Notes of Ch 7 Control and

Coordination| Class 10th

Science
17 Jul, 2017
Study Material and Notes of Ch 7 Control and Coordination
Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• System for control and coordination in animals
• Nervous System
→ Receptors
• Neuron
→ Functioning of Neuron
→ Parts of Neuron
→ Synapse
• Reflex Action
→ Types of Responses
→ Need for Reflex Action
• Human Nervous System
• Human Brain
→ For-Brain
→ Mid-Brain
→ Hind-Brain
→ Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
→ Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
→ Limitation of Electric communication/Nervous System
→ Chemical combination
• Coordination in Plants
→ Independent of growth
→ Dependent of growth
• Plant Hormones
• Hormones in Animals
→ Endocrine gland and their functions
• Importance of iodine
• Diabetes
→ Cause of Diabetes
→ Treatment of Diabetes
→ Feedback Mechanism

Introduction

→ All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the

environment around them.

→ The changes in the environment to which the organisms

respond and react are called stimuli such as light, heat, cold,
sound, smell, touch etc.

→ Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a different

manner.

Systems for Control and Coordination in Animals

→ Control and Coordination in animals is done with the help of two

main systems:
(i) Nervous system
(ii) Endocrine system

Nervous System

→ Control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular

tissues.

→ Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve

cells or neurons which is specialized for conducting information
via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

Receptors
→ These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the
information from the environment. `These are located in our
sense organs.

(i) Ear: It acts as phonoreceptors (receiving sound). It helps in

hearing and maintaining the balance of body.

(ii) Eyes: It acts as photoreceptors (receiving light). It helps in

seeing

(iii) Skin: It acts as thermoreceptors (feels temperature). It helps

in feeling heat or cold and touch.

(iv) Nose: It acts as olfactory receptors (sense of smell). It helps in

the detection of the smell.

(v) Tongue: It acts as Gustatory receptors (sense of test). It helps

in the detection of taste.

Neuron

It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Functioning of Neuron

→ The information from receptors is acquired at the end of the

dendritic tip of a nerve cell as chemical reaction that creates an
electrical impulse.

→ This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then
at the end of the axon.
→ Chemicals are released at the end of the axon by the effect of
electrical impulse.

→ These chemicals cross the gap (synapse) and start a similar

electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.

→ The similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses

from neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells or gland.

Parts of Neuron

(i) Dendrite: It acquires information.

(ii) Cell body: The information acquired by it travels as an

electrical impulse.

(iii) Axon: It is the longest fibre on the cell body is called axon. It
transmits electrical impulse from cell body to dendrite of next
neuron.

Synapse: It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron

and dendrite of the other neuron. Here, electrical signal is
converted into chemical signal for onward transmission.

Reflex Action

→ Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the

body to a stimulus.
Example: Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object.

→ Stimulus: It is observable or detectable change in the external

or internal environment to which an organism reacts.
→ Reflex arc: The pathway through which nerve impulses pass
during reflex action is called reflex arc.

→ Response: It is the final reaction after the reflex action.

Three types of responses:

(i) Voluntary: Controlled by fore brain. Example: talking, writing.

(ii) Involuntary: Controlled by mid and hind brain. Example: heart

beat, vomiting, respiration.

(iii) Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord. Example: withdrawal

of hand on touching a hot object.

Need for Reflex Actions

→ In some situations such as touching a hot object, pinching etc.

we need to act quickly, otherwise our body would be harmed.
Here response is generated from spinal cord instead of brain. In
this way, time for taking action is reduced which save us from
injury.

Human Nervous System

→ Human nervous system consists of two parts, Central nervous

system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

→ Central nervous system consists of Brain and Spinal Cord.

→ Peripheral nervous system consists of Cranial Nerves which
arise from the brain and Spinal Nerves which arise from the
Spinal cord.

Human Brain

→ Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It has three

major parts:

(i) Fore-brain
(ii) Mid-brain
(iii) Hind-brain

Fore-brain

→ It is the most complex or specialised part of the brain. It

consists of cerebrum.

→ Functions of Fore-brain:

(i) Thinking part of the brain.

(ii) Control the voluntary actions.
(iii)Store information (Memory).
(iv) Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and
integrate it.
(v) Centre associated with hunger.

Mid-brain

→ Controls involuntary actions such as change in pupil size and

reflex movements of head, neck and trunk.

Hind-brain
It has three parts:

(i) Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance. Precision of

voluntary actions. Example: picking pen.

(ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions. Example: blood

pressure, salivation, vomiting.

(iii) Pons : Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration.

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

→ Protection of Brain: Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon

which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or
brain box).

→ Protection of Spinal Cord: Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral

column.

Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue

→ For taking place the voluntary actions, the brain has to send
messages to muscles.

→ The communication between the central nervous system and

the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous
system consisting of cranial nerves arising from the brain and
spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.

→ The brain thus allows us to think and take actions based on that
thinking. This is accomplished through a complex design, with
different parts of the brain responsible for integrating different
inputs and outputs.
Limitations of Electric communication/Nervous system

(i) Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are
connected by nervous tissue.

(ii) After generation and transmission of an electrical impulse, the

cell takes some time to reset its mechanism before transmitting
another impulse. So cells cannot continually create and transmit
impulse.

(iii) Plants do not have any nervous system.

Chemical communication

→ It helps in overcoming the limitations of electric

communication.

Coordination in Plants

→ There are three types of movements in plants.

(i) Independent of growth

(ii) Dependent on growth

Independent of growth

→ Independent growth has immediate response to the stimulus.

• Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information

from cell to cell.

• For movement to happen, cells change their shape by changing

the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking of
cells.

Example: Drooping of leaves of ‘Touch-me-not’ plant on touching

it.

Dependent on growth

→ These movements are tropic movements i.e., directional

movements in response to stimulus.

• Tendrils: The part of tendril away from the object grows more
rapidly as compared to the part near the object. This causes
circulating of tendril around the object.

• Phototropism: Movement towards light.

• Geotropism: Movement towards/away from gravity.

• Chemotropism: Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.

• Hydrotropism : Movement towards water.

Plant Hormones

→ These are chemical compounds which help to coordinate

growth, development and responses to the environment.

→ Main plant hormones are:

• Auxin: This hormones synthesized at shoot tip. It helps the cells

to grow longer and involved in phototropism (response towards
light).

• Gibberellin : It helps in the growth of the stem.

• Cytokinins: It promotes cell division. This is present in greater
concentration in fruits and seeds

• Abscisic Acid: It inhibits growth. It also cause wilting of leaves

and also known as stress hormone.

Hormones in Animals

→ Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate the

activities of living organisms and also their growth.

• Endocrine glands : These glands secrete their product

(hormone) into the blood and the main organ for releasing the
hormones.
• The list of endocrine gland with the hormones names and their
functions are given below:

(i) Thyroxine: This hormone is secreted by Thyroid. The Thyroid

is located in Neck/Throat region. It regulates the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

(ii) Growth hormones: This is secreted by Pituitary (master

gland). This gland is located in Mid-brain. It regulates growth and
development.

(iii) Adrenaline: This hormone is secreted by Adrenal. The

adrenal gland is located above both kidneys. It regulates blood
pressure (increasing), heart beat, carbohydrate metabolism
(during emergency).

(iv) Insulin: This hormone is secreted by Pancreas. The pancreas

is located below stomach. It reduces and regulates blood sugar
level.
(v) Sex hormones:
(a) Testosteron in males: This hormone is secreted by testis. The
testis is located in genital area. Its changes associated with
puberty (Sexual maturity).

(b) Estrogen in females: This hormone is secreted by Ovaries. The

ovaries are located in lower abdomen area. Its changes
associated with puberty (Sexual maturity).

Importance of iodine

Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential part

of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Thyroxine
regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. So, we
must consume iodised salt which is necessary for proper working
of thyroid gland. It’s deficiency causes a disease called goiter
(Swollen neck).

Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar level increases.

Cause of Diabetes

The disease is caused due to the deficiency of insulin hormone

secreted by pancreas that is responsible to control blood sugar
levels.

Treatment of Diabetes

Injections of insulin hormone can help in the treatment of

diabetes.

Feedback Mechanism
→ The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect on
our body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones
should be secreted in precise quantity and at right time.

Example: Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in blood

is as follows: