SSP 112: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE form a pool of evidence needed in

HISTORY making a narrative.

LESSON 1: Understanding History The Limitation of Historical
Knowledge:
History – From the word ‘historia’
– information or an inquiry 1. History-as-actuality – Everything
designed to elicit truth or learning that happened in the past.
by inquiry. 2. History-as-record – A tiny part of
the whole phenomenon.
- The term history is often defined
differently by different historians Historians’ claims may remain variable
and social scientists. as there can be historical records that
- A study of the events of the past, could be discovered, which may affirm or
how and why they happened, as refute those that they have already
well as what happened as a result. presented. This explains the
- A branch of knowledge that ‘incompleteness’ of the ‘object’ that
records and explains past events. historians’ study.
History as the Subjective Process of
 For our class, a chronological
Re-creation
record of events, significant and
otherwise, including an - History becomes only that part of
explanation of the causes of those the human past which can be
events. And a tale or story. meaningfully reconstructed from
 History according to Aristotle is the available records and from
the systematic accounting of a set inferences regarding their setting.
of natural phenomena, that is, - In short, the historian’s aim is
taking into consideration the verisimilitude (the truth,
chronological arrangement of the authenticity, plausibility) about a
account. perished past.
o Chronological – relating to
or arranged according to Historical Method and Historiography:
temporal order. 1. Historical Method – The process
o Chronological order – of critically examining and
chronological account of analyzing the records and
events in successive years. survivals of the past.
Theories Constructed by Historians in 2. Historiography (the writing of
Investigating History (Cantal, history) – The imaginative
Cardinal, Espino & Galindo, 2014): reconstruction of the past from the
data derived by historical method.
1. Factual History – Presents the 3. Historical Analysis – Important
basic and plain information to the element of historical method.
reader with the emphasis only of
‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’ and ‘where’ of In Historical Analysis, Historians:
history. 1) select the subject to investigate;
2. Speculative History – Goes 2) collect probable sources of
beyond dates, places, persons, information on the subject;
events because it attempts to 3) examine the sources
explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of genuineness, in part of in whole;
events. It discusses the causes and
and effects of such happenings 4) extract credible ‘particulars’ from
which resulted to another face of the sources (or parts of sources)
change.
WHY STUDY HISTORY?
Important Terms in History:
A. History Helps Us Understand
 Historians – Individuals who write OUR WORLD
about history. - You cannot understand people if
 Historiography – The practice of you do not understand their past.
historical writing. It focuses on - You cannot understand our
gathering of documents from community if you do not know how
different libraries and archives to it came to be.
 - You cannot understand our nation historical sources are those
without history. materials from which the
- You cannot understand our world historians construct meaning. To
if you do not understand history. rearticulate, a source is an object
from the past or a testimony
concerning the past on which
B. History Give Us Identity historians depend to create their
- Studying history gives people a own depiction of that past.
sense of nationalism. - A historical work or interpretation
- It gives groups such as ethnic, is thus the result of such depiction.
organization, even schools a The source provides evidence
sense of identity. about the existence of an event;
- It gives family and personal and a historical interpretation is an
identity as well. argument about the event.
C. History Helps Us Understand - Relics or "remains" whose
People existence offer researcher a clue
- People make up society and it is about the past. For example, the
very hard to test how that kind of relics or remains of a prehistoric
group behaves. settlement. Artifacts can be found
- History acts as a “social where relics of human happenings
laboratory”, one of the few ways can be found, for example, a
we can help predict the future potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a
behavior of such a large group. manuscript, a book, a portrait, a
D. Those That Study and stamp, a piece of wreckage, a
Understand History Become strand of hair, or other
Good Citizens archaeological or anthropological
- It provides national identity. remains. These objects, however,
- Provides examples of success, are never the happenings or the
morality and of course the events; if written documents, they
examples of the opposite. may be the results or the records
- Helps us understand current world of events. Whether artifacts or
affairs and conflicts by documents, they are materials out
understanding the root of the of which history may be written
problems. (Howell and Prevenier, 2001).
- Provides support for making
decisions and encourages, - Testimonies of witnesses,
“responsible public behavior, whether oral or written, may have
whether as a national or been created to serve as records
community leader, an informed or they might have been created
voter, a petitioner, or a simple for some other purposes. All these
observer.” describe an event, such as the
record of a property exchange,
Why Do We Study History? speeches, and commentaries.
- To objectively study past events.
- To assist in the prediction of future - The historian deals with the
events. dynamic or genetic (the
- To advance past ideas for future becoming) as well as the static
growth. (the being) and aims at being
- To search for answers. interpretative (explaining why and
- To search for the true meaning of how things happened and were
past events. interrelated) as well as descriptive
(telling what happened, when and
“Those who are ignorant of
where, and who took part).
the mistakes of the past are Besides, such descriptive data as
doomed to repeat them.” can be derived directly and
LESSON 2: Historical Data immediately from surviving
artifacts are only small parts of the
- Sourced from artifacts that have periods to which they belong. A
been left by the past. These historical context can be given to
artifacts can either be relics or them only if they can be placed in
remains, or the testimonies of a human setting. The lives of
witnesses to the past. Thus,
 human beings can be assumed Philippines and Philippine
from the retrieved artifacts, but Congress) from those involving
without further evidence the only private parties (such as a will
human contexts of these artifacts or a mortgage agreement).
can never be recaptured with any Diplomatic sources possess
degree of certainty. specific formal properties, such as
hand and print style, the ink, the
Written Sources of History: seal, for external properties and
Written sources are usually categorized rhetorical devices and images for
in three ways: (1) narrative or literary, (2) internal properties, which are
diplomatic or juridical, and (3) social determined by the norms of laws
documents. and by tradition. Such characters
also vary in time (each generation
1. Narrative or literature are has its own norms) and according
chronicles or tracts presented in to origin (each bureaucracy has its
narrative form, written to impart a own traditions).
message whose motives for their 3. Social documents are
composition vary widely. For information pertaining to
example, a scientific tract is economic, social, political, or
typically composed in order to judicial significance. They are
inform contemporaries or records kept by bureaucracies. A
succeeding generations; a few examples are government
newspaper article might be reports, such as municipal
intended to shape opinion; the so- accounts, research findings, and
called ego document or personal documents like these
narrative such as a diary or parliamentary procedures, civil
memoir might be composed in registry records, property
order to persuade readers of the registers, and records of census.
justice of the author's actions; a
novel or film might be made to Non-Written Sources of History:
entertain, to deliver a moral Unwritten sources are as essential as
teaching, or to further a religious written sources. They are two types: the
cause; a biography might be material evidence and oral evidence.
written in praise of the subject's
worth and achievements (a 1. Material evidence, also, known
panegyric, a public speech or archaeological evidence is one
published text in praise of of the most as important unwritten
someone or something or evidences. This include artistic
hagiography, the writing of the creations such as pottery, jewelry,
lives of saints). A narrative source dwellings, graves, churches,
is therefore broader than what is roads, and others that tell a story
usually considered fiction (Howell about the past. These artifacts can
& Prevenier, 2001) tell a great deal about the ways of
2. Diplomatic sources are life of people in the past, and their
understood to be those which culture. These artifacts can also
document/record an existing legal reveal a great deal about the
situation or create a new one, and socio- cultural interconnections of
it is these kinds of sources that the different groups of People
professional historians once especially when object is
treated as the purest, the "best" unearthed in more one place.
source. The classic diplomatic Commercial exchange may an
source is the charter, which a legal also be revealed by the presence
instrument. A legal document is of artifacts in different places.
usually sealed or authenticated to Even places that are thought to be
provide evidence that a legal insignificant, such as garbage pits,
transaction has been completed can provide valuable information
and can be used as evidence in a to historians as these can be
judicial proceeding in case of traces of a former settlement.
dispute. Scholars differentiate Sometimes, archaeological sites
those legal instruments issued by that are of interest to historians
public authorities (such as kings or are unearthed during excavations
popes, the Supreme Court of the for roads, sewer lines, and big
 building structures Known account of a historical event.
historical sites are purposely Examples of secondary sources
excavated with the hope of are biographies, histories, literary
reconstructing and understanding criticism, books written by a third
their meaningful past. Moreover, party about a historical event, art
archaeological finds such as coins and theater reviews, newspaper
or monies can provide historians or journal articles that interpret.
with significant information
relating to government LESSON 3: HISTORICAL CRITICISM
transactions during which the - Examines the origins of earliest
currencies were in circulation. text to appreciate the underlying
Similarly, historians can get circumstances upon which the text
substantial information from came to be (Soulen & Soulen,
drawings, etchings, paintings, 2001). It has two important goals:
films, and photographs. These are First, to discover the original
the visual representations of the meaning of the text in its primitive
past. or historical context and its literal
2. Oral evidence is also an sense or sensus literalis
important source of information for historicus. Second, to establish a
historians. Much are told by the reconstruction of the historical
tales or sagas of ancient peoples situation of the author and
and the folk songs or popular recipients of the text. Historical
rituals from the premodern period criticism has two types, external
of Philippine history. During the criticism and internal criticism.
present age, interviews is another
major form of oral evidence.
PRIMARY VS SECONDARY SOURCES - Historical criticism has its roots in
the 17th century during the
There are two general kinds of historical Protestant Reformation and
sources: direct or primary and indirect or gained popular recognition in the
secondary. 19th and 20th centuries (Ebeling
1963). The absence of historical
1. Primary sources are original, investigation paved the way for
first-hand account of an event or historical criticism to rest on
period that are usually written or philosophical and theological
made during or close.to the event interpretation. The passing of time
or period. These sources are has advanced historical criticism
original and factual, not into various methodologies used
interpretive. Their key function is today such as source criticism
to provide facts. Examples of (which analyzes and studies the
primary sources are diaries, sources used by biblical authors),
journals, letters, newspaper and form criticism (which seeks to
magazine articles (factual determine a unit's original form
accounts), government records and historical context of the
(census, marriage, military), literary tradition), redaction
photographs, maps, postcards, criticism (which regards the
posters, recorded or transcribed author of the text as editor of the
speeches, interviews with source materials), tradition
participants or witnesses, criticism (which attempts to trace
interviews with people who lived the developmental stages of the
during a certain time, songs, oral tradition from its historical
plays, novels, stories, paintings, emergence to its literary
drawings, and sculptures. presentation), canonical
2. Secondary source, on the other criticism (which focuses its
hand, are materials made by interpretation of the bible on the
people long after the events being text of biblical canon), and related
described had taken place to methodologies (Soulen, 2001).
provide valuable interpretations of
historical events. A secondary - There are two parts to a historical
source analyses and interprets criticism. The first part is to
primary sources. It is an determine the authenticity of
interpretation of second-hand
 the material, also called document must first be tested
provenance of a source. The critic before any conclusion pertaining
should determine the origin of the to it can be admitted. In
material, its author, and the determining the value of the facts,
sources of information used. the character of the sources, the
External criticism is used in knowledge of the author, and the
determining these facts. The influences prevalent at the time of
second part is to weigh the writing must be carefully
testimony to the truth. The critic investigated It must be
must examine the trustworthiness ascertained first that the critic
of the testimonies as well as knows exactly what the author
determine the probability of the said and that he/she understands
statements to be true, this process the document from the standpoint
is called internal criticism or of the author. Moreover, the facts
higher criticism since it deals given by the author or writer must
with more important matters than be firmly established as having
the external form. taken place exactly as reported.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM VS INTERNAL Test of Authenticity
CRITICISM
- To distinguish a hoax or a
1. External Criticism determines misrepresentation from a genuine
the authenticity of the source. The document, the historian must use
authenticity of the material may be tests common in police and legal
tested in two ways, by detection. Making the best guess
palaeographical (the deciphering of the date of the document,
and dating of historical he/she examines the materials to
manuscripts) and diplomatic see whether they are not
criticism (critical analysis of anachronistic: paper was rare in
historical document to understand Europe before the fifteenth
how the document came to be, the century, and printing was
information transmitted, and the unknown pencils did not exist
relationships between the facts there before the 16t century;
purported in the document and the typewriting was not invented until
reality). The material must be the 19h century; and Indian paper
investigated based on the time came only at the end of that
and place it is written. The critic century. The historian also
must determine whether the examines the inks for signs of age
material under investigation is or of anachronistic chemical
raw, meaning unaltered, and it composition.
exists exactly as the author left it. - Making the best guess of the
- The content must be viewed in possible author of the document,
every possible angle, as forgery he/she sees if he/ she can identify
was not unknown other genuine the handwriting, signature, seal,
sources having the same subject letterhead, or watermark. Even
or written during the same during when the handwriting is
the Middle Ages The authenticity unfamiliar, it can be compared
of the material can be examined with authenticated specimens.
from period. The similarities or One of the unfulfilled needs of the
agreements and differences or historian is more of what the
disagreements of some common French call "isographies” or the
details, such as the culture and dictionaries of biography giving
traditions, and events during the examples of handwriting. For
period by which the document was history, experts using techniques
made can be basis for judging the known as palaeography and
authenticity of the text. diplomatics have long some
2. Internal Criticism determines the period of known that in certain
historicity of the facts contained in regions at certain times
the document. It is not necessary handwriting and the style and form
to prove the authenticity of the of official documents were
material or document. However, conventionalized. The disciplines
the facts contained in the of paleography and diplomatics
 were founded in 17th century by
Dom Jean Mabillon, a French
Benedictine monk and scholar of
the Congregation of Saint Maur.
Seals have been the subject of
special study by sigillographers,
and experts can detect fake ones.
Anachronistic styles (idiom
orthography, or punctuation) can
be detected by specialists who are
familiar with contemporary writing.
Often spelling particularly of
proper names and signatures,
reveal forgery as would also
unhistoric grammar.

- Anachronistic references to
events (too early or too late or too
remote) or the dating of a
document at a time when the
alleged writer could not possibly
have been at the place designated
(the alibi) uncovers fraud.
Sometimes the skillful forger has
all too carefully followed the best
historical sources and his product
becomes too obviously a copy in
certain passages; by skillful
paraphrase and invention, he/she
is given away by the absence of
trivia and otherwise unknown
details from his/her manufactured
account. However, usually if the
document is where it ought to be
(e.g, in a family's archives, of in
the governmental bureau's
record) its provenance (custody,
as the lawyers refer to it), creates
a presumption of its genuineness
(Gottschalk, 1969).
SPANISH COLONIZATION 1565 punish the Muslim Moro pirates
who had been plundering Panay
Colonization is a process of villages. Salcedo also destroyed
establishing occupation of or control over forts on the islands of Ilin and
foreign territories or people for the Lubang, respectively south and
purpose of cultivation, trade, exploitation northwest of Mindoro.
or settlement, setting up coloniality and
often colonies, such as for agriculture, 1571
commonly pursued and maintained by,
but distinct  Martín de Goiti, having been
from, imperialism, mercantilism, dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon,
or colonialism. conquered the Kingdom of
Maynila. Legazpi renamed Manila
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: Nueva Castilla, and declared it the
capital of the Philippines, and thus
1565 of the entire Spanish East Indies,
which also encompassed Spanish
 Sikatuna, a Bohol chief, guided territories in Asia and the Pacific.
López de Legazpi across Cebu. Legazpi became the country's first
On February 13, 1565, Legazpi’s governor-general.
expedition arrived off the
 Legazpi made a peace deal with
Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu.
Rajah Sulayman and Lakandula in
 The expedition reached in the Manila.
shores of Cibabao, which is now
 Both parties agreed to construct a
known as Samar Island on
city council with two mayors,
February 22, 1565.
twelve councilors, and a
 During his stay, he made a blood secretary. On June 24, 1571,
covenant with its chief, Datu López de Legazpi constructed a
Urrao. The Spaniards then went to settlement there, starting
Limasawa, where Datu Bankaw Intramuros’ walled city and
met them, and then to Bohol, declaring Manila the island’s
where they made friends with capital.
Datu Sikatuna and Rajah Sigala.
 The expedition reached Samar on
February 22, 1565, and made a
blood covenant with its chief, Datu
Urrao. The Spaniards then went to
Limasawa, where Datu Bankaw
met them, and then to Bohol,
where they made friends with
Datu Sikatuna and Rajah Sigala.
1568
 The crown permitted the
encomienda system that it was
abolishing in the New World,
effectively legalizing a more
oppressive conquest.
 The Portuguese blockaded Cebu
in 1568 and bombarded the
Spanish settlement to deport
Spaniards. General Gonzalo
Preira asked Legazpi to leave.
 In 1569, after a food shortage in
Cebu, López de Legazpi
constructed Capiz, now Roxas, in
Capiz province in Panay town.
1570
 Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan
de Salcedo, who had arrived from
Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM  Role in the Encomienda
System: Peninsulares were often
WHAT IS ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM? granted the most important and
wealthy encomiendas. They
Encomienda was a system of forced occupied the highest government
labor imposed on indigenous workers by and church positions in the
Spanish colonists. It was patterned on colonies.
grants of land and tribute to those who  Privileges: They held superior
fought for Spain during the Reconquista. social, political, and economic
ENCOMIENDA – land grant being power, and were viewed as the
offered to those who served the true representatives of the
Spanish crown. Spanish Crown.

It comes from the Spanish word 2. Criollos (Creoles)

encomendar which means “to entrust”
 Definition: Spaniards born in the
The earliest political system used during Americas or the Philippines
the conquista period was the (colonies).
encomienda system.  Role in the Encomienda
Under the encomienda system, the System: Criollos were often the
native inhabitants in a given geographic children of Peninsulares and,
region were entrusted to an while they could hold
encomendero or trustee as a reward for encomiendas, they were
his service to the Spanish crown. considered of lower status than
Peninsulares. They could be
SIGNIFICANCE/ PURPOSE OF wealthy landowners and held
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM? some local political positions.
 Privileges: Though influential in
1. To set up a system of how the land the colonies, they faced some
and people be controlled ensuring limitations in accessing the
that Spain profited from these new highest positions, which were
lands. reserved for Peninsulares.

2. To protect the natives and to teach 3. Indios (Indigenous People)

them the catholic faith.
 Definition: Native populations of
3. Reward explorers, conquistadors, the Americas and the Philippines.
and settlers.  Role in the Encomienda
System: Indios were the ones
WHAT IS A CONQUISTADOR? directly subject to the encomienda
system. They were required to pay
These explorers and conquerors
tribute and provide labor to
were commissioned by the Spanish
encomenderos. Their forced labor
Crown to explore, conquer, and
was central to the Spanish
colonize new territories. They came
colonial economy, particularly in
from all over Europe, but were
agriculture and mining.
especially Spanish. They were
 Rights: Although technically not
granted the right to collect tribute and
slaves, they were often exploited
labor from the indigenous people
and had very few rights. The
living in a particular area. In
Spanish Crown claimed they were
exchange, the encomenderos were
to be protected and converted to
supposed to provide protection,
Christianity, but abuses were
religious instruction (conversion to
rampant.
Christianity), and support to the
indigenous people.

CASTES SYSTEM

1. Peninsulares (Top Tier)

 Definition: Spaniards born in

Spain (the Iberian Peninsula).
REDUCCION SPANISH COLONIAL BUREAUCRACY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
During the Spanish regime in Philippine
history, the term "reduccion" refers to Spain reigned for 333 years, from 1565
the Spanish policy of consolidating and to 1898. Since Spain was far from the
relocating indigenous communities into country, the Spanish king ruled the
centralized settlements known as islands through the viceroy of Mexico,
"reducciones." This policy aimed to which was then another Spanish colony.
facilitate Spanish control and conversion
of the native population to Christianity. When Mexico regained its freedom in
1821, the Spanish king ruled the
The reduccion policy was Philippines through a Governor
implemented by Spanish colonizers as a General.
means of exerting political, economic,
and religious control over the indigenous COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
peoples. It involved forcibly relocating For over 333 years, the Philippines was
indigenous communities from their a crown colony of Spain. Until 1821 when
ancestral lands to designated areas the Mexicans revolted and won
near Spanish-controlled towns or independence from Spain, the
missions. Philippines was a dependency of Mexico,
The main objectives of the reduccion being administered by the viceroy in the
policy were to facilitate the conversion of name of the king. From 1821 to 1898, the
indigenous peoples to Catholicism, country was a distinct government until
establish Spanish authority over the under the direct control of the home
native population, and promote economic government in Madrid. The king issued
exploitation by concentrating labor and cedulas for the administration of the
resources in centralized locations. The colony and appointed a governor, a
reduccion process often involved the member of the royal audience, and
construction of churches, schools, other high official.
and other Spanish institutions within 1896 cedula personal issued in
the newly established settlements. manila. This is similar to the cedula
Indigenous peoples were expected to turn by the katipuneros.
abandon their traditional practices and THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
adopt Spanish language, customs, and
religious beliefs. While the reduccion 1. The Executives
policy had significant impacts on the Headed by the Governor General - the
indigenous communities, it also led to representatives of the executives of
resistance and conflicts between the the ruling power.
Spanish colonizers and the native
population. Many indigenous groups  The king’s representative and the
resisted the forced relocation and highest-ranking official in the
conversion efforts, resulting in uprisings Philippines.
and rebellions against Spanish rule.  Royal decrees and laws
emanating from Spain were
implemented in the Philippines.
 Had the power to appoint and
dismiss public officials, except
those personally chosen by king.
 Supervised all government offices
and the collection of taxes.
 Exercised certain legislative
powers.
 Issued proclamations to facilitate
the implementation of laws.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

GOVERNOR GENERAL:
 Must be a peninsulare or a
Spaniard born in Spain.
 2. The Judicial Branch TENIENTE MAYOR (CHIEF
LIEUTENANT)
If there are abuses to power, these three
bodies namely: TENIENTE DE POLICIA (POLICE
LIEUTENANT)
THE RESIDENCIA – the incoming
governor general or the one who will THE TENIENTE DE SEMENTERAS
replace the governor general (LIEUTENANT OF THE FIELDS)
This was a special judicial court that TENIENTE DE GANADOS
investigated the performance of a (LIEUTENANT OF THE
governor general who was about to be LIVESTOCKS)
replaced. The residencia, of which the
incoming governor general was usually a CABEZA DE BARANGAY (OR BARRIO
member, submitted a report of its findings ADMINISTRATOR OR BARANGAY
to the king. CAPTAIN)

THE VISITA – are the council of Indies  Responsible for the peace and
from Spain and they are called the order of the barrio.
Visitador general or the inspectors to  These are the leaders of tribes
observe the condition to the colony considered to be in the highest
and they reported their finding directly aristocracy of Indio
to the king. 4. The City Government

The council of the Indies in Spain sent a Ayuntamiento means the municipal
government official called the visitador council.
general to observe conditions to the Larger towns became cities called
colony. The visitador general reported his AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center
findings directly to the king. of trade and industry. The ayuntamiento
THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA – the had a city council called CABILDO.
advisory body to the governor Cabildo is composed of Alcalde
general. The highest court in the land. (Mayor), Regidores (Councillors),
Served as an advisory body to the Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief), and
governor general. Had the power to Escribando (Secretary)
check and report on his abuses. The 5. The Municipal
audiencia also audited the expenditures Government
of the colonial government. Sent a yearly
report to Spain. The archbishop and Corrigimiento - is a Spanish term used
other government officials could also for country subdivisions for royal
report the abuses of the colonial. administrative purposes, ensuring
districts were under crown control as
Will execute its rights to strip the title to opposed to local elites.
an abusive, Governor General.
(Corregidor – meaning to correct)
3. The Provincial
Government Governed the provinces that were not yet
entirely under Spanish control.
Alcaldia – town hall, mayorship,
mayor, city hall Though they were paid a small salary,
they enjoyed privileges such as the
Headed by the Alcalde Mayor - the INDULTO DE COMERCIO or the right to
representatives of the executives of participate in the galleon trade.
the ruling power.
The Manila Galleon Trade Route, as this
Governed the provinces that had been maritime route was called, represented
fully subjugated: under the Spanish one of the earliest examples of global
control already salary – 300 a month. trade in the Pacific. Gold and silver were
 Each province was divided into transported west to Manila in exchange
several town or pueblos headed for fine porcelains, spices and other
by GOBERNADORCILLOS or luxury goods from the Far East.
little governor.
Under his supervision are the
following:
AGE OF REVOLTS  AGRARIAN REVOLT IN THE
PROVINCE OF BATANGAS,
The Philippine Revolt
BULACAN, CAVITE, AND
In the early part of 1600, natives had LAGUNA (1745-1746)
various revolts against the abusive
Agricultural discontent due to unfair land
policies of the Spaniards.
distribution and oppressive landlord
Causes of Revolts practices.

 Our love for freedom and  ILOCOS BASI REVOLT (1807)

independence
Resistance against the Spanish
 Abuses of Spanish encomenderos monopoly on the production of basi
 Tribute (residence tax) (sugarcane wine) and local economic
 Force labor grievances.
 Land grabbing by the friars
 Basi (wine) monopoly  REVOLT OF APOLINARIO DE LA
 Religion CRUZ (HERMANO PULE) (1840-
 The desire to regain lost freedom 1841)
 Resistance to Spanish-imposed Discontent over the exclusion of native
institutions Filipinos from religious positions and the
 Desire to revert to their native desire for greater religious freedom.
religion
 Agrarian unrest
REVOLTS
 LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN
REVOLT (1574)
Resentment against Spanish colonial
rule and the imposition of heavy taxes
and restrictions on trade.
 DAGOHOY REBELLION (1744-
1829)
Long-standing grievances over the
abuses of the Spanish clergy and the
refusal to bury a local leader in
consecrated ground.
 SILANG REBELLION (1762-
1763)
Opposition to Spanish colonial authority
and the desire for local autonomy,
exacerbated by Spanish abuses.
 FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT
(1585)
Discontent over high taxes and forced
labor imposed by the Spanish colonial
government.
 REVOLT IN CAGAYAN AND
ILOCOS (1589)
Local discontent due to harsh Spanish
policies and economic exploitation.
 SUMUROY REVOLT (1649-1650)
Grievances against excessive taxation
and abuse of power by local authorities.
KKK by Spanish authorities in August 1896.
In response, Bonifacio convened an
Formation of Katipunan assembly to decide the course of action,
The Katipunan, officially known as the culminating in the declaration of an
Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang armed uprising. This moment marked a
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, was turning point, as the members committed
founded in 1892 by Filipino nationalists themselves to the revolution by tearing
including Deodato Arellano, Andrés their residence certificates, symbolizing
Bonifacio, and others. Its primary goal their resolve to fight for independence.
was to achieve independence from The revolution began in earnest,
Spanish colonial rule through armed demonstrating the urgency and
revolution. Originally a secret society, the determination of the Katipunan to liberate
Katipunan operated with initiation rites the Philippines from Spanish control.
akin to freemasonry and gradually Schism and Aftermath of the
expanded its membership to include Revolution
women. Its discovery by Spanish
authorities in August 1896 marked the The revolution faced internal strife,
beginning of the Philippine Revolution, particularly during the Tejeros
highlighting the organization's pivotal role Convention in 1897, where Bonifacio lost
in the fight for national sovereignty. the presidency to Emilio Aguinaldo.
Discontent with the election's outcome
Leadership and the perceived treachery of rival
The Katipunan boasted several factions led Bonifacio to declare the
influential leaders, notably Andrés results null and void. This division
Bonifacio, who is often referred to as the ultimately resulted in his arrest and
"Father of the Philippine Revolution." execution alongside his brother,
Bonifacio served as the organization's highlighting the tumultuous nature of the
last Supremo and led the initial revolution. Despite these setbacks, the
revolutionary actions against Spain. Katipunan's efforts culminated in the
Other notable founders included Deodato establishment of the First Philippine
Arellano, the first Supremo, and Teodoro Republic in 1899, although this
Plata, a close associate of Bonifacio. government was short-lived, ultimately
Their collective efforts fostered a succumbing to American forces during
revolutionary spirit, contributing to the the Philippine-American War, marking a
expansion of Filipino literature and ideas tragic end to the aspirations of the
during a time of oppression, even as revolutionaries.
internal conflicts arose within the
organization regarding leadership and
direction.
Attempts to Secure Support for
Revolution
In their quest for independence,
Katipunan leaders sought external
support, notably from José Rizal, who
ultimately rejected their revolutionary
plans, believing that the populace was
unprepared for a violent uprising. Despite
this, Bonifacio continued to strategize for
armed conflict, even attempting to secure
aid from Japan. These efforts reflected
the Katipunan's desperate need for
resources and alliances, underscoring
the complexities and challenges faced by
Filipino revolutionaries in their struggle
against colonial rule.
The Outbreak of Revolution
The Katipunan was discovered due to
increasing reports and suspicions about
its activities, leading to a series of arrests
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY
June 12, 1898: Filipino rebels led by
Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the
independence of the Philippines after
300 years of Spanish rule. By mid-
August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops
had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s
hopes for independence were dashed
when the United States formally annexed
the Philippines as part of its peace treaty
with Spain. The Acta de la
Proclamacion de la Independencia del
Pueblo Filipino was solemnly read by its
author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
Aguinaldo's war counselor and special
delegate. The 21-page declaration was
signed by 98 Filipinos, appointed by
Aguinaldo, and one retired American
artillery officer, Colonel L. M. Johnson.
The Philippine flag was officially
unfurled for the first time at about 4:30
p.m, as the Marcha Nacional
Filipina was played by the band of San
Francisco de Malabon.
Independence Day in the Philippines,
celebrated on June 12th,
commemorates the country's declaration
of independence from Spanish rule in
1898. Here are three major events
associated with this day.
Proclamation of Independence: On
June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the independence of the
Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. This event
marked the end of over 300 years of
Spanish colonial rule. This historic
moment was marked by the unfurling of
the Philippine flag and the playing of the
national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang ",
originally titled in Spanish as "Marcha
Nacional Filipina" ("Philippine
National March").
First Display of the Philippine Flag:
During the proclamation, the Philippine
flag was first raised, symbolizing the
country's sovereignty and national
pride.
First Performance of the National
Anthem: The Marcha Nacional
Filipina, which later became the music
for the Philippine national anthem, was
played for the first time during the
independence proclamation.
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE TERMINOLOGIES
WORLD
Uraca – fish and a vessel of palm wine
By: Antonio Pigafetta
Umai – rice, cocos and many other
August 10, 1519 – Start of Expedition victuals
September 20, 1519 – St. Lucar Atlantic Boloto – term for a small boat
Ocean, Pacific Ocean
Caphre/Gentiles – they go naked except
March 16, 1521 (Saturday) – They that round their middles they wear cloth
sighted Theives Island or Landrones made of the bark of trees. they wear
Islands. After 10 days of reaching hokes in their ears so karge that they can
Landrones Island, they landed on the Isle pass their arms through them.
of Zamal.
March 18, 1521 – They encountered the Cochi – fruit like coconut, fruit which the
Zuluans and were welcomed by the palm trees bear
natives in which they exchanged goods Mazzava – a port
such as drinks and foods.
Humunu Island – “Watering Place of
March 22, 1521 – Zuluans returned as Good Signs”
they promise to send 2 boats with
resources Cassi cassi – brothers

March 25, 1521 (Monday) – Feast of Our Principal chief – painted with tattoos
Lady and gold jewelry

March 31, 1521 (Sunday) – First Mass Ballanghai – a long boat full of people
from Massava
April 7, 1521 – They entered Zubu Port
Baranggay – gathering of family or tribal
April 26, 1521 – a principal man from the gathering
island of Matan went to see Magellan and
Raia Calambu – the most handsome of
asked him for a boat full of men so that all men in the place
he would be able to fight the chief named
Silapilapu (Lapulapu) Zzubu (Cebu)
April 27, 1521 – death of Magellan Matan (Mactan)
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
By: Juan de Placencia
DATOS
- chiefs, who were captains in their wars.
- rules over a hundred houses, or less
than thirty.
- territorial jurisdiction
BARANGAY
- tribal gathering that consists of family of
parents and children, relations and
slaves.
- kinship
POLITICAL ALLIANCE
- helping neighboring barangays
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- society’s categorization into groups
- Three castes: nobles(maharlicas),
commoners(aliping namamahay),
slaves(aliping saguiguilir)
COMMUNAL LAND
- lands owned by barangays
ASCEIBED STATUS
- depends on the status or social class of
your parents
LEGAL SYSTEM
- laws condemning death to a man of low
birth who insulted any maharlica;
witches, and others of the same class
POLYGAMY
- if one had children by two or more
legitimate wives the child inherits the
dowry of his mother.
DOWRY SYSTEM & ARRANGED
MARRIAGE
- fathers bestow their sons marriage
dowries when they are about to get
married.
SYSTEM OF WORSHIP
- nagaanitos is a kind of worship joined
by the entire barangay or a family.
AFTERLIFE
- life of rest which they called maca, in our
terms,”paradise”. Only those who
possess moral virtues when they lived
can go to this place.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE/FERTILITY
RITES
- friends and relatives were all invited to
partake food and drink of young girls who
had their first monthly courses, their eyes
blindfolded four days and four nights.
- fertility rites were initially done in honor
of anito Diyan Masalanta