Laplace Transform
Application in circuit
analysis
Dr Ajay Verma
Laplace Transform…..
Objectives:
Introductory comments and relation with Fourier
Transform.
Applicability of Laplace Transform and ROC.
LT of some standard signals.
Inverse LT methods.
Properties of LT.
Circuit analysis Using LT method.
LTI system and Transfer function.
Laplace Transform…..
Any Physical problem based on Input signal, System
and Output signal can be analyzed either using time
domain approach or using frequency domain
approach.
Conversion of Time domain function to its
corresponding Frequency domain function is known
as Direct Transformation
Reverse of above process is known as Inverse
Transformation.
In continuous time signal system (circuit) analysis
mainly two types of Transformations are used.
(i) Fourier Transform. (ii) Laplace Transform.
Fourier Transform…..
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Laplace Transform…..
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Definition.. A pictorial view point
• Transforms -- a mathematical conversion
from one way of thinking to another to
make a problem easier to solve solution in
problem in original way
original way of thinking
of thinking
solution inverse
transform in transform transform
way of
thinking
problem in solution
time in time
domain inverse domain
solution
Laplace
in Laplace
transform
s domain transform
• Other transforms
• Fourier
• z-transform
• wavelets
time domain
linear time
differential domain
equation solution
Laplace transform
inverse Laplace
transform
Laplace algebra Laplace
transformed
solution
equation
Laplace Transform…..
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Laplace Transform…..
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Laplace Transform…..
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Laplace Transform…..
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Laplace Transform…..
Laplace Transform…..
Example – ROC may not always exist!
Note that there is no common ROC 🡪 Laplace Transform
can not be applied!
Laplace Transform…..
•
Laplace Transform…..
• Find F(s):
Laplace Transform…..
Find F(s):
Bilateral Laplace Transforms
• Laplace Transform of two
different signals can be the
same, however, their ROC
can be different:
• 🡪 Very important to know
the ROC.
• Signals can be
– Right-sided 🡪 Use the
unilateral Laplace
Transform Table
– Left-sides
– Have finite duration
• How to find the transform of
signals that are bilateral!
How to Find Bilateral Transforms
• If right-sided use the table for unilateral Laplace Transform
• Given f(t) left-sided; find F(s):
– Find the unilateral Laplace transform for f(-t)🡪 laplace{f(-t)}; Re(s)>a
– Then, find F(-s) with Re(-s)>a
• Given Fb(s) find f(t) left-sided :
– Find the unilateral Inverse Laplace transform for F(s)=fb(t)
– The result will be f(t)=–fb(t)u(-t)
• Example
How to Find Bilateral Transforms
Find the unilateral Laplace transform for f(-t)🡪 laplace {f(-t)}; Re(s)>a
Then find F(-s) with Re(-s)>a
Inverse Laplace Transform
Partial Fraction Expansions
• Expand into a term for
each factor in the
denominator.
• Recombine RHS
• Equate terms in s and
constant terms. Solve.
• Each term is in a form
so that inverse Laplace
transforms can be
applied.
Example of Inverse Laplace Transform
Example of Solution of an ODE
ODE w/initial conditions
Apply Laplace transform to
each term
Solve for Y(s)
Apply partial fraction
expansion
Apply inverse Laplace
transform to each term
Laplace Transforms of Common Functions
Name f(t) F(s)
Impulse 1
Step
Ramp
Exponential
Sine
Properties of Laplace Transform
Properties of Laplace Transform
Linearity f1(t) ± f2(t) F1(s) ± F2(s)
Constant multiplication a f(t) a F(s)
Complex shift eat f(t) F(s-a)
f(t - T)
Real shift eTs F(as)
f(t/a)
Scaling a F(as)
Laplace Transform…..
Advantages of Laplace Transform analysis:
1. Laplace transformation coverts a complex time domain
integro-differential equations in to a simple algebraic
equation of Laplace operator ‘s’.
2. Analysis in s domain hence become simple.
3. Initial and boundary conditions are automatically considered
in transformation process.
4. For many physical systems a very complex mathematical
modelling and its analysis in time domain turn out to be very
simple Transfer function approach of analysis in Laplace
domain.
Application of Laplace Transform on circuit
• Consider an RL circuit with R=4, L=1/2. Find i(t)
if v(t)=12u(t).
Given
Partial fraction expression
LTI system and Transfer function
•
Fourier series analysis---
French Mathematician
J B J Fourier introduced
the concept of Fourier
series for the analysis of
arbitrary periodic
functions:
Fourier series analysis---
Some Periodic Functions
Fourier series analysis---
Some Periodic Functions
Fourier series analysis---
Fourier Series: A Fourier series is a
representation of a function using a series of
sinusoidal functions of different
“frequencies”.
They are extremely useful to be used to
represent functions of phenomena that are
periodic in nature.
Fourier series analysis---
• Fourier Integral & Transform: Similar to
Fourier series but extend its application to
both periodic and non-periodic functions and
phenomena.
• First developed by the French mathematician
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
Fourier series analysis---
Why using Fourier analysis? Analyze the
phenomena from time-basis to a
frequency-basis analysis. It is simpler to
describe a periodic function using Fourier
description. Ex: a periodic time series can
always be described by using its frequency and
amplitude.
A periodic function f(t) has a period of T will
satisfy f(t)=f(t+T), i.e. the function repeats itself
after each interval of time period T.
Fourier series analysis---
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Fourier series analysis---
Dirichlet conditions
1. If periodic function is discontinuous, then
there should be finite number of
discontinuities in one period.
2. The average value of the periodic function
over one period must be finite.
3. Function should have finite no. of maxima
and minima over one period.
Fourier series analysis---
•
Fourier series analysis---
Fourier series analysis---
Fourier series analysis---
•
Fourier series analysis---
for all values of m.
Fourier series analysis---
Fourier series analysis---
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Fourier series analysis---
•
Fourier series analysis---
•
Fourier series analysis---
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Fourier series analysis---
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Example 1. Find the. Fourier series of
the following periodic function
Example 1.----
Example 1.----
Example 1.----
Example 1.----
Example 1.----
Therefore, the corresponding Fourier series is
In writing the Fourier series we may not be able
to consider infinite number of terms for
practical reasons. The question therefore, is –
how many terms to consider?
Example 1.----
When we consider 4 terms as shown in the
previous slide, the function looks like the
following.
1.5
0.5
f(θ ) 0
0.5
1.5
θ
Example 1.----
When we consider 6 terms, the function looks
like the following.
1.5
0.5
f(θ ) 0
0.5
1.5
θ
Example 1.----
When we consider 12 terms, the function looks
like the following.
1.5
0.5
f(θ ) 0
0.5
1.5
θ
Example 1.----
The red curve was drawn with 20 terms and the
blue curve was drawn with 4 terms.
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
θ
Fourier Series analysis---
Fourier Series analysis---
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Fourier Series analysis---
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Waveform Symmetry
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Fourier Series analysis---
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Fourier Series analysis---
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Fourier Series analysis---
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Fourier Series analysis---
Example 2. Find the. Fourier series of the following
periodic function
Example 2…..
Fourier Transform analysis------
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Fourier Transform analysis------
Fourier Transform analysis------
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Fourier Transform analysis------
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Difference between Fourier series and
Fourier Transform.
• Fourier Series:
• Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function
using infinite sum of sines and cosines terms.
• Fourier series can be used to solve a large set of
mathematical problems specially the problems that
involve linear differential equations with constant
coefficients.
• Fourier series has applications in large number of
fields including electrical engineering, vibration
analysis, acoustics, optics, signal processing, image
processing, quantum mechanics and econometrics.
Difference between Fourier series and
Fourier Transform.
• Fourier series uses the orthogonality relationships of
sine and cosine functions. The calculation and the
study of Fourier series is known as the harmonic
analysis.
• It is very useful when working with arbitrary periodic
functions, since it allows to break the function in to
simple terms that can be used to obtain a solution to
the original problem.
Difference between Fourier series and Fourier
Transform.
• Fourier Transform:
• Fourier transform defines a relationship between a signal
in the time domain and its representation in the
frequency domain.
• The Fourier transform decomposes a function into
oscillatory functions. Since this is a transformation, the
original signal can be obtained from knowing the
transformation, thus no information is created or lost in
the process.
• Fourier transform has some basic properties such as
linearity, translation, modulation, scaling, conjugation,
duality and convolution. Fourier transform is applied in
solving differential equations
Difference between Fourier series and Fourier
Transform.
• Fourier transform is also used in nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and in other kinds of spectroscopy.
Based on above points we can summaries the differences as;
Fourier series is an expansion of periodic signal as a linear
combination of sines and cosines while Fourier transform is the
process or function used to convert signals from time domain in
to frequency domain. Fourier series is defined for periodic
signals and the Fourier transform can be applied to both
periodic and aperiodic signals.
