Nyei|5 ie Control Coordination PRASHANT KIRADPRASHANT KIRAD ___ NERVOUS SYSTEM: ——————__- The nervous system is like the control center of our bodies, It's made up of special tissues called nervous tissue. The worker in this system is the nerve cell or neuron. The nervous system is mainly in charge of managing and coordinating things in complex animals. Functions of the nervous system: 1. The nervous system gets information from the world around us. 2.It collects information from different parts of our body. 3.It helps us make decisions and control our muscles and glands. Neuren or Nerve cell: Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses. < r EXAM MEI AYEGA! Dendnite Myelin sheath Nucleus Call body (Cyton) Structure of a neuron The cell body, or cyton, is the main rounded part of the neuron where you find the central nucleus and cytoplasm. * Dendrites are like the tree branches of the neuron’s cell body. They receive and pass on signals or messages. © The axon is the neuron's long part that carries messages away from the cell body. It's protected by a covering called the myelin sheath, * Nerve endings are like tiny branches at the ends of neurons, and they send electrical signals to other neurons.PRASHANT KIRAD _y ee 1. The neuron gets information from receptors as an electrical signal at the start of its dendrite. 2. This signal travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then all the way to the tip of the axon. 3. Between two neurons, there's a small gap known as a synapse. Special chemicals bridge this gap to transmit the same signal to the next neuron. 4.At the end of the axon, electrical signals trigger the release of these chemicals. A synapse is where the end branches of one neuron's axon connect with the dendrite of another neuron. Working of a neuron: ¢ Transmission of nerve impulse?.Nerve impulses travel in the following manner from one neutron to the next. Dendrites ~> cell body > axon > nerve endings at the tip of axon > synapse > dendrite of next neuron, The chemicals released from the tip of a neuron's axon traverse the synapse or neuromuscular junction to connect with the adjacent cell. ececceeccePRASHANT KIRAD EMA FECENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) — The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions, while the spinal cord relays signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. cerebrum Human brain: corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland cerebellum brain stem spinal cord IT SERVES AS THE CENTRAL COORDINATION HUB OF THE BODY, EMPOWERING AN ORGANISM TO BOTH THINK AND ACT. Three Regions of Brain ¢——_s——_ EXAM MEI AYEGA * Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum. * Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus * Hind-brain: Itis composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata. Forebrain: The largest and primary cognitive region of the brain responsible for receiving sensory impulses. Its components include: 1.Cerebrum: Shaped like a dome, it serves as the brain's uppermost structure and functions as the primary thinking center. Responsible for tasks such as reasoning, speech, and information processing. + The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions: * It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions. * It is the seat of learning and memory.PRASHANT KIRAD 2. Lobes * Frontal- controls voluntary movements of muscles, memory, and speech. Parietal- a sense of touch and taste. + Temporal- a sense of smell and hearing. ~— EMA * Occipital- a sense of vision Midbrain: The inclusion of the hypothalamus defines its composition. Hypothalamus: It lies at the base of the cerebrum. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking. It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body. Hindbrain: Serving as the link between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain, it consists of three distinct parts. 1. Cerebellum: It's under the cerebrum and, does three main things: ¢ helps you move * keeps you balanced * manages things you do on purpose 2.Medulla: It's the brain stem, found at the bottom of the brain and stretching into the spinal cord. It handles things our body does automatically, like hearing, heartbeats, breathing, and actions like salivating and vomiting. 3.Pons: * It also controls involuntary actions. ¢ It regulates respiration Spinal Cord: It manages quick reflex actions and sends messages between the body and the brain.PRASHANT KIRAD FE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: <—/— "4 The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves. We have 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain to the head's organs. Additionally, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that come out of the spinal cord and connect to organs below the head. * Cranial Nerves: Originate from the brain and extend throughout the head. + Spinal Nerves: Arise from the spinal cord and extend throughout the body, excluding the head * Visceral Nerves: Emerge from the spinal cord and establish connections with internal organs. Reflex Action: A rapid, sudden, and immediate bodily response to a stimulus. Examples include the knee jerk and withdrawing the hand upon touching»an.object. Reflex Arc: The route traveled, by nerve impulses during a reflex action is known as a reflex arc. HEAT --> RECEPTORS --> SPINAL-ORGAN --> EFFECTOR ORGAN --> RESPONSE (sTiMULUS) (SKIND ‘musctes) (Wann wiTaoRAW Message to brain a Spinal cord ‘Sensory neuron Receptors = HeatPain, Relay neuron Sqnmeaia 4 Effector = Muscle in arm THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES: + Voluntary Actions: Governed by the forebrain, Examples include talking and writing + Involuntary Actions: Regulated by the mid and hind brain. Examples encompass heartbeat, vomiting, and respiration + Reflex Actions: Orchestrated by the spinal cord. An instance is the withdrawal of a hand upon touching a hot object.PRASHANT KIRAD 1.The two glands A and B which occur in pairs are present in endocrine system. The pair of glands A is found only in females whereas the pair of glands B occur only in males. The gland A make and secrete hormone C whereas gland B make and secrete hormone E. In addition to hormone, gland A makes gamete F whereas gland B makes gamete G. a. What are glands A and B? b. Name the hormone C and E c. Name the gamete F and 6. @)«. glands A - ovaries B-testes b. Hormone C - oestrogen E-testosterone c. The gamete F - ova G-sperms 2.Tendrils encircle or coil around the object in contact with it. Elaborate. © Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with any support; the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus, cling to it. 3.Write two differences between the response of the plants and response of the animals to stimuli? © Plants Animals . No specific or No specific or specialized tissue specialized tissue present for conduction present for conduction of information. of information. * Plant cells change Specialised proteins shape by changing the are found in muscle amount of water in cells which help in them. changing the shape.PRASHANT KIRAD Fé coorDINA TION IN PLANT. Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones. Plant Hormones Functions Auxin Helps in the growth of plant tissues Cytoki Promotes cell division, delays ageing of cells Gibberellins Facilitates stem growth, triggers seed germination, stimulates flowering, supports cell division, and fosters seed development post- germination. Abscisic acid Suppresses growth, induces wilting of leaves, encourages bud and seed dormancy. Ethylene This is a gas hormone’responsible for fruit ripening. Growth IndependentsMovements: «_/_ as Movements unrelated to growth are termed nastic movements. These responses occur due to environmental stimuli, but the direction of the.response is not determined by the direction of the stimulus. The movement in the touch-me-ot plant is thigmonastic movement (movement in response to tose). ¢ Plant Movements Associated with Growth: Growth-related movements are referred to as tropic movements. These responses occur in reaction to environmental stimuli, and the direction of the response is influenced by the direction of the stimulus EMA Phototropic movement (light-dependent) J Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent) Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent) Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent) Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent)PRASHANT KIRAD Geotropism: The response of plant parts to , the Earth's gravitational force is ) Formed geotrpiam or a gravitropism. Positive geotropism refers to growth towards gravity, while negative geotropism involves growth away from gravity. Roots exhibit positive geotropism by growing towards gravity, while shoots display negative geotropism by growing away from gravity Phototropism: The response of plant parts to light is termed phototropism. U Positive phototropism involves movement towards light, while negative phototropism entails movement away from light. Stems exhibit positive phototropism by moving towards the light, while roots demonstrate negative phototropism by moving away from the light +, Hydrotropism: Movement of plant parts in aw response to water or moisture. Positive hydrotropism itivolves movement towards water, while negative hydrotropism entails movement away from water. Root movement in search of water is an example of positive hydrotropism, as seen in the movement of roots towards areas with high humidity. Chemotropism: The response of plant parts to chemical stimuli is termed chemotropism. Positive chemotropism involves movement towards a chemical stimulus, while negative chemotropism entails movement away from a chemical stimulus. The growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule exemplifies positive chemotropism. Thigmotropism:Movement of plant parts in response to touch is called as thigmotropism. Positive thigmotropism involves movement towards touch, while negative thigmotropism entails movement away from touch. The movement of tendrils around a support is an example of positive thigmotropism.PRASHANT KIRAD THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM # exam mer aveca! ¢ Exocrine Glands: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts that open onto an epithelial surface. ¢ Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream in humans. In the human body, notable endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovary (female), testis (male), and others. Now, let's delve into each gland to learn more, Thyroid gland —+69 Bs Thymus ‘Adrenal gland oe Pancreas y2— ovary Testis ——-f ¢ Pituitary Gland: + Pea-sized gland situated at the base of the brain + Functions as the master gland, overseeing the secretions of all other endocrine glands Produces Growth Hormone (GH) Insufficient GH secretion results in Dwarfism Excessive GH secretion leads to Gigantism in children Excessive GH in adults causes ‘Acromegaly'PRASHANT KIRAD ¢ Thyroid Gland: Butterfly-shaped gland in the throat Secretes the hormone ‘Thyroxine,’ which regulates body metabolism Requires iodine for thyroxine synthesis in the body Iodine deficiency results in under-secretion of thyroxine Under-secretion of thyroxine causes goitre Pancreas: ¢ Leaf-like gland located behind the stomach in the abdomen Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Endocrine function involves the production of two hormones: Insulin and glucagon Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to regulate blood sugar levels Exocrine function includes the secretion of enzymes to break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food Insufficient insulin production from the pancreas results in diabetes Adrenal Gland? Present in pairs above each kidney Size decreases with age Secretes adrenaline, a hormone facilitating the flight and fight response Additionally secretes noradrenaline Gonads: Gonads are gamete-producing organs: testes in males, ovaries in females Testes produce testosterone (male hormone), while ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone (female hormones) Testosterone and oestrogen contribute to gamete production and influence the sexual characteristics of males and females, respectively Progesterone serves as the pregnancy hormone