voltage Vesub>out C1 How Tox $n lor (2) (MMs)? Applying Eve ax the cudput Joop Vow > Yoo ~IoRo — i) 4e work in Saturation region the condition 4 04 Wo Increases, 60 do Tp and the voltage drop acest Ks “To make the +trancistor Nowe > Nos" ¥ Vpo- Joko 2 Uns Wer Stepa Soh % Gu: Figuos 08), smal signal analysis ts tind gain inpuk, output nesistang ~ Vout te ae, V\- Vouk Simo yr Hig 1(b) eee Applying Kut at th. input loop it a © scanned with OKEN ScannerHX This implies that os Re increases, gm become a weaker function oF gm, en hence the drain current 4 Jn this, for 0127"am we h the mast of ‘tu change in Vin apPe ve Im Vee * ts ATo %Vin Jeg , inclicaking any acros Os, We toy that the dra of the input voltage pe ost of Lowe gain. ot body efect and channel, length qwonent iS a “lineanized" funclién ‘The linesization is obtained at the the presence the opuivalent circuit a sh + Tb cs useful bo determine gm in nt . modulation. with the aid of | pown In Aguowle) : Fig (2): Gall signa) Ceuivalent Circuit of a degencralt Vy = % Cint Smix Rs) + inks St Ve = ix (C+ 9nes) +Rs) Ya (leGnbs)e s L ee . © scanned with OKEN Scanner