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Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination Notes (English...

Easy note of control and coordination

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views4 pages

Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination Notes (English...

Easy note of control and coordination

Uploaded by

royayushkumar790
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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<p align="center"><font

color="#A020F0">Chapter 7: Control
and Coordination</font></p>
<font color="#0000CD">Introduction: What is Control and
Coordination?</font>
All living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them. The
changes to which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli. For a proper response to
a stimulus, many organs in the body must work together.
This process of working together is controlled and coordinated by two main systems in living
organisms:
1.​ Nervous System
2.​ Endocrine System

<font color="#DC143C">1. Control and Coordination


in Animals</font>
In animals, control and coordination are carried out by both the Nervous System and the
Endocrine System.

<font color="#FF4500">A. The Nervous System</font>


This system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
very quickly.

<font color="#2E8B57">Neuron</font>

A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It is specialized to receive
and transmit information.
Parts of a Neuron:
●​ Dendrite: Acquires information from other neurons.
●​ Cell Body: The information travels as an electrical impulse through the cell body.
●​ Axon: Transmits the electrical impulse away from the cell body.
●​ Nerve Ending: Here, the electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal for passing
it on to the next neuron.
<br>
Diagram Suggestion: Draw a well-labelled diagram of a Neuron showing Dendrite, Cell Body,
Axon, and Nerve Ending clearly.
<br>
Synapse: A synapse is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of the
next. Here, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal to cross the gap.

<font color="#2E8B57">Reflex Action</font>

A reflex action is a sudden, quick, and involuntary response to a stimulus. It is not under the
conscious control of the brain.
●​ Example: Immediately pulling your hand back after touching a hot object.
Reflex Arc: The pathway taken by nerve impulses during a reflex action is called the reflex arc.
Path: Receptor (e.g., Skin) → Sensory Neuron → Spinal Cord → Motor Neuron → Effector
(e.g., Muscle)
<br>
Diagram Suggestion: Draw a diagram showing the path of a Reflex Arc. The example of
touching a hot pan is the best one to illustrate this.
<br>

<font color="#2E8B57">Human Nervous System</font>

It is divided into 3 parts:


1.​ Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord.
2.​ Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of nerves arising from the brain and spinal
cord.
3.​ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary actions like heartbeat,
breathing, etc.
Human Brain: The brain is the main coordinating center of the body. It is protected by the
cranium (skull). It has 3 major parts:
●​ <font color="green">Fore-brain:</font>
○​ It is the largest part of the brain.
○​ Function: It's the main thinking part of the brain. It controls voluntary actions,
hearing, smell, sight, and sensations like feeling hungry. The major part is the
Cerebrum.
●​ <font color="orange">Mid-brain:</font>
○​ It connects the fore-brain with the hind-brain.
○​ Function: It controls involuntary actions such as the change in the size of the pupil.
●​ <font color="blue">Hind-brain:</font>
○​ It has 3 parts:
■​ Cerebellum: Controls posture and balance of the body. It coordinates
voluntary movements like picking up a pencil or riding a bicycle.
■​ Pons: Regulates respiration.
■​ Medulla: Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, and
vomiting.
<br>
Diagram Suggestion: Draw a neat diagram of the Human Brain and label the Fore-brain,
Mid-brain, and Hind-brain (Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla).
<br>

<font color="#228B22">2. Coordination in


Plants</font>
Plants do not have a nervous system. They use hormones to respond to stimuli. Plant
movements are of two types:

<font color="#FF8C00">A. Tropic Movements</font>


These are directional, growth-dependent movements that occur in response to a stimulus.
●​ Phototropism: Movement towards light.
○​ Stem: Grows towards light (Positive Phototropism).
○​ Root: Grows away from light (Negative Phototropism).
●​ Geotropism: Movement in response to gravity.
○​ Root: Grows towards gravity (Positive Geotropism).
○​ Stem: Grows away from gravity (Negative Geotropism).
●​ Hydrotropism: Movement towards water.
○​ Roots grow towards the source of water.
●​ Chemotropism: Movement in response to chemicals.
○​ Example: The growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.
<br>
Diagram Suggestion: Draw a simple diagram of a potted plant to show Phototropism and
Geotropism.
<br>

<font color="#FF8C00">B. Plant Hormones</font>


Also called Phytohormones, these are chemical compounds that help to coordinate growth,
development, and responses in plants.
●​ <font color="green">Auxin:</font> Synthesized at the shoot tip. Helps in cell growth
and phototropism.
●​ <font color="green">Gibberellin:</font> Helps in the growth of the stem.
●​ <font color="green">Cytokinin:</font> Promotes cell division. It is present in greater
concentration in fruits and seeds.
●​ <font color="red">Abscisic Acid (ABA):</font> It is a growth inhibitor hormone. It
causes the wilting of leaves.

<font color="#8A2BE2">3. Hormones in


Animals</font>
Chemical coordination in animals is done by Hormones. Hormones are secreted by Endocrine
Glands directly into the bloodstream.
Gland Hormone Function
Thyroid Gland <font Regulates metabolism. (Iodine
color="blue">Thyroxine</font> is essential for its synthesis)
Pituitary Gland <font color="blue">Growth Regulates growth and
Hormone</font> development.
Adrenal Gland <font Prepares the body for
Gland Hormone Function
color="blue">Adrenaline</font> emergency situations (Fight or
Flight hormone).
Pancreas <font Lowers the blood sugar level.
color="blue">Insulin</font> (Its deficiency causes
Diabetes)
Testes (Male) <font Controls male secondary
color="blue">Testosterone</fon sexual characters (e.g., beard,
t> deep voice).
Ovaries (Female) <font Controls female secondary
color="blue">Estrogen</font> sexual characters (e.g., breast
development).
<br>
Diagram Suggestion: Draw a diagram showing the location of major endocrine glands
(Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries) in the human body.
<br>

<font color="#FF1493">Feedback Mechanism</font>


This mechanism regulates the timing and amount of hormone released. For example, if the
sugar level in the blood rises, the pancreas detects this and produces more insulin. When the
blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

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