Control and Co-ordination in Plants Concepts Covered Tropic movements in plants, Gina stu y a iorGiuCb rat Cnty i=. Oates roivction away from light (negatively phototropic). All the living organisms respond and react to the (ii) Geotropism: Movement towards gravit changes that happen in the environment around €.g., Roots of a plant are positively geotrop tee while shoots of a plant are negative - The changes in the environment to which the Beotropic. otropism: | Movement __towarc organisms respond and react are called stimuli such aslight, heat, cold, smell, touch, etc. —chemiaals, ¢& croc polea i > Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a (iv) Hydrotropism: different manner. > lant Movements: The movements of the individual Plant parts or organs of a plant like shoot, root, etc, eyo are due to some external stimuli like light, force of Bravity, chemical substance, water, etc. Tropic Movement: It is the directional growth ‘Movement of a plant organ in response to an external water. jovement _ independent ‘of growth} | These are immediate response to stimulus. e.g., Drooping of leaves of "Touch me not stimulus. Growth towards the stimulus is positive plant’ on touching it. Thisis, tropism and growth away from the stimulus is known as thigmotropis: negative tropism. ts show two different types of movement: Comrade ae (eis (A) Movement dependent on growth: It is of four Thermotropism is a type of growth movement in plants in response to temperature, eg., seedlings | curve towards warm side. @ Phototropism{ Growth movements of plants towards light/-g,, shoots bend toward light (positively phototropic) and roots move> Plant Hormones: They are the chemical compounds produced naturally in plants which control the growth and other physiological functions’ at a site, Promotes cell division. Present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds. far away from the place of secretion are called plant hormones or phytohormones.. They are required in very small amount and help to coordinate growth, Acid Cause wilting of leaves. Abscisic | Inhibits growth. Also called as Stress hormone. development and responses to the environment. (onc snvauierask Hormones: They are the chemical substances which co-ordinate and control the activities of li ing organisms and also their growth. They are func- tional in small concentration at the remote site from their production. > Main plant hormones are: Synthesized at shoot tip. Helps the cells to grow longer. Involved in tropic movements of tants. Helps in the growth of the stem. Psychiat) Peek ees Q.1. Which of the following is a plant hormone? (A) Insulin (B) Oestrogen fcvTayroxine —_iiBLCVOS ‘A gaseous hormone which helps in’ artificial ripening of fruits. Ethylene (H,C=CH,) = Promotes senescence and abscission of leaves. ‘Concept: Plant Hormone \ Mnemonics: A CAGE } Interpretations: A- Auxins C- Cytokinins + A- ABA (Abscisic Acid) \ G-Gibberellins \ E-Ethylene (Amark each) ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: The movement of a plant par response to light is called phototropist. Q.4.The growth of pollen tubes towards ovull due to: (A)Hydrotropism —_(B) Chemotropism (©) Geotropism (D) Phototropism @) TBINCERT Exe(iv) Root 5 ements: W) ter sorting een fo, movemen . Petri dish having moisture, tal stimulus, 7 TCUSE Marking Setieme orien ‘ otropism),, ae temperature, ‘This shows that a pla have muscle cells, It is necessary to write all the steps of experiment in proper sequence. Control and/Co-ordination in Animals ese OPIC~2 | concepta Covered - Nervous System, «Voluntary and involuntary action, Roe Crea einen Ep lieccennee Control and coordination is brought about in all as an electrical impulse. animals with the help of two main systems: (i) Dendrite: The hair like structure prosués system and Endo out from margins of cell body is called dendrite va impulses. > Nervous system: receives the nerve imp' Tissues that receives the stimulus and transmits it to, (iii AxonsItis the longest fiber on the cell body: Iter other parts ofthe body forming a network of nerves| ‘IW, Severs! hrs Iie Siri’ getariny It is involved in receiving information (sensation) fansite electrical impulse from | hielo and generating responses to that information (motor cell body to dendrite of next response), ewan P A typical neuron consists of following parts: (iv) Myelin sheath: It is an Cyton or Cell body: It is star shaped which jnaulator covered around. the contains nucletis with abundant cytoplasm called axon. neuroplasm. The information acquired by it travels © These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapteree 6 iy Synapse: I the point of conn beeen roi aiid “dehdrite ‘of ding of one fhe nerve en ier neuron. This the par where clecitical signal” gM Comverted Into chemical signal for onvward inission to next neuron. Dendrite trans! Nucleus ‘Structure of a Neuron tant term: “rehemical synapse formed by the contact between MSnotor neuron and a muscle fiber is called a Seuromuscularjunction Fenetioning.of neuron Dendrites —> Cell body — ‘Kxon > Nerve endings at the tip of axon -> Synapse “Dena of next neuron Thé units which make up the nervous system are called nerve cells or neurons. The receptors pass the information to the brain treough a type of nerve cells called sensory neurons. Motor neurons transmits the information from the sr to the effector organs, mainly muscles and glands. Nerve Impulse: It is the information in the form A cheaical and electrical signals passing through Impor v v v Stimulus —> Receptor Organ. b> Stimulus and Response: Stimulus is an observable > or detectable change in the external or internal environment to which an organism reacts while response is the final reaction after reflex action. ce) Mnemonics ‘Concept: Reflex Arc Mnemonics: RACEE Interpretations: R: Receptor {ferent or Sensory Nerve ‘entre (Brain or Spinal cord) E: Efferent or Motor Nerve Effector | ' (kin) | eg, Heat | Response —> _ Effector Organ. 1s (Muscles) | | eg. withdrawal | ofhand CONTROL AND co-orpiNATiON [RF neurons, These impulses are carried by dendrites towards the cell body. Key Words Neurons are structural and functional unit of ner- vous system, Receptors are the chemical structures made up of proteins that receive signals from both external and {internal environment. Sensory neurons: The neurons which transmit impulses towards central nervous system. Synapse: The point of contact between the ter branches of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of another neuron is called synapse. -Yoluntary. Action: These are the actions which need thinking and are performed knowingly i.e, these are controlled by conscious thought. e.g. speaking to a friend, writing a letter etc. Involuntary Action: These are not under the control ‘of the willof an individual and are automatic response toastimulus which isnot under the voluntary control of the brain, It occurs without the conscious choice of an organism. eg,: Touching a hot plate unknowingly. _ Reflex action: It is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus. eg, Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object. > _Reflex_arc: The pathway through which nerve impulse passes during reflex action is called reflex arc. ie, itis a pathway through which the reflex action Spinal Cord fesponses are of three main types: fa) Voluntary: Controlled by forebrain for eg, talking, writing, () Involuntary: Controlled by mid and hind brain for eg,, heartbeat, vomiting, respiration. (©) Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord for e.g., withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object. Need of Reflex Actions: In some situations such ~ gs touching a hot object; pinching, etc., we need to act quickly, otherwise our body would be harmed. Hence, this response is generated from spinal cord instead of brain. Human nervous system: The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral “nervous system (PNS). ‘Ea _ nme aia o ‘Oswanl CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Clnan-x > Human brain is the main ct Human Nervous System + Central Nervor _comfetnen So ssn (CNS) (NS) (Spinal Nerves : “Arise from the ‘spinal cord) Brain Spinal Cord (Cranial Nerves: ‘Arise from the brain) ary act coordinating centre of the rts; Forebrain, midbrain (b)_Mid-brain: Contr 1s involunt Find-brain: Ithas three Pa" Cerebell wrecision of body. It has three major and hind brai pails (a)_Fore-braint It is the m Part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum: Penin functions of forebrain are as follow’ fi) Main thinking part of the brain: iy Control ithe voluntary actions. Gi) Stores information (memory). from various > There are 31 pairs o Liv) Receives sensory impulses parts of the body and integrate ‘anial nerves in humans: eal structure and a part of (2) leis the centre associated ‘with hunget \-“The brain is protected by the skull called the > is a oy . cranium and is ‘surrounded by three membranes ral itis made up of nervous Zalled the meninges. tissue that fa oblongata in the rain stem to th Jon of vertebral column, It functions prim ve transmission of nere ost complex or specialized ‘The spi spinal nerves and 12 Pars of e lumbar re} arily in thi Signals. | The space bet ig filled with a fluid signals. 3 rai Endocrine _system™ Endocrine system compris CSP). The a Endocrine glands and resecretion is called Hormones or emical messengers secreted ity ‘d tissue called ducts Cerebro-s shock absorber, re ts by specialize moun organs wih in CSE which ai in gking the brain neutrally ‘buoyant. i ia rai small a! Pon and mid brain glands. They act fon target tissue 1 Medulla oblongate, PPT + Cittectively called the brain stem. stan rom their SOUT land which controls iat the nervor Pituitary glands all other endocrine Jus system in control 2 s the master gl: glands. () Releasing i) Growth mones rowth hormone (GH) Controls grow! gigantism. ‘Adrenaline Increase alertness, Nor adrenaline Filation, piloerection” | (iil) Corticoids and heart ‘beat. 5a | Pancreas }CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION Fa precise quantities. Its hypo (less) or hyper (more) Secretion may lead to different disorders. For example: {a) Dwarfism: Hyposecretion (Deficiency) of growth hormone causes a disease called dwarfism Gigantism: Hypersecretion of growth hormone ©) Gives a disease called giganilam or excessive rth, ; (0 Goitre: Deficiency of iodine causes a disease called goitre. Importance of iodine: Thyroid gland needs iodine to make thyroxine, Which helps in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (ii) Glucagon Maintains glucose levels, os - stimulates gluconeogenesis 6.) Testis (i): Testosterone Plays a role in development of i Fe in development of | Male body tissues | {i) Androgens male reproductive ssucs and co promotes secondary sexual characters in male. 7 | Ovary @ Estrogen ‘Helpsin development of female | Female body tissues _ secondary sexual characters. Support pregnancy, (ii) Progesterone > Hormonal Disorders: All hormones are secreted in (@) Diabetes: Deficiency of insulin hormone causes diabetes. Diabetes can be treated by injecting insulin hormone in the patient's body. D> Feedback mechanisms: The excess or deficiency of hormones havé @ harmful effect on our body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones are secreted in precise quantities and at the right time. For example, blood is detected by the cells of the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.