Control and co-ordination
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CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION
Control
it is the power of restrain and regulation by which
something can be started, slowed down, stopped
Coordination
it is orderly or harmonious working of different but
inter-related parts so as to perform one or more
activities very smoothly.
Animal - nervous system
All information from our environment is
detected by the specialised tips of nerve cells.
Stimulus- is an agent, factor, chemical or change
in external / internal environment which brings
about a reaction in the organism.
Response – is the reaction of the organism to a
stimulus.
Animal - nervous system
Receptor – are cells, Effectors – are muscles,
tissue and organs which glands, tissues or cells
are capable of receiving which act in response to
particular stimuli and a message received from
initiate impulses to be the nervous system.
picked up by sensory
nerves.
Gustatory receptor –
Taste
Olfactory receptor - Smell
Nerve cell
Neuron
q Cyton Axon
Dendrites.
/ cell body
q Impulse – is self
propagated electrical
current that travels from
one end to another end
of a neuron for the
passage of a message .
Nerve cell
Neuron
q Cyton Axon
Dendrites.
/ cell body
q Impulse – is self
propagated electrical
current that travels from
one end to another end
of a neuron for the
passage of a message .
Nerve cell
PASSAGE OF IMPULSE
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Axon terminal
Nerve cell
• Synapse
It is a narrow gap
containing communicating
junction between two
neurons where an axon
terminal comes in near
contact with dendrite
terminal of next neuron.
• Neuromuscular junction
At the end of the axon,
the electrical impulse sets
off the release of some
chemicals.
Questions
1. All the information of our environment is detected by specialised tip of some
nerve cells. Mention the name given to such tips and also mention where
they are located.
Ø. Receptors.
. Receptors are located in sense organs- like skin, inner nose, tongue.
2. What is the need for a system of control & coordination in an organism?
Ø. The body of a multicellular organism consists of a number of components &
sub-components , each specialised to perform a particular function all the
time at the same speed. A system of controls is required to allow them to
perform or not to perform , slow down or speed up their working. Further,
most activities require the simultaneous of a number of parts, stopping some
and stimulating others. Example- During feeding, eyes locate the food, nose
registers its smell, hands pick up the food and take it to mouth. All this is
possible only through a system of coordination.
Questions
3. The gap between two neurons is called __________
4. i. Label the parts of the given neuron.
ii. Which part acquires the information in the neuron?
iii. Through which part does the information travel?
iv. In what form does this information travel?
v. Where is the impulse converted into a chemical signal for
onward transmission?
5. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti?
6. Mention the part of the body where gustatory & olfactory
receptors are located.
Questions
7. What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses?
a.
b.
REFLEX ACTION
A automatic or immediate response to a sensory
stimulus which is not under conscious control.
Some reflex action are inborn and others are learnt.
Inborn reflex are inherited and need not to be
learnt.
CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
LEARNT REFLEX
Learnt reflex are actions which have to be learnt before they
become automatic.
REFLEX ARC
In a reflex action the path taken by the message is known as reflex arc
.
EXAMPLE OF REFLEX ACTION
When a person touches a hot object.
A pain in sensitive cell in his finger tip detects the heat
stimulus.
Triggers off the nerve impulse.
From here the impulse travels along the sensory nerve to the
spinal cord.
EXAMPLE OF REFLEX ACTION
The message is processed and the response is generated in the spinal
cord itself.
Then this response travel down through a motor nerve to the muscles of
the arm.
The muscle of the arm receives the response, and his arm muscle
contract lifting the person’s finger away from the hot object.
SIGNIFICANCE OF REFLEX
ACTION
It avoids overloading of brain.
It results in quick response otherwise the thinking process of brain
may take time and delay the response which may harm the
animal.
HUMAN BRAIN
It is the widest and the uppermost part of central nervous system(CNS)
weighs 1.5 kg .
The brain and the spinal cord constitute the CNS.
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Human Brain
Neurons
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous
System
(CNS) (PNS)
HUMAN BRAIN
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
(CNS) SYSTEM
Neural Nerve Network-
(PNS) (outside
Neural organs-
the brain & spinal cord)
Brains & Spinal cord Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves,
Responsible for processing of Visceral nerves.
information. Responsible for distribution of
It has a controlling centre-Brain. information.
It does not have a controlling
centre
HUMAN BRAIN
CNS Generates impulses
PNS Distributes these impulses to body parts.
PNS Transmit information from body parts to CNS
CNS Processes the information received.
Hence we can conclude CNS &PNS are dependent on each other.
HUMAN BRAIN PARTS
Fore brain
Mid brain
Hind brain
FORE BRAIN
It is the main thinking part of the brain - Cerebrum
It has regions which receive sensory impulses from various
receptors
Separate area of fore brain are specialized for hearing, smell, sight
etc.
FORE BRAIN
There are separate areas of association where this sensory
information is interpreted by putting it together with information
from other receptors as well as with information that is already
stored in the brain.
FORE BRAIN
Based on all this, a decision is made about how to respond and
the information is passed on to the motor area.
MID BRAIN & HIND BRAIN
All the involuntary actions.
Small brain- Cerebellum
Responsible for voluntary action & maintaining the posture, body balance.
HIND BRAIN
PROTECTION OF BRAIN
It is a delicate organ, important for variety of activities, needs to be carefully
protected.
brain- bony box Skull
Skull has fluid- Cerebrospinal fluid which is called the shock absorber.
Vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
NERVOUS TISSUE CAUSING AN
The nervous system collects information, processes the same, makes decision and
convey the decision to particular muscle fibre through axon terminals of motor neurons
ACTION
for action.
In other words, the final job of nervous action is carried out by muscular tissue.
Muscle cells have special proteins that change their shape so that they shorten.
QUESTIONS
Which part of the brain controls posture and balance of the body?
Mention the function of Hind brain in the humans.
Name the two components of Central nervous system in humans.
Name the three major regions of human brain.
Choose involuntary actions, amongst the following:
Reading, Beating of heart, Salivation in the mouth on viewing tasty food, talking.
Write the function of the following:
a. Sensory neuron b. Cranium c. Vertebral column d. Motor neuron
which part of the brain controls involuntary actions?
How is brain protected from injury and shock?
Neither have a nervous System nor Muscles
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Touch me not plant (Mimosa Pudica) they begin to fold up and droop.
During Seed Germination
PLANTS SHOW TWO DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Independent Of Growth Dependent On Growth
Independent Of Growth
Mimosa Pudica
When we touch the leaves of the plant, immediately shrinks and folds the
leaves.
Again when we shake it opens the leaves
Quick response to stimuli (leaves move in response to touch)
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO STIMULUS
Mimosa Pudica
If we observe carefully, the point where we touch is different from the
point where movement happens.
Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey this information from
cell to cell.
Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them,
resulting in swelling / shrinking.
PLANTS SHOW TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MOVEMENT
Independent Of Growth Dependent On Growth
DEPENDENT ON GROWTH
Movement of plants depends on growth.
These movements also called as Tropic Movement, which are
slow and the movement is towards or away from the stimulus.
Example
Growth of Tendril of pea plant
Growth Of Tendril Of Pea Plant
Tendrils are thin thread like structures on stems or leaves help
in climbing.
if the part of the tendril is in contact with any object, the
tendril to circle around the object and cling to it.
Growth is slow which is not so rapid as part of the tendril
away from the object.
TROPISM
Movement of plants due to light -----
Phototropism.
Movement of plants in response to the force of gravity-----
Geotropism.
movement of plant in the direction of a solid that touches ----------
Thigmotropism.
Movement of plant in response to the stimulus of water --------
Hydrotropism
Movement of Pollen tube towards Ovule----------
Chemotropism
PLANT HORMONES
Plant growth regulators / Plant hormones
They secret chemicals in plants, which helps to coordinate growth
development response to environment.
They are synthesized at places away from where they act diffuse to the
area of action.
TYPES OF PLANT HORMONES
Plant Hormones
Growth Promoters Growth
Inhibitor
AUXINS
GIBBERLLINS ABSCISIC ACID
CYTOKININS
AUXINS
It is synthesized in the tip of the shoot.
Cells grow longer due to auxins which help plant to
grow.
If light falls on one side of the plant, auxin diffuses
to shady side of shoot.
The concentration of auxins promotes cell enlargement in the
shady region, but the plant appears to bend towards light.
Cell elongation and cell differentiation takes towards light
AUXINS
GIBBERLLINS
It helps in growth of the stem to increase
internode.
CYTOKININS
Promotes cell division.
Present in area where there is a rapid cell division.
Promotes in opening of stomata
ABSCISIC ACID
Inhibits growth or signal to stop and seed germination
Wilting of leaves/ drooping of leaves
