Module 3-Chapter 12

Understanding the Self

 Becoming a Better Student

• As a person growth is an inevitable goal and change will always be

present in what we do. As such, for students, the need to
understand that just barely passing the different subjects and
graduating after is not necessarily the best option for successfully
landing you dream job, or becoming successful in the world of
work. I
• It is also important to note that being a student does not necessarily mean
that the only thing you have to do is to read books, go to class, or prepare and
answer tests, these things may be the usual things expected for a student to do
in school, but understanding that the preparation for real life endeavors may
start in the class room, but not necessarily end there.
To become a better student, several things are needed to be done,
aside from just listening from the discussions and following the
directions taught by the teachers a student should be able to have a
better understanding of what they are doing, have the ability to
recognize and sort the different information that they are
encountering, and to be able to have a certain level of understanding
on the concepts that they are studying in which could result for
better application and appreciation of such learnings.
 Tips to Become a Better Student
1. Prepare Before going to school
• Always try to research or read the next lesson, do your assignments at home or
before going to school, eat and have proper rest before going to school.
• In preparation for school not only your assignments, or making sure that you
have all the tools you need for class ready and prepared but to also make sure to
have your body prepared by making sure to have enough rest and eating as to
ensure that you as a student have enough energy to go through the entire day.
• 2. Use different Resources

• Aside from books provided for the class, don’t forget to use the
library, and the internet. Using different resources will enable you
as a student to access more information and be able to learn the
latest learnings and information related to the subject matter that
you are studying.
3. Be Critical and make learning personal

• Know what you are learning, why you are learning and how they are
important to you and your plans in life.
• By being critical to the information that you acquire you will be able
to appreciate more their value and be able to apply and relate them to
your situation and let these learning help you to be able to achieve
your goals.
• 4. Ask Help
• The school may focus on the interaction between the teachers and students
but the institution is comprised of more than what or who are inside the class
room and the people in the school from the guidance office, librarian, registrar,
etc. and even people outside the school such as your parents and friends or
other professionals can help you as a student to break limitations, ease the
difficulties that is brought about by the requirements of the curriculum.
• 5. Do other things
• The school provides co-curricular or extra-curricular activities, join
clubs, or school groups to widen you experiences as a student. Not
only can you have better relationships which will translate to more
help in the future, but an active body and mind that may or may not
necessarily related to school work can also help a student to balance
their lifestyle and maintain a healthy body and mind.
Chapter 13 Setting Goals for
Success
Bandura’s Self- Efficacy

Albert Bandura, one of the most renowned

psychologist. He has made significant
contributions to all branches of psychology.
Self-Efficacy Theory is part of his Social
Cognitive Theory (or Social Learning Theory)
which is a fundamental to positive psychology.
! Self-Efficacy
is commonly defined as the belief
in one’s capabilities to achieve a goal or an
outcome. It is the ability to influence events
that affect one’s life and control the way these
events are experienced (Bandura, 1994).
! Students with high self-efficacy may more likely to challenge
themselves with difficult tasks and be highly motivated to achieve
the task. They put high degree of effort and will do everything in
their power to meet their commitments.
! Self-efficacious students may more likely recover quickly from
setbacks and ultimately are to achieve their personal goal.
However, student with low self-efficacy, believe that they cannot
be successful and will less likely to make extended effort and may
consider challenging task to be avoided. They have low
aspirations and may result from poor academic performances.
 Four Ways to Build Self-Efficacy

! 1. Mastery Experience
Every experience is not always positive outcome. It may also bring failure.
This experience’s will help us build resilience thru treating failure as learning
opportunity and chance to reach our goal with different approach.
! 2. Social Modeling
Observing those who practice high self-efficacy in their lives and who
have reached their goals despite hardships can provide great motivation
to a person. Bandura notes that it is necessary to draw role-models from
one’s own social surroundings. In this age, internet and social media can
be big source of employing role-models.
3.Social Persuasion
- It is about finding the right mentor. Social Persuasion is about
having other’s (role model) directly influence one’s self-efficacy by
providing opportunities to master experience. These social
persuasion may are mentors that are knowledgeable and practices
what they preach.
! 4. States of Physiology
! Our own emotions, moods and physical state can influence our
interpretation of self-efficacy. Having feeling of tension, anxiety
and weariness can lower our self-efficacy. Positive emotion can
help build positive insight for high self-efficacy to a person.
 Dweck’s Mindset Theory

! Another learning theory that explains persons acquiring of intelligence and

realizing his/her goals is the Mindset Theory by Carol S. Dweck. She is a
psychologist from Stanford University that tries explain the way to
understand the effects of learning and education to a person.

! Dweck proposed that people hold for the nature and the cause of
intelligence have several implications, specifically the way the person
motivates himself to learn and practice.
 Mindset

! isa term used by Dweck to explain the

assumptions, methods, or notations held by one or
more people or group of people. It represents the
cognitive processes activated in response to a
given task.
! There are two kinds of mindset, the fixed and growth mindset

Fixed mindset (before termed as entity mindset) is an innate or

in-born personality of a person. It is basically “who you are”, how
God made you

Growth Mindset (or the Incremental mindset), where people

believe that training and an effort to learn can change one’s
qualities and trait
Growth Mindset

! It is then said that acquiring a Growth Mindset is much better kind of

mindset because it attributes success to learning and continuous
practice.
! Thus, the individual is not afraid of failure, it only directs the person to
need to practice more, pay attention, invest on effort, and master new
learning. The person then be more confident to face challenges and
believe in him/herself that he will improve his performance.
! Goal Setting Theory

! Most people would probably agree that goal setting is one of the main
ingredient for a person to succeed. It is a powerful way of motivating
people and motivating yourself. Dr. Edwin Locke pioneers a research in
1960s’ about setting goals. This theory was more known to work or

industrial setting, much from where the SMART goal originated.

! Goal Setting Theory states that there is a
relationship between how difficult and specific a
goal was and the people’s performance task. He
found that specific and difficult goals led to
better task performance than vague or easy
goals.
“Try Hard” or “Do your best”

“Try to get more than 80% correct” or “Try beating your

best score”
 Five Principles of Goal Setting

! a. Clarity – Clear, measurable and unambiguous (specific) goals.

! b. Challenge –Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with.
! c. Commitment – The more harder the goal, the more commitment is
required.
! d. Feedback – Listen to feedback from people to provide opportunities to
clarify expectations, adjust goal difficulty and gain recognition.
! e. Task Complexity – The more complicated and demanding the role
would give high level of motivation to a person.
 CHAPTER 14
TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S
HEALTH
 STRESSORS AND REPONSES

• Stress is person’s response to events that threaten them. A student can

experience various kinds of deadline from deadline of projects or exam,
family problem, peer pressure to the complex stress such as ever
changing environment or terrorist attack. Even the pleasant events, such
as preparing for a party or starting a sought-after job can produce stress.
• In recent years, focus on this issue has been broadened as psychology
came to see stress and coping in broader context. Health Psychology, a
newer subfield of psychology, investigates the psychological factors such
as stress of different kind and in different situation. It also includes coping
mechanism, prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
 STRESS EFFECT ON THE BODY

• Muscle Tension
• • Tension-type headache and migraine headache • Difficulty in breathing
• Asthma
• Increased heartrate
• • Stronger contraction of the heart muscle • Elevated blood pressure
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Inflammation of the respiratory system
• Elevated epinephrine and cortisol hormones • Uncontrolled blood glucose level
• Heartburn or acid reflux
• Ulcer
• Severe stomach pain
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Increased respiration rate
• Dilated blood vessel in the arms and legs
• Affects testosterone production
• Sperm production
• Erectile dysfunction
• Absent or irregular menstrual cycle
• Difficult premenstrual symptoms
 STRESS AND FILIPINOS: THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
DIMENSION OF STRESS

• Stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand placed

upon it (Selye, 1926).Stress is an individual’s physiological and/or
psychological reaction to the real and imagined demands of life. It is the
way a person reacts physically and emotionally to change. On the other
hand, culture is best defined as a highly complex, continually changing
system of meaning that is learned, shared, transmitted and altered from
one generation to another (Triandis, 1995). How does culture might
influence environmental system, personal system, transitory conditions,
cognitive appraisal and coping skills, and health and well-being?
• Stress has turned into an unavoidable truth, and for a few, the day by day
standard. However, incidental stress can help enhance our concentration and
execution, living with incessant stress can reverse discharge by causing
uneasiness, discouragement, and serious medical issues.Stress affects the body’s
immune system. Filipinos experience stress and results to illnesses, physical and
mental, fleeting and serious and life-threatening. This can also lead to depression
and other maladaptive behavior that can be harmful to self and others. On the
other hand,stress can be mediated through culture. For instance, Filipinos have
various threshold and ways to cope with stressors. Concurrently, men and women
express emotion in different patterns. Women deal with stressful situation through
tiis (endurance)and kimkim (repression). Men are less expressive than women
and prone to confront “political economy of stress “(Tan, 2006). Thus, culture
influences how people react to stressors.
• Taking Care of the Self: The Need for Self Care and Compassion
• Self-compassion is composed of three main components: (1) self-
kindness, (2) a sense of common humanity and (3) mindfulness. Self-
compassion is not self-pity, self-indulgence and self-esteem (Neff, 2003).
 BENEFITS OF SELF COMPASSION

• 1. Self-compassion enhances motivation.

2. Self-compassion promotes health-related behaviors. 3. Self-
compassion benefits interpersonal relationships. 4. Self-compassion
predicts happiness and optimism. 5. Self-compassion enhances well-
being.
Thanks ☺