📚 Electronics and Communication Engineering (EC) –

Topic-wise Breakdown

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

●​ Linear Algebra:​

○​ Vector space, basis, linear dependence/independence​

○​ Matrix algebra, rank, eigenvalues/eigenvectors​

○​ Solution of linear equations – existence and uniqueness​

●​ Calculus:​

○​ Mean value theorems​

○​ Integral calculus, definite/improper integrals​

○​ Partial derivatives, maxima/minima, Taylor series​

○​ Multiple, line, surface and volume integrals​

●​ Differential Equations:​

○​ First order (linear/non-linear)​

○​ Higher-order linear (Cauchy, Euler)​

○​ Methods: variation of parameters, complementary function, particular integral​

○​ PDEs: variable separable method​

●​ Vector Analysis:​

○​ Gradient, divergence, curl​

○​ Gauss's, Green's, and Stokes' theorems​

●​ Complex Analysis:​
 ○​ Analytic functions, Cauchy's theorems​

○​ Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem​

●​ Probability and Statistics:​

○​ Mean, median, mode, SD​

○​ Distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Exponential, Normal​

○​ Joint/conditional probability, combinatorial probability​

Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

●​ Network Theory:​

○​ Node, mesh analysis​

○​ Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition​

○​ Reciprocity, maximum power transfer​

○​ Sinusoidal steady-state, complex power​

●​ Signals and Systems:​

○​ Continuous and discrete-time signals​

○​ LTI systems: impulse response, causality, stability​

○​ Fourier series, FT, DTFT, DFT, Z-transform​

○​ Convolution, poles/zeros, frequency/group/phase delay​

○​ Sampling theorem​

○​ Random signals through LTI systems​

●​ 2-Port Networks:​

○​ Parameters, wye-delta transformation​

●​ Semiconductor Physics:​

○​ Energy bands: intrinsic & extrinsic semiconductors​

○​ Direct/indirect bandgap​

○​ Carrier concentration, generation/recombination​

○​ Carrier transport: drift, diffusion, mobility, resistivity​

○​ Poisson’s and continuity equations​

●​ Devices:​

○​ P-N junction, Zener diode​

○​ BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET​

○​ LED, photodiode, solar cell​

Section 4: Analog Circuits

●​ Diode Circuits:​

○​ Clippers, clampers, rectifiers​

●​ Amplifiers:​

○​ BJT and MOSFET: biasing, small signal, frequency response​

○​ AC coupling, differential amplifiers, current mirrors​

●​ Op-Amps:​

○​ Amplifiers, summers, integrators, differentiators​

○​ Schmitt trigger, active filters, oscillators​

Section 5: Digital Circuits

○​ Binary, integer, floating-point​

●​ Combinational Circuits:​

○​ Boolean algebra, K-map​

○​ Logic gates, CMOS implementations​

○​ Arithmetic units, encoders/decoders, mux/demux​

●​ Sequential Circuits:​

○​ Latches, flip-flops, counters, FSMs​

○​ Shift registers, propagation/setup/hold time​

●​ Memory & Converters:​

○​ ROM, SRAM, DRAM​

○​ ADCs, DACs, sample & hold circuits​

●​ Computer Organization:​

○​ Instruction formats, ALU, datapath​

○​ Control unit, pipelining​

Section 6: Control Systems

●​ System Components & Feedback​

●​ Transfer Function, Block Diagram, Signal Flow Graph​

●​ Transient/Steady-State Analysis​

●​ Stability Criteria: Routh-Hurwitz, Nyquist​

●​ Bode, Root-Locus Plots​

●​ Compensation: Lag, lead, lag-lead​

Section 7: Communications

●​ Analog Communication:​

○​ AM, FM: modulation/demodulation, spectra​

○​ Superheterodyne receivers​

●​ Random Processes:​

○​ Autocorrelation, PSD​

○​ White noise, filtering of random signals​

●​ Information Theory:​

○​ Entropy, mutual information, channel capacity​

●​ Digital Communication:​

○​ Modulation: PCM, DPCM, ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM​

○​ Concepts: bandwidth, ISI, MAP/ML detection​

○​ Receiver: matched filter, SNR, BER​

○​ Error correction: Hamming, CRC​

Section 8: Electromagnetics

●​ Maxwell's Equations:​

○​ Differential and integral forms​

○​ Boundary conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector​

●​ Plane Wave Properties:​

○​ Reflection, refraction, polarization​

●​ Transmission Lines:​

○​ Equations, Z₀, matching, transformation​

○​ S-parameters, Smith chart​

●​ Waveguides & Antennas:​

○​ Rectangular/circular waveguides​

○​ Light propagation in optical fibers​

○​ Dipole, monopole, linear arrays​