4.3.

2 Checkup: Practice Problems Checkup

Mathematics III Sem 1 Name:
Date:

Answer the following questions using what you've learned from this lesson. Write
your responses in the space provided.

For questions 1 – 2, take the square root and reduce using imaginary numbers.

1. 2.

For questions 3 – 4, simplify the expression as much as possible.

3. 4.

For questions 5 – 8, perform the operations on the complex numbers.

5. 6. 7. 8.

4.3.2 Checkup: Practice Problems 1/2

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For questions 9 – 10, divide the complex numbers.

9. 10.

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4.3.2 Checkup: Practice Problems 2/2

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 4.2.1 Study: Polynomial Functions Study Guide
Mathematics III Sem 1 Name:
Date:

Use the questions below to keep track of key concepts from this lesson's study
activity.

1) Fill in the blanks to complete the chart.

Types of Polynomials

Degree Name Example

0 constant

2 quadratic

quartic

quintic

2) Answer each of the following questions:

a. How do you evaluate a polynomial function? (Page 15)

__________
__________

b. Evaluate f(x) = x3 + 2x2 − 3x at each of these x-values.

1. x = 0, f(x) = ____

2. x = –2, f(x) = ____

3) Answer each of the following questions: (Page 10 - 11)

4.2.1 Study: Polynomial Functions 1/4

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 a. The graph of a polynomial function is ____________; it is smooth and doesn't
break.

b. What happens to the direction of the graph of a cubic function if you change
the sign of the leading coefficient from positive to negative?
__________
__________

4) Fill in the blanks to complete the chart.

Main Idea: End behavior is how the graph of a function looks on the left and right
sides of the xy-plane. You can predict the end behavior of a function by studying its
leading term.

Polynomial Leading term End behavior of

function example graph
Coefficient Degree (left to right)

F(x) = 4x2 + x + 1 positive even both go _____

F(x) = -2x2 + x both go down

F(x) = 7x3 - 4 start down, end up

F(x) = -3x3 + 5 start _____, end

_____

5) Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences.(Pages 12, 18, 22, 26)

A(n) ___________________ of a polynomial function is a value for which the function is

bigger or smaller than any nearby values.

A(n) ___________________ maximum is the highest point on the graph.

4.2.1 Study: Polynomial Functions 2/4

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A(n) ___________________ maximum is the highest point in a section of the graph, but
not necessarily the highest point on the graph.

6) Answer the questions about the graph of f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 3x

Click here for long description

a) This is a third-degree polynomial function, or a _________ function.

b) The leading term is (positive/negative) and the degree is (even/odd), so the graph
starts (up/down) and ends (up/down).

4.2.1 Study: Polynomial Functions 3/4

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c) There is a relative minimum at point ___ and a relative maximum at point ___.

d) The roots of the equation 0 = x3 + 2x2 – 3x are: _________. These are the x-intercept
values at these points: _________.

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4/24/25, 11:44 AM Naming Polynomials - Apex Learning

Naming Polynomials

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Just as with polynomial expressions, polynomial functions are always named by their leading terms.
Remember, the degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of any term, and the degree of a term is the
sum of the exponents of its variables.

When you put a polynomial function in standard form — in decreasing order of degree, from the term
with the highest degree to the term with the lowest degree — you can identify the highest power very
quickly.

For example, the polynomial expression 5x6 + 2x4 + x3 − 3x2 + 4 is a 6th-degree polynomial. Using some
common prefixes, it's easy to give names to polynomials of certain degrees. Roll your mouse over a
degree value in the left column to see the power of the leading term highlighted. volume_up
Roll over a degree value in the left column to see the power of the leading term highlighted.

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4/24/25, 12:46 PM End Behavior - Apex Learning

End Behavior

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The two even-degree functions (the quadratic function and the quartic function) have a similar shape.
The two odd-degree functions (the cubic function and the quintic function) also have a similar shape.
This happens because of a special property of polynomial functions known as end behavior.

The end behavior of a polynomial function describes how the graph of that function appears on the left
and right sides of the Cartesian coordinate plane. It is just another way of saying the "overall appearance
of the graph."

End behaviors can be predicted by looking at the equation itself. volume_up

The highest power in the The end behavior of the graph

polynomial function

If it is even . . . The graph will start high and end high

(rise to the left and rise to the right).

If it is odd . . . The graph will start low and end high

(fall to the left and rise to the right).

If it has a leading The graph's behavior will be switched or

coefficient that is flipped as high or low.
negative . . .

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4/24/25, 12:46 PM End Behavior of More Complicated Polynomials - Apex Learning

End Behavior of More Complicated Polynomials

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It is important to note that end behavior also applies to polynomials that are not in their simplest form.

Take a look at the examples below. The end behavior of each graph still corresponds to the polynomial's
degree.
volume_up

Even-Degree Functions Odd-Degree Functions

Second-Degree Function Third-Degree Function

Fourth-Degree Function Fifth-Degree Function

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4/24/25, 12:47 PM Maximums and Minimums - Apex Learning

Maximums and Minimums

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An extreme value of a polynomial is a value for which the polynomial is bigger or smaller than any nearby
values.

On a graph, a maximum looks like the top of a hill, and a minimum looks like the bottom of a valley. An
absolute maximum is the highest point on the graph or in a given domain, and the absolute minimum is the
lowest point on the graph or in a given domain.

On the other hand, a relative maximum is a hill in the graph, but it's not the highest hill. You can probably
guess that a relative minimum is a valley in the graph, but it's not the lowest valley.

Take a look at the maximums and minimums of a few polynomials. volume_up

Click to zoom.

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4/24/25, 12:49 PM The Roots of a Polynomial Function - Apex Learning

The Roots of a Polynomial Function

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Take another look at one of the graphs you saw earlier. Notice that it crosses the x-axis when x equals -2
and when x equals 4.

The values at which the graph crosses the x-axis are called roots. The roots of a polynomial are the
values for which it is zero. volume_up
y = -x2 + 2x + 8

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4/24/25, 1:03 PM The Powers of <i>i</i> - Apex Learning

The Powers of i

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You now know that the square root of negative one is called i. By definition, you also know that if you
square i, or raise it to the second power, you get -1.

But what happens if you want to find i3? To find out, all you need to do is take i2 and multiply it by i, which
makes -i.

i3 = i2 i = -1 i = -i

So i2 = -1 and i3 = -i. What about i4 and i5? volume_up

Finding i to the 4th Finding i to the 5th

i4 i5

i2 i2 i4 i

-1 -1 1 i

1 i

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4/24/25, 1:03 PM A Pattern - Apex Learning

A Pattern

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Below you can see the first five powers of i in a table. If you look closely, you may notice that the
increasing powers of i can be predicted and easily calculated.

Do you see a pattern in the table? volume_up

In 10 words or fewer, describe what you think the value for i to the
sixth is.

Type answer here...

SUBMIT

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4/24/25, 1:06 PM Reviewing Roots - Apex Learning

Reviewing Roots

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You may recall that if (x – a) is a factor of a polynomial, then the number a is a root of the polynomial
equation.

Sometimes a root is also called a "zero" because this number is an x-value that, when substituted into a
polynomial equation, makes the polynomial equal to zero.

For example, (x + 1) is a factor of the polynomial x2 + 3x + 2.

That means that x = -1 is a root, or zero, of the function F(x) = x2 + 3x + 2.

In other words, F(-1) = 0. volume_up

F(x) = x2 + 3x + 2

F(-1) = (-1)2 + 3(-1) + 2

F(-1) = 1 – 3 + 2

F(-1) = 0

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4/24/25, 1:11 PM The Factor Theorem - Apex Learning

The Factor Theorem

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If you didn't already know that (x + 1) is a factor of x2 + 3x + 2, you could use synthetic division to find
out!

For example, when you find (x2 + 3x + 2) (x + 1), you get the following:

The final sum in this problem is zero. The zero tells you that there is no remainder in the division
problem, so (x + 1) must be a factor of the polynomial x2 + 3x + 2.

In general, if there is no remainder, you have found a factor of the polynomial, and a root of the
polynomial function. This is known as the factor theorem. volume_up

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4/24/25, 1:13 PM Factoring Polynomials Completely - Apex Learning

Factoring Polynomials Completely

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Now you can combine your skills to factor any and all polynomials regardless of their degree. The first step
is to list the possible roots.

For a polynomial whose leading coefficient is 1, you use the constant term to list the possible factors.
Because of the connection between factors and roots, the constant term also tells you the possible roots.

Click "Switch" to review the connection between factors, roots, and the constant term. volume_up
Click the button.

As you can see in the example above, roots can be negative. That means you have to consider both the
positive and negative factors of the constant term when listing possible roots. For example, the possible
roots of F(x) = x2 + 7x + 10 would include 1, 2, 5, and 10. volume_up

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4/24/25, 1:14 PM The Rice Cereal Treat Problem, Part 2 - Apex Learning

The Rice Cereal Treat Problem, Part 2

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Now you need to finish factoring the polynomial:

x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 300 = 0

(x – 6)(x2 + 9x + 50) = 0

You can use the quadratic formula to find the factors of x2 + 9x + 50.

So, when you completely factor the polynomial, you get: volume_up

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4/24/25, 1:18 PM End Behaviors, Degree, and Leading Coefficients - Apex Learning

End Behaviors, Degree, and Leading Coefficients

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In the last two pages, you made some important connections between a function's equation and the
end behaviors of its graph. Here is a summary of these ideas. Use it to help you answer the question
below. volume_up

Equation of the function Graph of the function

The end behaviors will be the

The degree is even. same: Both ends go up or
both ends go down.
The end behaviors will be
different: One end goes up,
The degree is odd.
and the other end goes
down.
The degree is even, and the Both ends of the graph go
leading coefficient is positive. up.
The degree is even, and the
Both ends of the graph go
leading coefficient is
down.
negative.
The left end of the graph
The degree is odd, and the
goes down, and the right end
leading coefficient is positive.
of the graph goes up.
The degree is odd, and the The left end of the graph
leading coefficient is goes up, and the right end of
negative. the graph goes down.

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4/24/25, 1:18 PM End Behaviors, Degree, and Leading Coefficients - Apex Learning

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4/24/25, 1:18 PM When One End of a Graph Goes Down - Apex Learning

When One End of a Graph Goes Down

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So when the end of a graph goes up, f(x) gets very large. What about when the end of a graph goes down?
Did you guess that it gets very small? So in this graph, we can describe the left side this way:

Here means "negative infinity," or "very large in the negative direction." In this image, you can see how the
notation relates to the graph itself. Also, notice that there's some new notation on this graph. Roll over it to
see what it means and when you might use it. volume_up

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4/24/25, 1:22 PM More Data for the Pattern - Apex Learning

More Data for the Pattern

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If you figured out the pattern, you already know the next row shown below: volume_up

Blaise Pascal was a famous 17th-century French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. This pattern
of coefficients in a pyramid was one of his major contributions to mathematics and has been named
Pascal's triangle.

Any number in the triangle can be computed by taking the sum of the two adjacent numbers in the
previous row. volume_up

In 20 words or fewer, what relationship do you notice between the 

power to which the binomial is raised and the number of terms in 

Type answer here...

SUBMIT

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4/24/25, 1:23 PM Identity Revealed - Apex Learning

Identity Revealed

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(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

We already know that (x + 1)(x + 1) should be x2 + 2x + 1. If 1 is substituted in for y, does the pattern
above give the same result as the FOIL method of finding (x + 1)2?

(x + y)2 = 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2

(x + 1)2 = 1x2 + 2x(1) + 1(1)2

which we can simplify to the expected x2 + 2x + 1.

What about (2 + y)3? What would you expect if you were doing it by hand the long way? What do you
get using the pattern from Pascal's triangle? volume_up

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4/24/25, 1:23 PM Identity Revealed - Apex Learning

(2 + y)³

What is (2 + y)(2 + y)(2 + y)

multiplied out?

Choice A
Correct! You multiplied
Choice B correctly.
Choice C

1 of 3 NEXT

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