11/13/2023

BIL111 – Programming
Arrays
Feyza M. Hafızoğlu
[email protected]

Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi

Can we solve this problem?

• Consider the following program (input underlined):

How many days' temperatures? 7

Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

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Why the problem is hard

• We need each input value twice:
• to compute the average (a cumulative sum)
• to count how many were above average

• We could read each value into a variable... but we:

• don't know how many days are needed until the program runs
• don't know how many variables to declare

• We need a way to declare many variables in one step.

Arrays
• array: object that stores many values of the same type.
• element: One value in an array.
• index: A 0-based integer to access an element from an array.

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
value 12 49 -2 26 5 17 -6 84 72 3

element 0 element 4 element 9

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Array declaration
type name[size];
• Example:
int numbers[10];

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
value

Array declaration, cont.

• The size can be any integer expression.
int x = 2 * 3 + 1;
int data[x % 5 + 2];

• Uninitialized array elements contain "garbage" values.

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Accessing elements
name[index] // access
name[index] = value; // modify

• Example:
numbers[0] = 27;
numbers[3] = -6;
printf("%d", numbers[0]);

if (numbers[3] < 0) {
printf("Element 3 is negative.");
}
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
value 27 -6

Arrays of other types

double results[5];
results[2] = 3.4;
results[4] = -0.5;
index 0 1 2 3 4
value 3.4 -0.5

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Initializing arrays using a for loop

int numbers[10];
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
numbers[i] = 0;

Quick array initialization

type name[size] = {value, value, … value};
• Example:
int numbers[5] = {12, 34, 51, 95, 74};
index 0 1 2 3 4
value 12 34 51 95 74

• Useful when you know what the array's elements will be

• The compiler figures out the size by counting the values

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Quick array initialization, cont’d.

• If there are fewer initializers than elements in the array, the
remaining elements are initialized to zero.

int numbers[5] = {12, 34, 51};

index 0 1 2 3 4
value 12 34 51 0 0

Initializing arrays using a list

• If the array size is omitted from a definition with an
initializer list, the number of elements in the list will be the
size of array:
• int numbers[] = {12, 34, 51, 95, 74};
index 0 1 2 3 4
value 12 34 51 95 74

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Array size as a symbolic constant

#define SIZE 5

int main() {

int numbers[SIZE];
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i)
number[i] = 0;
}

Out-of-bounds
• Legal indices: between 0 and the array's size - 1.
• Reading or writing any index outside this range will read garbage
values

• Example:
int data[10] = {0};
printf("%d", data[0]); // okay
printf("%d", data[9]); // okay
printf("%d", data[-1]); // wrong
printf("%d", data[10]); // wrong

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Accessing array elements

int numbers[8] = {0};
numbers[1] = 3;
numbers[4] = 99;
numbers[6] = 2;
int x = numbers[1];
numbers[x] = 42;
numbers[numbers[6]] = 11; // use numbers[6] as index

x 3

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
numbers value 0 4 11 42 99 0 2 0

Arrays and for loops

• It is common to use for loops to access array elements.
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
printf("%d ", numbers[i]);
}
printf("\n"); // output: 0 4 11 0 44 0 0 2

• Sometimes we assign each element a value in a loop.

for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
numbers[i] = 2 * i;
}
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
value 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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Weather question
• Use an array to solve the weather problem:
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

Weather answer
// Reads temperatures from the user, computes average and # days above average.
int main() {
printf("How many days' temperatures? ");
int days;
scanf("%d", &days);

int temps[days]; // array to store days' temperatures

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < days; i++) { // read/store each day's temperature

printf("Day %d's high temp: ", (i + 1));
scanf("%d", &temps[i]);
sum += temps[i];
}
double average = (double) sum / days;

int count = 0; // see if each day is above average

for (int i = 0; i < days; i++)
if (temps[i] > average)
count++;
// report results
printf("Average temp = %.1lf\n", average);
printf("%d days above average\n", count);
}

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"Array mystery" problem

• traversal: An examination of each element of an array.

• What element values are stored in the following array?

int a[] = {1, 7, 5, 6, 4, 14, 11};

for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {
a[i + 1] = a[i + 1] * 2;
}
}

Limitations of arrays
• You cannot compare arrays with == or equals:
int a1[] = {42, -7, 1, 15};
int a2[] = {42, -7, 1, 15};
if (a1 == a2) { ... } // false!

• An array does not know how to print itself:

int a1[] = {42, -7, 1, 15};
printf("%d", a1); // [I@98f8c4]

• Unlike other programming languages, there is no function

that returns the size of an array

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Arrays as parameters

Swapping values
İnt main() {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
// swap a with b?
a = b;
b = a;
printf("%d %d", a, b);
}
• What is wrong with this code? What is its output?

• The red code should be replaced with:

int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;

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Array reversal question

• Write code that reverses the elements of an array.
• For example, if the array initially stores:
[11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89]

• Then after your reversal code, it should store:

[89, 0, 27, -5, 42, 11]

• The code should work for an array of any size.

• Hint: think about swapping various elements...

Algorithm idea
• Swap pairs of elements from the edges; work inwards:

index 0 1 2 3 4 5
value 11
89 42
0 27
-5 27
-5 42
0 11
89

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Flawed algorithm
• What's wrong with this code?

int numbers[SIZE] = [11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89];

// reverse the array
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
int temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[SIZE - 1 - i];
numbers[SIZE - 1 - i] = temp;
}

• The loop goes too far and un-reverses the array! Fixed version:

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE / 2; i++) {

int temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[SIZE - 1 - i];
numbers[SIZE - 1 - i] = temp;
}

Array reverse question 2

• Turn your array reversal code into a reverse function.
• Accept the array of integers to reverse as a parameter.

int numbers[SIZE] = {11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89};

reverse(numbers);

• How do we write functions that accept arrays as parameters?

• Will we need to return the new array contents after reversal?
...

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Array parameter (declare)

type functionName(type name[], int size) {

• Example:
// Returns the average of the given array of numbers.
double average(int numbers[], int n) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
return (double) sum / n;
}

Array parameter (call)

functionName(arrayName);

• Example:
int main() {
// figure out the average TA IQ
int iq[] = {126, 84, 149, 167, 95};
double avg = average(iq, 5);
printf("Average IQ = %lf", avg);
}
...

• Notice that you don't write the [] when passing the array.

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Reference semantics

A swap function?
• Does the following swap function work? Why or why not?
int main() {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
// swap a with b?
swap(a, b);
printf("%d %d", a, b);
}

void swap(int a, int b) {

int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}

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Value semantics
• value semantics: Behavior where values are copied when
assigned, passed as parameters, or returned.
• All primitive types in C use value semantics.
• When one variable is assigned to another, its value is copied.
• Modifying the value of one variable does not affect others.

int x = 5;
int y = x; // x = 5, y = 5
y = 17; // x = 5, y = 17
x = 8; // x = 8, y = 17

Reference semantics
• reference semantics: Behavior where variables actually
store the address of a variable in memory.
• When one array is assigned to another, the array is
not copied; both variables refer to the same array.
• Modifying the value of one variable will affect others.

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The value of an array name

• “the value of an array name” is really the address of the
first element of the array

printf("%p", array); // 0031F930

printf("%p", &array); // 0031F930
printf("%p", &array[0]); // 0031F930

Arrays pass by reference

• Arrays are passed as parameters by reference.
• Changes made in the function are also seen by the caller.
int main() {
int iq[SIZE] = {126, 167, 95};
increase(iq, SIZE);
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", iq[i]);
}
iq
void increase(int a[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
a[i] = a[i] * 2;
}
} index 0 1 2
• Output: a value 252 334 190
[252, 334, 190]

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Array reverse question 2

• Turn your array reversal code into a reverse function.
• Accept the array of integers to reverse as a parameter.

int numbers = {11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89};

reverse(numbers, 6);

• Solution:
void reverse(int numbers[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
int temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[n - 1 - i];
numbers[n - 1 - i] = temp;
}
}

Array parameter questions

• Write a function swap that accepts an arrays of integers
and two indexes and swaps the elements at those indexes.
int a1[] = {12, 34, 56};
swap(a1, 1, 2);
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", a1[i]); // [12, 56, 34]

• Write a function swapAll that accepts two arrays of

integers and size of arrays as parameters and swaps their
entire contents.
• Assume that the two arrays are the same length.
int a1[] = {12, 34, 56};
int a2[] = {20, 50, 80};
swapAll(a1, a2, 3);
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", a1[i]); // [20, 50, 80]
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", a2[i]); // [12, 34, 56]

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Array parameter answers

// Swaps the values at the given two indexes.
void swap(int a[], int i, int j) {
int temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}

// Swaps the entire contents of a1 with those of a2.

void swapAll(int a1[], int a2[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int temp = a1[i];
a1[i] = a2[i];
a2[i] = temp;
}
}

Array return question

• Write a function merge that accepts three arrays of integers
(two non-empty and one empty array) and returns a new array
containing all elements of the first array followed by all elements
of the second.
int a1[] = {12, 34, 56};
int a2[] = {7, 8, 9, 10};
int a3[7];
merge(a1, a2, a3, 3, 4);
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", a3[i]);
// [12, 34, 56, 7, 8, 9, 10]

• Write a function merge3 that merges 3 arrays similarly.

int a1[] = {12, 34, 56};
int a2[] = {7, 8, 9, 10};
int a3[] = {444, 222, -1};
int a4[10];
merge3(a1, a2, a3, 3, 4, 3);
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%d ", a4[i]); // [12, 34, 56, 7, 8, 9, 10, 444, 222,
-1]

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Arrays for tallying

A multi-counter problem
• Problem: Write a function mostFrequentDigit that
returns the digit value that occurs most frequently in a
number.

• Example: The number 669260267 contains:

one 0, two 2s, four 6es, one 7, and one 9.
mostFrequentDigit(669260267) returns 6.

• If there is a tie, return the digit with the lower value.

mostFrequentDigit(57135203) returns 3.

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A multi-counter problem
• We could declare 10 counter variables ...
int counter0, counter1, counter2, counter3, counter4,
counter5, counter6, counter7, counter8, counter9;

• But a better solution is to use an array of size 10.

• The element at index i will store the counter for digit value i.
• Example for 669260267:

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

value 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 1

• How do we build such an array? And how does it help?

Creating an array of tallies

// assume n = 669260267
int counts[10] = {0};
while (n > 0) {
// pluck off a digit and add to proper counter
int digit = n % 10;
counts[digit]++;
n = n / 10;
}

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
value 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 0

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Tally solution
// Returns the digit value that occurs most frequently in n.
// Breaks ties by choosing the smaller value.
int mostFrequentDigit(int n) {
int counts[10] = {0};
while (n > 0) {
int digit = n % 10; // pluck off a digit and tally it
counts[digit]++;
n = n / 10;
}
// find the most frequently occurring digit
int bestIndex = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
if (counts[i] > counts[bestIndex]) {
bestIndex = i;
}
}
return bestIndex;
}

Characters arrays and strings

• Initializing a character array with a string:

char word[] = "hello";

• Initializing with an initializer list:

char word[] = {‘h’, ‘e’ , ‘l’ , ‘l’ , ‘o’ , ‘\0’};

• The last element of a character array is null character:‘\0’

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Characters arrays and strings

• Accessing the characters in a string:
char word[] = "hello";
char c = word[1] ; // e
word[1] = word[4]; // hollo

• Inputting into a character array:

char word[6];
scanf("%5s", word); // scanf reads upto 5 characters

• Outputting a character array

printf("%s\n", word);

#define SIZE 20

. . .

char string1[SIZE]; // reserves 20 characters

char string2[]="string literal"; // reserves 15 characters

printf("Enter a string (no longer than 19 characters):");

// read string from user into array string1
scanf("%19s", string1); //input no more than 19 characters

// output strings
printf("string1 is: %s\nstring2 is: %s\n", string1,
string2);

printf("string1 with spaces between characters is:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE && string1[i] != '\0'; ++i) {

printf("%c ", string1[i]);
}

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Multi-dimensional arrays
• An array of arrays, the elements of which are accessed with
multiple integer indexes.
• double: one double
• double[]: a one-dimensional array of doubles
• double[][]: a two-dimensional grid of doubles
• double[][][]: a three-dimensional collection of doubles
• Example:
double temps[3][5];

Initializing array elements:

double temps[3][5] = {{0.0}, {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {0.0}};

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Accessing to an array element

arrayName[rowIndex][columnIndex]

• Example:
temps[0][3] = 98.3;
temps[2][0] = 99.4;

Traversing array elements

void print(double grid[][], int rows, int columns) {
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
printf("%lf ", grid[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

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