CLASS : X

SUBJECT : SCIENCE
LESSON : CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
 Coordination
• There are various organ system in all
living organisms carrying out various
physiological process. These organ
systems cannot work
independently. Working together of
all these systems is called
coordination.
TYPES OF COORDINATION

Coordination is mainly of two

types:
Chemical coordination : In both
plants and animals.
Nervous coordination : In animals
only except sponges (Porifera)
 STIMULI

The changes in the environment

to which the organisms respond
and react are called stimuli and
response to stimuli is one of the
important character of living
organisms.
 Animals : Nervous system
Nervous system is the most important
rather essential for regulation and control
and coordination of body functions. It
makes possible, a range of adaptive
responses to changes (stimuli) in the
environment in the interest of individuals.
This system helps the individual to
respond in a coordinated manner to
environmental changes, to control various
movements and to prolong life.
STRUCTURE AND WORKING OF
NERVE CELL: NEURON
Each nerve cell consist of two parts:
1. Cell body or Cyton
2. Axon
⮚ Cyton of neuron vary in shape and size.
⮚ Presence of prominent nucleus in the Cyton.
⮚ From the Cyton thread like structures
originated called dendrites which are helpful
in conveying the impulses towards the cell
body.
⮚ Form the Cyton there extends a long process
known as axon.
⮚Axons are surrounded by myelin sheath
which is a fatty substances.
⮚The myelin sheath is notched at regular
intervals which is called as nod of Ranvier.
⮚Two neurons are connected only by the
passage of impulse across intervening
junctions which is called synapse.
⮚The information passing through neurons
is in the form of chemical and electrical
signals called nerve impulse.
WORKING OF NEURON:
❖ Dendrites detect stimulus from the environment.
❖After receiving information at the end of dendrites
it set off a chemical reactions.
❖These chemical reactions creates an electric
impulse.
❖This impulse travel from dendrites to cell body and
finally reaches to axon endings.
❖Here electric impulse sets off the release of some
chemicals (Hormone).
❖These chemicals help in transmitting impulse across
synapse.
❖This initiates similar electrical impulse in
a dendrite of next neuron.
❖Impulse is then transferred from one
nerve cell to another.
❖Message is carried to the central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord) via sensory
nerve.
❖C.N.S recognizes the stimulus and bring
message to the muscles via motor nerve.
❖Muscles then shows response.
 REFLEX ACTION AND REFLEX
ARC
Reflex action may be defined as the
automatic or involuntary response to
a sensory stimulus. It is an automatic
response to a stimulus which is not
under the conscious control. It occurs
at the level of spinal cord.
The path through which the stimulus
passes is called a reflex arc.
 DIFFERENT RECEPTORS
⮚Photo receptors : For light (eye)
⮚Phono receptors : For sound (ear)
⮚Olfacto receptor : For smell (nose)
⮚Gustatory receptor : For taste
(tongue)
⮚Thigmo receptors : For touch (Skin)
EXAMPLES OF REFLEX ACTION

⮚Withdrawing hand away from

flame.
⮚Watering of mouth when we
are hungry.
 HUMAN BRAIN

It consists of following parts:

⮚Fore brain
⮚Mid brain
⮚Hind brain
 FORE BRAIN
It is mainly the thinking part of the
brain. Different areas of fore brain
receive sensory impulses from various
receptors of the body. These areas are
specialized for:
▪ Hearing
▪ Smell
▪ Sight
 MID BRAIN

It control reflex movement of

head, neck, trunk in response
to visual and auditory stimuli,
reflex movement of eye
muscles, change in pupil size
and shape of eye lens.
 HIND BRAIN

Blood pressure, salivation,

vomiting, swallowing,
coughing, sneezing, breathing
are controlled by the medulla
in the Hind brain.
 PARTS OF FORE BRAIN
❖CEREBRUM:
⮚ Occipital lobe (Visual)
⮚ Temporal lobe (Auditory)
⮚ Parietal lobe (Touch,smell,tempreature)
⮚ Frontal lobe (muscular activities)
❖OLFACTORY LOBE:
It consists of olfacto receptors which are the
organs of smell.
* MID BRAIN HAS NO PARTS
 PARTS OF HIND BRAIN
❖CEREBELLUM: It Control the
coordination of body movement
and posture.
❖PONS: Regulate respiration.
❖Medulla Oblongata: Control
Blood pressure, Heart beat,
Breathing, Regulates swallowing
etc.
 HOW ARE BRAIN TISSUE
PROTECTED
Brain is located inside the skull. It is
protected by the cranium a bony
box in the skull. It is covered by
three membranes called meninges.
The space between the membranes
is filled by cerebrospinal fluid which
helps in protecting the brain from
mechanical shock.
 SPINAL CORD
It is a cylindrical structure and
begins in continuation with medulla
Oblongata and extends downwards.
It is enclosed in a bony cage called
vertebral Column. It is also
surrounded by meninges. 31 pairs of
spinal nerves arises from the spinal
cord.
 FUNCTION OF BRAIN
⮚Receives information carrying
impulses from sense organ.
⮚It sends the information to the
muscles to act.
⮚It stores the information.
⮚It coordinates the activities of the
body.
 HOW DOES THE NERVOUS
TISSUE CAUSE ACTION?
Nervous tissue conveys decisions to muscles
for action. When the action or movement
is to be performed muscles tissue will do
the final job. Muscles cells have a special
type of protein called contractile protein
that changes both the shape and
arrangement of muscle cells in response
to nervous electrical impulse.
 COORDINATION IN PLANTS
In case of plants control and coordination is
governed by plant hormones called
Phytohormones or growth hormones.
Important plant hormones are:
⮚ Auxin
⮚ Gibberellins
⮚ Cytokinin
⮚ Abscisic acid
⮚ Ethylene
 AYXIN (F.W.WENT)
❖Helps in cell elongation and
differentiation.
❖Increases rate and formation of
roots.
❖Lead to phototropism.
❖Inhibits flowering and development
of lateral buds.
 GIBBERELLIN (SUMIKI &
YABUTA
❖Induces parthenocarpy.
❖It helps in breaking the
dormancy of seeds and fruits.
❖It promotes growth in fruits.
❖Lead to increase in the length of
internodes.
 CYTOKININ
❖Promotes cell division.
❖It also helps in breaking the
dormancy of seeds and buds.
❖Helps in ageing of leaves, opening
of stomata and growth of fruits.
❖Promotes resistance against very
high and low temperatures.
 ABSCISIC ACID
❖Inhibits seed germination.
❖Promotes falling of leaves, flowers
and fruit of the plant.
❖Inhibits growth.
❖Promotes dormancy of seeds and
buds.
❖Helps in closing of stomata.
 ETHYLENE
❖Leads to yellowing of leaves.
❖Helps in ripening of fruits.
❖Leads to downward bending.
❖It also helps in breaking the
dormancy of buds.
PLANT MOVEMENT(TROPISM)
The movement of plants in
the direction of stimuli ( light,
gravity, chemical, water etc. )
is called tropism. It is the
directional movement. It may
be towards the stimulus or
away from the stimulus.
 TYPES OF TROPISM
⮚Phototropism: The movement of plant
part towards the light is called
phototropism. E.g. Shoot system is +ve
phototropism and Root system is the –
ve phototropism
⮚Geotropism: The movement of plants
part towards the force of gravity is
called geotropism. E.g. Root system is
+ve geotropism and Shoot system is –ve
geotropism.
PHOTOTROPISM
PHOTOTROPISM
⮚Chemotropism: The movement of
plant part towards the chemical is
called chemotropism. E.g.
Movement of pollen tube towards
the ovule due to chemical present in
style of carpel.
⮚Hydrotropism: The movement of
plant part towards the water is
called hydrotropism. E.g. Roots go
deeper in search of water.
HYDROTROPISM
HYDROTROPISM
MOVEMENT OF INDEPENDENT
GROWTH
In ‘touch me not’ plant (Mimosa
pudica) there is no growth involved.
But the information is passed from
the point touch to other parts. In
this case change in account of water
results in shrinking or swelling of
cells and therefore their shape.
 HORMONES IN ANIMALS
Hormones are chemical substance secreted from
endocrine glands (ductless gland) and pours
directly into the blood. An organ which
responds to hormone is called target organ.
Hormones are produced at a place and act on
different places. i.e. they are transported from
the site of production to the site of action. They
are required in very small quantities and specific
in function. Chemically they are mainly proteins.
If present in less or excess amounts then they
are harmful.
VARIOUS ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND
HORMONES
✔ Hypothalamus - Thyrotropin releasing hormone,
Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Growth
hormone releasing hormone e.tc.
✔ Pituitary gland - Growth Hormone
✔ Pineal gland - Melatonin
✔ Thyroid gland - Thyroxin
✔ Parathyroid gland - Parathyroid hormone
✔ Thymus gland - Thymus hormone
✔ Adrenal gland - Adrenaline
✔ Pancreas - Insulin
✔ Ovaries - Estrogen and Progesterone
✔ Testes - Testosterone
HORMONES AND THEIR FUNCTION
HORMONE FUNCTION
Thyrotropin Releasing Stimulates the release of
Hormone T.S.H
Gonadotropin Releasing Release of follicle
Hormone stimulating hormone
Growth hormone releasing Stimulates growth hormone
hormone
Growth Hormone Regulates growth and
development of body
Melatonin Regulation of energy
balance
Thyroxin Regulates carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism
in the body and provide best
balance for growth.
 HORMONE FUNCTION
Parathyroid hormone Renal excretion
Adrenaline : The Target Regulates heart beats
organ is heart faster, resulting in
supply of more oxygen
to our muscles
Insulin Control the sugar level
in blood
Estrogen Secondary sexual
character in females
Progesterone Helps in holding the
pregnancy
Testosterone Secondary sexual
character in male