Scan Me

Error Analysis
Rod
s

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 mm

Lengthof Rod 9mm 1mm

Tolerance Error 1
AbsoluteError
Normally it isequalto leastcountof
theinstrument
Let a Physical Quantity is measured n times as a saz 93 an
A 192 931 an
Ameen
n
we can calculate AbsoluteErrors in each set of reading
DA amean A
D9z Amean Az
is'an amean an

Mean Absolute Error Damean bait Daz 1 1 Dan

n

Final Ans8 Amean I Damean

Mean Absolute
Error
Relative Error Damean
amean
Percentage Error Damean 00
amean
MOTE while reporting final Absolute Error we compare Damean calculated
from different set of readings and least count of the instrument and
final Error must be greater one of two values
NOTE while rounding off the final error we always select the nexthigher
value
12 2
iii i
 Tmeam 90 911 95 t 92 3648 92Sec
q
DT 2Sec
2 1
DT2
DT3
I Sec
3Sec
DTmean
43 to 1.5Sec 2Sec

Dte 0Sec hence 2 I 2 Secs

Calculation of Errors in different Physical Relations

Type I If y AIB
we have AIDA and BI DB

Convert this relation

into differentialrelation
DAI dB
dy
Error Relation
DA t DB
By
HenceAbsolute Errors are added
Type
If APBor p or are Real Hos
y
Takinglogboth
sides
pen At 9enB
lny
e differentiating

dyJ p dad
9 did
B
Error Relation
e

ByY Ipl DAI 191 9

w w w
Relative Relative Relative
Errorof Errorofa Error ofB
 y
Type HI
f ALIBI
differentiation

dyz da dB­B2
y Az

u ErrorRelation

g TIME rn on

f mass In P In m Ina 21ns Ine

volume fake
2
Dome DIE
0 8.033
218 05 0
861 100

It 2 t I
4

R
Resistances 3112
eg
Rz 61 I 1
then find Equivalentresistance when they are connected
a In series b In Parallel

R 3112 31 I O 06h Rz Grt 1 Gr I 0.061

DR DRz
a Series
Reg Rit Rz 9h
DReq DR DRz 0.06 0.06 0.121

Ans 91 I 0.121 Or 91 I l 33 or 91 1 I 34
or 91 I l 4
or 91 I 2
b Parallel
Reg 21
Teg plz
 eg
0
FF 924 927 EYE f 396

081­9,12 100 1 66 or I 67

Ans 2211.67

2
A DAI 3 DPI 2 Dad
f DLI
36 5 2 l t 3 t I5
6 5

Xf
E A2e
logF 210gA at
abt 2 Dad in t
DEI 2 Dad
DI
2 I 25 0.2 1 5 s
2.5 I 5
4
 T hhzg_x103 here D I 25 10 2M
DD 0.01 10 2mL
T D x103 h I 45 10 2M
D Te Dh O 01 10 2 m

If has no error as it has not been

gmeasured
41 92 9.84 100
I 5
Measurement of gravity using simple Pendulum
x
Measurement of light Time Period of Pendulum T
string
length of string e
using metre scale
7 2 I i
g
et Dye Boban
g 4Iff
least countof a 2 ii
scale Dgg_ Def BIT
Time of n oscillations is measured using a stop watch as t which has
a least count ist

hence TimePeriod G
NI GI Aft
leastcountof stopwatch
Bff Def 2D Dt
Total time of n oscillations

NOTE Sometimes size of Bob is also measured using an instrument and

then length of Pendulum will depend as
a Tn

es e l Ls d Dl Des t Dd
n 2 2

ME
e Des leastcountof
lengthof metesscale
Pendulum Dd least count of
vernier1screw
 1 2
g
4112 l s l o
i
g 414 G 4
y il
2
I I
i 9 87m11sec

F 20

De fixed
Dts fixed

Dg Minimum when lost Maxima

Dg Deft 2 Dt 271mm 12 got

0.027 e O 03 ie 3
 T 40 2Sec
To

l DT 2 0.05 Sec
Att Df Df fC_ 140

Dgg_ Deli 2
Dft 2
40 100 5

12 60 11 mm
r do 11 mm
Dh 10
g to
Tmean T 172 1 1 Ts
5
0.556 0.56 Sec
DT 0.56 0.52 0.04
DTz O 56 O 56 0
DTz O 57 O 56 0 01
074 0 02
DTs 0.03
DTMean E Ti 0.02
O 02 100 3.57
F O 56
T
2tJ7gRgI g CRIED

Dg9 DEE 241

Draff 2.41 Hoo 1213.57 11
Inferno
Ym
Searle's method for calculation of Young's Modulus of Elasticity
stress a strain e
e l e
F a DI F F
a
A e
 YDef Y Fl i
Ff A Dl
K L is measured using a meter scale
Y Mg L having least count DL
l
Idf u Extension in length l is measured
Y 4mgL using a vernier calipers having least
Fdtl
n n count Bl

v Diameter of wire is measured using

l u screw Grange as d with a least count
EE paY Dd

Errorrelation DyY_ DLT 2Add Bed

0
Ded 05­0
8
O Ol
DID O4
Y 2 10 MIM2
no
DyI DI 2Dad Def
2 0 0
I 29 8
BY 0.1125 10
A or B 0.2 10

hence 2 I O 2 lo M IM2

Error in measurement of d Il
will be equal Dd Dl

Y DLT 2Ddd
w
Del
contribution
cont dueto
e
due to d
2Dad 267gal Ad­o
25
DIE DI
O 25
hence Dl 2 Dd­d
 d
Length Measuring Instruments
i vernier calipers
GD screw Gauge
vernier calipers

m
ai

o 8

KM
There are twodifferentscalesand
final reading is combination of
two different headings
a Main scale
b Vernierscale eg toLet vernier has
dir theyare
least count of Instrument L C I MSD IV SD equal to 9 dir
vernierconstant of Ms
v u 10USD 9MSD
Main vernier 9mm
Scalediv scale dir IVSD 0.9mm
L C l O O9
Vernierscale 0.1mm
Reading of Vernier calipers Main scale
Reading
MSR
heading
vsR
23 24

E MS
os
vs
Thedir of Ms 0 6
whichlies just left X MSD
tothe O of VS MS12 23 1mm
23mm
Thedir of vs SR 6 0.1 mm
xic o.omm
aghiaoifaenciadies.owf.gs
Reading 23 6mm

Zero Error
whenbothjawsareclosed
coincide
t.EE iE aggnoi
 u v
the zero Error re Zero Error
0 I 0
MS MSI
vs vs
O n O n
MSR t VSR Redding MSR VSR
Reading O MSD h L C C 1 MSD h L c
n Lc re zero Error
the zero error

Final Ans Measured Reading Zero Error

NOTE Zero correction Zero Error

1 MSD A units Leastcount 1 MSD I SD

M MSD Mtl vsD a AI
Mtl
Mtl VSD are units a
1 VSD AI Ft
Mtl

1 MSD 1mm
20USD 16MSD 16mm
1USD godmm 45mm
Least count 1MSD NSD I Oo 2mm
4g Igmm
 5 10cm 5.15cm l MSD 0.05cm
MS e 50USD 2.45cm
MSR 5.10cm MSD 1 VSD 2.4 con 0.049cm
vs LC MSD 1USD
O O OS 0.049 0.001cm
SR 24 0.001
O 024cm
5 to O 024 5.124 em
Reading

no O

7,1 4 2Dad
Def
Dl least count of vernier
1 10 Sm
l diff in readings of verniercalipers
45 20 L C
hence 1 10 5 100 4
Dye 45 20 10 5

Principle of vernier
MS O1mm 5
 m
10USD 9MSD 9mm
Irs D 0.9mm
vs
101234 910
O9mm
Least count 1 MSD 1USD

O 23 2ISR 27 MSR 23mm

e
MSR 7 VSR 4 0 1 0 4mm
Ms
i Reading 23 4mm
e Reading
VS O
MSR RSR 4
Reading
O 23 24 27
l
e s l 27mm
MS
Lz 4 09
3.6mm
Reading
us g e z Reading L5f2mm
Reading h ez

CE lMSD 0.1cm
10USD 9MSD 0.9cm
NSD 0.09cm
LC 1 MSD 1USD
O 01 CM

MSR 2.8 CM
SR 7 0.01 0.07cm
2.8 b Reading 2 87cm
r
Cz8 IMSD o 1cm
e 7 10USD 11MSD I I am
e 1USD 0.11 CM 7 MSD
36
l 3.6cm
Reading Lz 7 Lz 7 0.11 0.77cm
e

Reading l lz
2.83cm
Cii Screw Gauge or micrometer

There are two scales

a Main scale or horizontalscale or pitchscale
 pointsman
Treetop
4 111111114 csr
f
1 Threads f horizontalref
maksin line
studs scale Principle Based on Nut Bolt Mechanism

Pitch It is distancebetween consecutivethreads

or
It is horizontal distancetravelled byspindle thimble in one complete
rotation
Least count of Lac Pitch 1mm
eg pitch 100
instrument No of div on circular M
Scale LC 0.01M

Reading Main scale 1 circular scale

Reading MSR reading CSR

Highest dir MsD

visibageonmain xL
wfgYqdaivqiozff.gg

c­pitch
O2g5 0.05 CM

0.0005CM
LC
92
MSR 4 0 05
0.2 CM
CSR 30 0.0005
0.0154
2ISOCMI
Reading O

zero Error

s
E
k
o
c as

mo zero Error

u u
 the zero Error re Zero error

n o ofMs is n O of Ms is
completely e not visible
visible
the zero MSR CSR re zero MSR CSR
Error Error
O t n Lc C 1 MSD h Lc
N LC the re

Final Ans Measured Zero Error

Reading
Zero Error Zerocorrection

pitch imam 0.5mm

LC O5 O 01 mm
To
MSR 3mm
CSR 35 0 01 0 35mm

Reading 3 35mm
final Ans 3.35 C O 03
3.38mm

L C O 5 O 01 mm
To
MSR 2 5mm
CSR 20 0.01 0 20mm
diameter 2.70mm

density D 9 k
gI 3

Ahmet 3Ddd 2 1 3 022 100

3.1

Significant figures
Accuracy Precision o when the final ans of
measured valve contains more
no of significant figures then
whenmeasured value it is called more Precise
 very l rue alle
ofQuantitythen the result 9.8miser
g 9.81
is known to be more Accurate mised
g 9 8h7m1sec Precision
g increases
as No ofsignifi
O
cantfiguresare
O increasing

Student A student B
MoreAccurate More Precise
LessPrecise Less Accurate

Significantfigures is directly related to the Experimental Results

Rules for calculatingsignificantfigures
i All Non zero digits are significant
ii zeros between non zero digits are significant
Ciii Trailing zeros for decimal Mo are significant
Cir starting zeros for a no less than I are insignificant

eg 1.0024 g O 0023 g l Ol O O 0002

o o
5 2 4 I
v constants mathematical Mo and certain results have infinite Mo of
significant figures
These are 22 students in our class
Eg
It has a
significantfigures
ri while converting units the no of significant figures should not change

eg length is measured as IZ m Mo of significant figures 2

I 2M 120cm 2Significantfigures
1 2M 1200 mm 2 u u
TO Avoid suchconfusion we represent
m 1.90 kg Quantities in scientific notation
eg
I 90kg 1900 I 90kg 1 90 103
vgm w gm
v Insignificant
significant

Rules of significantfigures
during mathematicaloperations
C d o I
1 action of having dsl a
the final Answer should have least number of decimal places
the given numbers
among

ii while multiplication Division of numbers having different no of

significant figures the final answer should have least no of significant
figures among the given numbers
Rules of Rounding off
eg l I 4 2.09 7.19 a 7
4 573 E 4.57
4 578 4 58 decimal depfiama.ae
G 575 9.58 de maedecimae
4 585 4 58
eg 1.2 0.3 0 36 a 0.4
v t
significant
significant significant
figure
figure

r
Vol 13 l 2 3 1.728 1.7cm's
e3 DV 3e Dl 311.25 0 I 0.432cm's
VI DV 4.7 10 4 cm3

S OO X 3 513 17.6 Kgmlsec

p MV
 O

1348 3.45 Mlsec 3.4 Mlsec

It
0.304 O 3mbec
F DIT ffg 3
0,3 042 BV

20.17
2.300kg 120.151M 120.17 fm 20 IS
2300 t 20.15 gm 120.17gm O 02
gm gm
2340.32
gm 2.34032kg
2 340kg

LC of vernier O 1mm

Edge of cube l 10 1 mm t 1 0.1

10 I mm
1.01cm
Volume 13 1.03 cm3
S 2,70336 2.656 gm1cm3 a 2.66gm1cM3
 3

L C of screw Gauge 1­
00
0 01 mm

diameter 1mm 147 0 01 I 47mm

SurfaceArea of wire 2ithl Toll 3 14 1.4072 5.6 2.58 cm 2
2.6 corn

eg volume of a small sphere is 2 Icon3 then Total volume of 100Such

spheres will be
A 210cm's 210.0 cm 3 c 210.00cm3 D 210.000cm3
Or 2.1 102cm3