Page no.

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Ques) What is control and coordination?

Ans) Control and coordination are the processes that help living organisms to control
their body activities and respond to changes around them.
In animals such control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular
tissues..
ANIMALS- NERVOUS SYSTEM
• All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips
of some nerve cells .
QUES- WHAT IS MEANT BY RECEPTORS IN HUMAN BODY? (CBSE
2018,2020,2023,2024)
• Ii) Name any 4 types of receptors .
• RECEPTORS :- Receptors are specialised cells located in sense organs and
receives stimulus from external environment. It helps in initiating the
transmission of impulses through sensory neurons
Receptors are of five types
1. PHOTORECEPTORS -: (FOR DETECTING LIGHT ) EX- EYES
2. PHONORECEPTERS-: (FOR DETECTING SOUND ) EX- EARS
3. GUSTATORYRECEPTORS:-(FOR DETECTING TASTE ) EX TONGUE
4. THIGMO RECEPTORS :- (FOR THE STIMULI OF TOUCH ) EX- SKIN
5. OLFACTORY RECEPTORS :- (FOR DETECTING SMELLS ) EX- NOSE

 FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM -

i. The nervous system gets information from the world
around us
ii. It collects information from different parts of our body
iii. It helps us to make decisions and control our muscles
and glands
 The structural and functional unit of nervous system is the
Neuron
 The nervous tissue is made up of an organised network of
nerve cells or neurons and is specialised for conducting
information via electrical impulses from one part of the
body to another.
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STIMULI
The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond is called stimuli
such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc..

 NEURON-- longest cell in human body …..

QUES) Dra a diagram of neuron and label its parts
i. Where information is acquired
ii. Through which information travels as an electric impulse , and
iii. Where the electric impulse must be converted into a chemical signal ?(CBSE
2018,2019)

 Neuron is the longest cell of the body .(varies in shape and size)
 These carries messages in the form of of an electrical signal called nerve
impulse
PARTS OF NEURON
 Dendrite - it acquires information
 Cell body - the information, acquired at the end of dendritic tip of a
nerve cell , sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical
impulse travels from the dendrite to cell body .
 Axon - it is the longest fiber of the body .it transmits electrical
impulse from cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
 Nerve ending - send electrical signals to other neuron .
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WORKING OF A NEURON -
1. The neuron gets information from receptors as an
electrical signal at the start of its dendrite.
2. This signal travels from the dendrite to the
cell body and then all the way to the tip of the
axon
3. Between two neurons, there's a small gap known
as a synapse. Special chemicals bridge this gap
to transmit the same signal trigger the release
of these chemicals

Synapse
It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron
and dendrite of other neuron. Here , electrical signal is
converted into chemical signal for onward transmission
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION -
JUNCTION BETWEEN NERVE ENDING OF A MOTOR
NEURON AND MUSCLES IS KNOWN AS
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

The chemicals released from the tip of a neuron's axon

traverse the synapse or neuromuscular junction to
connect with next neuron
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REFLEX ACTIONS
Thinking is a complex activity , so it is bound
to involve a complicated interaction of many
nerve impulses from many neurons .

 The process of detecting the signal or the

input and responding to it by an output action
that might be completed quickly. Such a
connection is commonly called a reflex arc
 Nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle
in the spinal cord on their way to brain .
 Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord
itself.

STIMULUS RECEPTOR ORGAN

REFLEX ARC
SPINAL CORD

RESPONSE EFFECTOR ORGAN MOTOR NERVE

PAGE NO 5

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BRAIN

The central nervous system -
It consists of brain and spinal cord
The brain is the complex organ that controls most of the body's
functions , including awareness, movements , thinking , speech and
five senses

• Spinal cord is made up of nerves which supply information

to think about .

• Brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous

system . They receive information from all the parts of
the body and integrate it .

• The brain also has to send messages to muscles. The

communication between the central nervous system and the
other parts of the body is facilitated by peripheral
nervous system consisting of cranial nerves arising from
brain and spinal nerves arising from spinal cord.
PAGE 6 HUMAN BRAIN

The cranium bony box protects our brain .

The brain has three major parts namely- fore-brain, mid-
brain and hind brain .
1.The fore-brain(largest part):- it is the main thinking
part of the brain.
• (Cerebrum) It receive sensory impulses from various
receptors (hearing , smell , sight interpretation etc.it
controls all the voluntary motor actions
2. Mid brain:- it connects the fore brain with the hind brain
- Controls involuntary actions
- This part helps in changing the size of pupil in our eyes
- Controls reflex movements of head and neck.
3. Hind brain :- controls involuntary actions as like mid
brain
 It has three parts
- Pons: it regulates breathing , sleep cycle facial
expression etc
- Medulla: many involuntary actions like blood pressure,
salivation, vomiting are controlled by medulla .
- Cerebellum: it is responsible for precision of voluntary
actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the
body.
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How are these tissues or brain

protected ?
 Inside the bony box/cranium brane is contained in
a fluid-filled(cerebro spinal fluid balloon which
provides further shock absorption.
 The middle of our back we feel a hard bumpy
structure called vertebral column or backbone that
protects the spinal cord.
How does the nervous tissue cause
action?
 Our nervous system gather information through
sense organs and acts through our muscles
 Muscle cells have special proteins that change their
shape and their arrangement in the cell in response
to the nervous electrochemical impulses.
 Difference between voluntary and involuntary
actions :


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• Plants do not have nervous system and muscles

• Control and coordination in plants are carried
out by hormones .
• Plants show 2 different types of movement
 Dependent on growth
 Independent on growth
 Independent on growth
 Immediate response to stimuli .
- Plants cells changes shape by changing the
amount of water in them ,resulting in swelling
or shrinking .
- The plants also use electrical-chemical means to
convey this information from cell to cell
- For ex - drooping of leaves of touch me not
plant
Page no 9
 DEPENDENT ON GROWTH
 Phototropism: the movement of a part of a plant in
response to light is called phototropism.
1. (positive phototropism) if the part moves towards light. For
ex- shoot
2. (negative phototropism) if the part moves away from light.
for ex- root
 Geotropism: the movement of a part a plant in response to
gravity.
i. (positive geotropism) if roots move in downward direction.
ii. (negative geotropism) if stem moves in upward direction
against gravity
 Hydrotropism : the movement of a part of a plant in
response to water . For ex - roots of seedling
 Chemotropism: movement of a part of a plant in response
to chemical stimuli
A. (positive chemotropism) toward chemical
B. (negative chemotropism) away from chemical
 Thigmotropism: movement of a part of plant in response to
touch .
a. (positive thigmotropism) towards touch(movement of
tendrils around support…
b. (negative thigmotropism) away from touch .
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS PG 10
Saturday, August 23, 2025 2:03 PM

 Stimulated cells release a chemical compound

which would diffuse all around the original cell . If
the other cells around have the means to detect this
compound using special molecules on their
surfaces, then they would be able to recognize
information, and even transmit it. These hormones
are used by multicellular organisms for control and
coordination.
 Plants hormones :
1. Auxin- helps in growth of plant tissue
2. Cytokinin- promote cell division , delays ageing of
cells .
3. Gibberellins-initiates seed germination, promotes
flowering, seed growth
4. Abscisic acid - inhibits growth and causes witling of
leaves .
5. Ethylene- it is a gaseous hormones which causes
ripening of fruits.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS
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• Exocrine glands: exocrine glands release their

secretions through duct that open onto an epithelial
surface.
• Endocrine glands: these are ductless glands that
release hormones directly into bloodstream in
humans.

 Pituitary gland:- it secrets growth hormone,

 that regulates growth and development of the body .
 Deficiency of this hormone leads to dwarfism.

 Thyroid gland:- it secrets thyroxine hormone ,

 that regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat
metabolism for balance for growth.
 Iodine is essential for synthesis of thyroxin
 Deficiency of iodine causes goitre.(swollen neck)
 Sunday, August 24, 2025 12:11 PM

 Pancreas: it secrets insulin.

 Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar level .
 If insulin is not secreted in proper amount then
the blood sugar level of the body rises and can
cause diabetes .

 Adrenaline: it secrets adrenal gland .

 Adrenal gland prepares the body for emergency
situations

 Testes: it secrets testosterone

 Testosterone helps in puberty and development
in male sex organs

 Ovaries: it secrets oestrogen

 It helps in development of female sex organs .

1. Hypothalamus: it secrets releasing hormones .

• It plays an important role in release of many
hormones. For example when level of growth
hormone is low, the hypothalamus release
growth hormone releasing factor which
stimulates the pituitary growth hormone.
Sunday, August 24, 2025 12:09 PM

Feedback mechanism: the timing and amount of

hormone is released are regulated by feedback
mechanism.
For example: if the sugar levels in the blood rise, they
are detected by the cells of the pancreas which
respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar
level fa;;s , insulin secretion is reduced .
QUES) how is adrenaline helps in dealing emergency
situations ?
Ans) adrenaline is secreted directly into the blood and
carried to different parts of the body. The target
organs or the specific tissues on which it acts include
the heart. As a result , the heart beats faster, resulting
in supply of more oxygen to our muscles . The blood to
the digestive system and skin is reduced due to
contraction of muscles around small arteries in these
organs . This diverts the blood into our skeletol
muscles . The breathing rate also increases because of
the contractions of the body and the rib muscles > all
these responses together enable the body to deal with
emergency situations.