Health Policy

Health is a “state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”.

Health policy of a na on is its strategy for controlling and op mizing the social uses of its health
knowledge of intended objec ves.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

Goal 3:

It aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at all ages. Health and well-being are
important at every stage of one’s life, star ng from the beginning.

This goal addresses all major health priori es: reproduc ve, maternal, newborn, child and
adolescent health; communicable and non-communicable diseases; universal health coverage; and
access for all to safe, effec ve, quality and affordable medicines and vaccines.

Na onal Health Policy of India

The Na onal Health Policy- 1983:

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, evolved a Na onal Health Policy in 1983.

The policy lays stress on preven ve, promo ve, public health and rehabilita on aspects of
healthcare.

The policy stresses the need of establishing comprehensive Primary Health Care Services to reach the
popula on in the remote area of the country.

NHP 1983 recommended a decentralized system of health care, the key features of which were low
cost, de-professionalisa on (use of volunteers and paramedics), & community par cipa on.

Expansion of the private cura ve sector which would help reduce the government's burden.

However, by the end of 2000 century, it was clear that the goals of health for all by the year 2000 AD
would not be achieved.

The observed progress suggested that we may need some new and addi onal strategy or new sizable
interven on in achievement of the goal of health for all in the country.

Therefore, a new health policy was framed in the year 2002.

Na onal Health Policy- 2002:

A revised health policy for achieving be er health care and unmet goals has been brought out by
government of India- Na onal Health Policy 2002.

According to this revised policy, government and health professionals are obligated to render good
health care to the society

Key strategies of NHP-2002

 Primary Health Care Approach,

 Decentralized public health system,
 Convergence of all health programme under single field umbrella,
  Strengthening and extending public health services,
 Enhanced contribu on of private and NGO sector in health care delivery.
 Increase in public spending for health care.

Na onal Health Policy- 2017

NHP-2017 also iden fies seven priority areas for improving the environment for health.

These priority areas needing coordinated ac on include:

 The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

 Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises.
 Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse
 Yatri Suraksha - preven ng deaths due to rail and road traffic accidents.
 Nirbhaya Nari -ac on against gender violence
 Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place
 Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollu on

The Na onal Health Policy of 1983 and the Na onal Health Policy of 2002 have served well in guiding
the approach for the health sector in the Five-Year Plans. The current context has however changed
in four major ways. First, the health priori es are changing. Although maternal and child mortality
have rapidly declined, there is growing burden on account of non-communicable diseases and some
infec ous diseases. The second important change is the emergence of a robust health care industry
es mated to be growing at double digit. The third change is the growing incidences of catastrophic
expenditure due to health care costs, which are presently es mated to be one of the major
contributors to poverty. Fourth, a rising economic growth enables enhanced fiscal capacity.
Therefore, a new health policy responsive to these contextual changes is required.

The Na onal Health Policy, 2017 (NHP, 2017) seeks to reach everyone in a comprehensive integrated
way to move towards wellness. It aims at achieving universal health coverage and delivering quality
health care services to all at affordable cost.

Goal
The policy envisages as its goal the a ainment of the highest possible level of health and well-being
for all at all ages, through a preven ve and promo ve health care orienta on in all developmental
policies, and universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face
financial hardship as a consequence. This would be achieved through increasing access, improving
quality and lowering the cost of healthcare delivery.

Objec ves

Improve health status through concerted policy ac on in all sectors and expand preven ve,
promo ve, cura ve, pallia ve and rehabilita ve services provided through the public health sector
with focus on quality.

Universal Health Coverage:

1 Individual :

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a comprehensive health care system that aims to ensure all
individuals have access to essen al health services without facing financial hardship. It is based on
three key principles:
 1. Accessibility: This means that everyone, regardless of their socio-economic status,
geographic loca on, or any other factor, should be able to access the health services they
need. This includes physical accessibility to health facili es and services, as well as removing
barriers such as discrimina on or cultural factors that might prevent people from seeking
care.

2. Affordability: Health care should be financially affordable for all individuals. This involves
reducing or elimina ng out-of-pocket expenses, such as copayments or deduc bles, which
can prevent people from seeking necessary care. It also includes mechanisms such as health
insurance or government subsidies to ensure that the cost of health care does not lead to
financial hardship for individuals or families.

3. Quality: Universal Health Coverage emphasizes the importance of providing high-quality

health services to all individuals. This includes ensuring that health care providers are
qualified and trained, that facili es are adequately equipped and maintained, and that
services are evidence-based and effec ve in improving health outcomes. Quality assurance
mechanisms, such as accredita on and monitoring systems, are essen al to ensure that
standards are met and maintained.

2 Population Health

Universal health coverage (UHC) is a comprehensive approach to ensure that all individuals and
communi es have access to essen al health services without suffering financial hardship. It
encompasses various aspects, including promo ng wellness and preven ng diseases.

1. Elimina ng Diseases: One of the primary goals of universal health coverage is to eliminate or
reduce the burden of diseases within popula ons. This involves a mul -faceted approach,
including vaccina on campaigns, access to essen al medica ons, disease surveillance and
control, and promo ng healthy behaviours. By ensuring that everyone has access to
necessary healthcare services, UHC helps in early detec on, treatment, and preven on of
diseases, ul mately contribu ng to their elimina on or reduc on.

2. Promo ng Wellness: UHC goes beyond just trea ng diseases; it also focuses on promo ng
wellness and preven ve care. This includes ini a ves such as health educa on, nutri onal
programs, maternal and child health services, mental health support, and lifestyle
interven ons. By inves ng in wellness promo on, UHC aims to empower individuals and
communi es to adopt healthier lifestyles and behaviours, thereby reducing the incidence of
diseases and improving overall well-being.

Healthcare policy within developmental policies in India is a cri cal aspect of the country's overall
developmental agenda. India's healthcare system faces various challenges, including accessibility,
affordability, and quality of care. As a result, healthcare policies within developmental frameworks
aim to address these challenges and improve the health outcomes of the popula on. Here are some
key points regarding healthcare policy in developmental policies in India:

Universal Health Coverage (UHC): India has been striving towards achieving universal health
coverage, aiming to ensure that all ci zens have access to essen al healthcare services without
facing financial hardship. Ini a ves like the Ayushman Bharat scheme, which includes the Pradhan
Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) and Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs), are steps towards
achieving this goal by providing financial protec on and access to healthcare services.
Primary Healthcare Strengthening: Recognizing the importance of primary healthcare in addressing
the healthcare needs of the popula on, developmental policies in India focus on strengthening
primary healthcare infrastructure and services. This includes ini a ves to upgrade exis ng primary
health centres, establish new health facili es in underserved areas, and enhance the availability of
essen al medicines and diagnos c services at the grassroots level.

Health Infrastructure Development: Developmental policies priori ze the development of

healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and diagnos c facili es,
par cularly in rural and remote areas where healthcare access is limited. Investments in health
infrastructure aim to improve healthcare access and quality of care for all segments of the
popula on.

Health Promo on and Disease Preven on: Healthcare policies within developmental frameworks
also emphasize health promo on and disease preven on ini a ves. This includes programs focusing
on maternal and child health, immuniza on, nutri on, sanita on, and hygiene. By addressing the
social determinants of health and promo ng healthy behaviours, these ini a ves aim to prevent
diseases and improve overall health outcomes.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): To leverage resources and exper se from both the public and
private sectors, developmental policies in India encourage public-private partnerships in healthcare
service delivery. PPP models are increasingly being u lized for infrastructure development, service
delivery, and capacity building, aiming to enhance the efficiency and effec veness of healthcare
delivery.

Digital Health and Technology Integra on: Recognizing the transforma ve poten al of digital health
technologies, developmental policies in India emphasize the integra on of technology into
healthcare delivery. Ini a ves such as the Na onal Digital Health Mission (NDHM) aim to create a
digital infrastructure for healthcare delivery, including electronic health records, telemedicine, and
health informa on exchange, to improve access, efficiency, and quality of care.

Overall, healthcare policy within developmental policies in India is geared towards addressing the
healthcare needs of its diverse popula on, with a focus on improving access, affordability, and
quality of care through various strategic interven ons and ini a ves.

Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a
flagship healthcare scheme launched by the Government of India in September 2018. It is one of the
largest government-funded healthcare programs globally, aiming to provide accessible and
affordable healthcare to millions of Indian ci zens, especially those belonging to economically
vulnerable sec ons.

Here are some key features and components of the Ayushman Bharat Yojana:

Health Insurance Coverage: Ayushman Bharat provides health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh
per family per year for secondary and ter ary care hospitaliza on. This coverage extends to over 10
crore vulnerable families iden fied based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) database.

Cashless Treatment: Under this scheme, eligible beneficiaries can avail cashless treatment at
empanelled public and private hospitals across India. The scheme covers a wide range of medical and
surgical treatments, including pre-exis ng condi ons.

Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Ayushman Bharat aims to strengthen the primary healthcare
infrastructure in the country by transforming exis ng Sub Health Centres (SHCs) and Primary Health
Centres (PHCs) into Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs). These HWCs provide comprehensive
primary healthcare services, including preven ve, promo ve, and cura ve care.

Technology-driven Implementa on: The scheme u lizes technology extensively for beneficiary
iden fica on, authen ca on, and monitoring. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) aims to
create a digital health ecosystem to facilitate seamless delivery of healthcare services and improve
efficiency and transparency.

Portability: Ayushman Bharat offers portability of benefits, allowing eligible beneficiaries to avail of
healthcare services across the country. This ensures access to quality healthcare even when
beneficiaries are traveling or residing outside their home states.

Empowerment of Women: The scheme priori zes women's health by providing special packages for
maternal and neonatal care. It covers expenses related to antenatal care, delivery, and postnatal
care, thereby promo ng maternal and child health.

Fraud Control Mechanisms: To prevent fraud and misuse of the scheme, Ayushman Bharat
incorporates robust fraud control mechanisms, including biometric authen ca on, fraud detec on
algorithms, and regular audits.

Overall, Ayushman Bharat Yojana seeks to address the healthcare needs of India's vulnerable
popula ons by providing financial protec on against catastrophic health expenditures and improving
access to quality healthcare services. By focusing on both insurance coverage and strengthening
primary healthcare infrastructure, the scheme aims to achieve the twin objec ves of universal health
coverage and inclusive development.

Certainly, Ayushman Bharat Yojana (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana) has its own set of
advantages and disadvantages. Let's explore them:

Pros:

Financial Protec on: One of the most significant advantages of Ayushman Bharat is that it provides
financial protec on to vulnerable families by offering health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per
family per year. This helps families mi gate the financial burden associated with medical
emergencies and hospitaliza on expenses.

Access to Healthcare: The scheme aims to improve access to healthcare services, especially for
economically disadvantaged sec ons of society. By providing cashless treatment at empanelled
public and private hospitals, Ayushman Bharat ensures that beneficiaries can avail of quality
healthcare without worrying about upfront payment.

Focus on Primary Healthcare: Ayushman Bharat emphasizes strengthening primary healthcare

infrastructure through the establishment of Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs). These centers
provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including preven ve and promo ve care, thus
addressing healthcare needs at the grassroots level.

Portability: The portability feature of Ayushman Bharat allows beneficiaries to access healthcare
services across the country. This is par cularly beneficial for migrant workers and families who may
need healthcare services while traveling or residing outside their home states.

Technology-driven Implementa on: The scheme leverages technology for beneficiary iden fica on,
authen ca on, and monitoring. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) aims to create a
digital health ecosystem, improving the efficiency and transparency of healthcare service delivery.
Cons:

Limited Coverage: Despite its ambi ous goals, Ayushman Bharat has faced cri cism for its limited
coverage. While the scheme targets economically vulnerable families iden fied based on the Socio-
Economic Caste Census (SECC) database, there are concerns about exclusion errors and the omission
of deserving beneficiaries.

Infrastructure Challenges: The success of Ayushman Bharat relies heavily on the availability and
quality of healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals and Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs).
Inadequate infrastructure in some regions may hinder beneficiaries' access to healthcare services,
limi ng the scheme's effec veness.

Quality of Care: While Ayushman Bharat aims to improve access to healthcare, there are concerns
about the quality of care provided at empanelled hospitals. Some cri cs argue that the focus on
insurance coverage may incen vize quan ty over quality, leading to substandard care in some cases.

Administra ve Burden: The implementa on of Ayushman Bharat involves significant administra ve

challenges, including beneficiary iden fica on, empanelment of hospitals, and claims processing.
Administra ve inefficiencies and delays may affect the mely delivery of healthcare services to
beneficiaries.

Sustainability: The long-term sustainability of Ayushman Bharat remains a subject of debate,

par cularly regarding funding sources and financial viability. Ensuring adequate resources and
effec ve management are essen al to sustain the scheme's opera ons and achieve its objec ves in
the long run.

In conclusion, while Ayushman Bharat Yojana offers several benefits in terms of financial protec on,
improved access to healthcare, and emphasis on primary healthcare, it also faces challenges related
to coverage limita ons, infrastructure constraints, quality of care, administra ve complexi es, and
long-term sustainability. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for realizing the scheme's
poten al to achieve universal health coverage and inclusive development in India.

Educa on Policy

The Na onal Educa on Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020), which was started by the Union Cabinet of
India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of new educa on system of India. The new policy replaces
the previous Na onal Policy on Educa on, 1986. The policy is a comprehensive framework for
elementary educa on to higher as well as voca onal training in both rural and urban India. The
policy aims to transform India's educa on system by 2030.

Shortly a er the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study
any par cular language and that the medium of instruc on will not be shi ed from English to any
regional language. The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up
to the states, ins tu ons, and schools to decide on the implementa on. Educa on in India is a
Concurrent List subject.

Na onal Educa on Policy, 2020 (NEP) envisions a massive transforma on in educa on through– “an
educa on system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is
Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high quality
educa on to all, thereby making India a global knowledge superpower.” The NEP 2020 is founded on
the five guiding pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability. It will prepare our
youth to meet the diverse na onal and global challenges of the present and the future.

In school educa on, the Na onal Educa on Policy 2020 stresses on the core values and principle that
educa on must develop not only the cogni ve skills, that is, – both ‘founda onal skills’ of literacy
and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ skills such as cri cal thinking and problem solving – but also, social
and emo onal skills - also referred to as ‘so skills’ -including cultural awareness and empathy,
perseverance and grit, teamwork, leadership, communica on, among others. The Policy aims and
aspires to universalize the pre-primary educa on and provides special emphasis on the a ainment of
founda onal literacy/numeracy in primary school and beyond for all by 2025. It recommends
plethora of reforms at all levels of school educa on which seek to ensure quality of schools,
transforma on of the curriculum including pedagogy with 5+3+3+4 design covering children in the
age group 3-18 years, reform in the current exams and assessment system, strengthening of teacher
training, and restructuring the educa on regulatory framework. It seeks to increase public
investment in educa on, strengthen the use of technology and increase focus on voca onal and
adult educa on, among others. It recommends that the curriculum load in each subject should be
reduced to its ‘core essen al’ content by making space for holis c, discussion and analysis-based
learning.

It also proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the educa on structure, including the
school regula on and governance, to create a new system which is aligned with the aspira onal
goals of 21st century educa on along with India’s tradi on, culture and value system. Technology will
be integrated with educa on through several exis ng as well as proposed ini a ves, including
energized text books, high quality e-content for capacity building of teachers and learners, ques on
banks based on learning outcomes, etc. The policy also notes that establishing primary schools in
every habita on across the country has helped in increasing access to educa on. However, it has led
to the development of very small schools (having low number of students) which makes it
opera onally complex to deploy teachers and cri cal physical resources. Therefore, the Policy
recommends that mul ple public schools can be brought together to form a school complex or any
innova ve grouping mechanism for efficient governance. The policy has emphasized upon Quality
Educa on across all stages of School Educa on. Quality educa on is not only a life-changing, but also
a mind-cra ing and character-building experience, that posi vely impacts on ci zenship. Empowered
learners not only contribute to many growing developmental impera ves of the country but also
par cipate in crea ng a just and equitable society.

In Higher Educa on, NEP, 2020 provides valuable insights and recommenda ons on various aspects
of educa on that include moving towards mul disciplinary and holis c educa on, ins tu onal
autonomy, promo on of quality research through establishment of Na onal Research Founda on,
con nuous professional development of teachers, integra on of technology, interna onaliza on of
higher educa on, restructuring of governance and regulatory architecture, mul disciplinary
curricula, engaging blended, pedagogy, valid reliable and blended assessment and availability of
content in Indian languages. The policy is expected to bring long-las ng posi ve impact on the
educa on system and making India a global hub of skilled manpower during the ‘Amrit Kaal’, the next
25 years leading up to Developed India in 2047. Its implementa on needs collec ve efforts of Centre,
States, UTs, HEIs, Regula ng Agencies / Regulatory Bodies and all other relevant stakeholders.

The Na onal Educa on Policy (NEP) 2020, released by the Government of India in July 2020, the
third NEP in the history of independent India, by the current government headed by Prime Minister
Sri Narendra Modi, is a comprehensive framework that outlines the vision and roadmap for the
transforma on of the educa on system in India.
The first NEP was promulgated by the Government of India under Late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira
Gandhi in 1968, the second by Late Prime Minister Sri Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.

The NEP 1986, the last me it was envisaged, 36 years ago, was when the late prime minister shri
Rajiv Gandhi ushered in the era of computeriza on and telecommunica on revolu on in the na on.
The first wave of purposeful program was undertaken to transform the na on using the confluence
of these two technologies. I have been a beneficiary of that wave, as a genera on of highly informed
and educated computer literates emerged and that enabled the na on to take off in the IT and IT-
enabled services sectors, today contribu ng almost two-thirds of na on’s GDP.

The NEP 2020 aims to make India a global knowledge superpower by providing quality educa on to
all its ci zens and developing the country’s human capital. The world has transformed in these last
36 years, from basic desk-top and mainframe number crunching, pre-internet days in 1986 to, in-
palm smart phones with apps, driven by AI and Machine learning crunching big data in the fast inter-
connected world.

With COVID hi ng the humanity in 2020, the whole world had no choice but to jump on to the
technology bandwagons to keep the world going, and that includes the transforma on of the
educa on and learning arena. What COVID did, especially, to the educa on spaces – classrooms in
schools and universi es – the best of the faculty taking sessions remotely with engaging interac ons
using myriad digital resources of learning – no other interven on could bring such transforma on,
even though all the technologies used during COVID have been present in the marketplace for over
two decades.

So, it is me to look at educa on in the new light, and hope NEP 2020 as it is envisaged and
implemented has a few answers to the challenges the world of learning is facing.

Transforma on of Indian Educa on System Post-Independence

1948 – The 1st commission, University Educa on Commission, was set up

1952 – The Secondary Educa on Commission was established

1964-1966 – The Indian Educa on Commission was introduced

1968 – 1st Na onal Educa on Policy came up

1986 – A new policy was formulated

1992 – The previous educa on policy was modified

2005 – The 1986 educa on policy was again modified

2020 – The new Na onal Educa on Policy (NEP) was passed by the cabinet

2023-2024 – The New Educa on Policy was implemented in this academic year

The Need for a New Na onal Educa on Policy (NEP)

Up un l the introduc on of the New Na onal Educa on Policy in 2020, there were many pi alls in
the Indian educa on system. Memorisa on was priori sed more over the understanding of
concepts. In addi on to this, the presence of mul ple boards was a big issue. Each board had
different learning methods for different skills, and then every student had to take the same
standardised board exam.

Furthermore, in the past years, more emphasis was laid on learning or mastering tradi onal subjects
and less on developing voca onal skills. In the new educa on policy, all the pi alls and limita ons of
the Indian educa on system are taken care of. Moreover, the policy intends to bridge the gap
between voca onal and formal educa on.

Salient Features of NEP 2020:

1. Holis c and Integrated Educa on: The NEP 2020 envisions a holis c and integrated approach to
educa on, which will focus on the overall development of the students. The policy emphasizes the
importance of early childhood educa on and aims to provide a strong founda on for children
through play-based and ac vity-based learning. It also proposes a flexible curriculum that allows
students to choose their subjects of interest as they progress to higher classes in the school.

2. Universaliza on of Educa on: The policy aims to provide universal access to educa on from pre-
school to higher educa on for all students irrespec ve of their socio-economic background. It aims
to achieve 100% Gross Enrollment Ra o (GER) by 2030 and increase the public investment in
educa on to 6% of GDP.

3. Emphasis on Skill Development: The NEP 2020 lays emphasis on the development of 21st-century
skills such as cri cal thinking, problem-solving, crea vity, and digital literacy. It also proposes the
integra on of voca onal educa on in the school curriculum to promote skill development and
employability.

4. Technology-Enabled Learning: The policy proposes the use of technology for teaching and
learning, including the development of digital infrastructure and the use of online pla orms for
delivering educa on. It also proposes the crea on of a Na onal Educa onal Technology Forum
(NETF) to facilitate the use of technology in educa on.

5. Mul lingualism: The policy recognizes the importance of mul lingualism and proposes the use of
mother tongue or regional language as the medium of instruc on in schools up to class 5. It also
aims to promote the learning of at least two languages other than the mother tongue.

I have experienced the advantages of such a system, as both of our children studied in a school,
Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, where ll class 5, all subjects except English, are taught in Hindi Medium only.
It does create a strong grounding for children in their mother tongue. Every child emerges stronger in
mul ple languages, including in English, as at homes reading gains importance and exposure to
varied interests enable children to blossom. Of course, educated parents can add a lot of value. The
ques on is how many homes have educated elders.

6. Flexibility and Choice: The NEP 2020 proposes a flexible and student-centric approach to
educa on, which will allow students to choose their courses and subjects of interest. But this
certainly demands a certain amount of knowledge, maturity, and facilita on from parents. The NEP
also proposes the crea on of a Na onal Academic Credit Bank (NACB) to facilitate the transfer of
credits between ins tu ons. For such a thing to happen, the ins tu ons have to evolve and be more
open to accept their flaws and lacunae, to allow students to opt for courses from programs from
other ins tu ons.

7. Teacher Development: The policy emphasizes the importance of teacher development and
proposes the crea on of a Na onal Mission for Mentoring Program (NMM) to provide con nuous
professional development for teachers. It also proposes the crea on of a Na onal Curriculum
Framework for Teacher Educa on (NCFTE) to standardize teacher educa on across the country. This
is a herculean task and will demand change of mindset towards con nuous, lifelong learning – both
from the teachers towards learning, as well as government to introduce such possible learning
spaces and channels.

8. Higher Educa on Reforms: The NEP 2020 proposes a range of reforms in higher educa on,
including the crea on of a single higher educa on regulator called the Higher Educa on Commission
of India (HECI). It also proposes the integra on of voca onal educa on into high school educa on as
well as higher educa on and the establishment of mul disciplinary universi es. This integra on of
voca onal educa on is very cri cal, as has been experienced in countries like Germany, where
explosion of industrializa on happened with over 95% of those who got educated actually chose to
undergo voca onal educa on as they progressed beyond schooling.

9. Research and Innova on: The policy recognizes the importance of research and innova on in the
development of the country and proposes the crea on of a Na onal Research Founda on (NRF) to
fund and promote research in all areas of knowledge. Ins lling of spirit of research in every child as
he or she progresses into higher educa on becomes very cri cal for the na ons to solve challenges
that it will face. The na on needs problem solvers.

10. School Curricular And Pedagogy

The NEP 2020 aims to provide a holis c and flexible learning experience to students by minimizing
the school curriculum content and focusing on 21st-century skills such as analy cal and cri cal
thinking, experien al learning, and crea vity.

The policy promotes choice-based flexible learning facili es where students can choose subjects of
their interest, leading to the development of well-rounded individuals with a diverse skill set.

Unlike the current educa onal system, there will be no rigid separa on between fields like arts and
science, curricular and extracurricular ac vi es, and everything a student does will be counted.

The NEP 2020 also introduces voca onal educa on consis ng of internships from the 6th grade. This
will enable students to gain prac cal experience in different industries and professions, enhancing
their employability and preparing them for the future workforce.

In addi on, the policy advocates for the use of innova ve and experien al pedagogies to enhance
the learning experience of students. This includes the use of technology, peer learning, and
collabora ve projects to create a more engaging and interac ve learning environment.

11. Power Of Language & Mul lingualism

The NEP 2020 is not restricted to educa on in the ‘English’ language!

It openly favours educa on in the mother tongue/regional/local language. In addi on to this, one of
the oldest & ancient languages ‘Sanskrit’ is to be promoted as well.

Students are free to take up the Sanskrit language in schools as well as during their higher educa on.
Several other tradi onal literatures of India & classical languages will also be offered to students. No
specific language will be forcefully imposed.

12. The New Assessment Reforms: Assessment plays a key role in helping teachers scru nize &
evaluate the skills & knowledge of students. A maximum of two Board Examina ons could be
administered within any given school year, one for the main examina on and one for improvement if
required.

The Na onal Assessment Centre PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of
Knowledge for Holis c development), which would establish standards and prescribe norms to
improve the educa onal system, is envisioned in the NEP 2020, which recognizes the need for
assessment reform.

To assist with the centre's setup, the government has recruited interna onal consultants. It is
an cipated to transform educa on, which is based on research, theory, and prac ce.

Several assessment innova ons must be incorporated within the system for PARAKH to live up to its
promises. For instance, concept maps, a visual representa on of the rela onships between the ideas
taught, are a fun approach to evalua ng the concepts learned. Students can be given an incomplete
idea map by the teacher to complete.

Another innova on is the ability of students to organize and store learning materials in their e-
por olios, including wri en assignments, photos, and videos, to reflect on their educa onal
experiences.

13. Funds To Meet The Needs Of Students

The NEP 2020 recognizes the need for inclusive educa on and has introduced measures to ensure
that children belonging to underprivileged backgrounds and those with special abili es have access
to quality educa on.

The policy will set up a ‘Gender Inclusion Fund’ & ‘Special Educa on Zone’ for children belonging to
unprivileged backgrounds & with special abili es. They will be encouraged to par cipate in regular
school processes right from founda onal programs to higher Ed.

These funds will be used to provide financial assistance to schools that admit children from
marginalized communi es, ensuring that they receive an equal opportunity to par cipate in regular
school processes from founda onal programs to higher educa on.

Educators will run exclusive programs to help them get trained; ini ate various resource centers &
assis ve technology-based tools & devices to simplify & ease their learning journey.

14. Teacher Training

The NEP 2020 emphasizes the need for con nuous professional development of teachers. The policy
advocates the use of technology for teacher training and mentoring. The policy places a strong
emphasis on the value of excellent teacher prepara on.

To encourage brilliant and crea ve young minds to pursue teaching as a career, it seeks to launch a
number of systemic reforms.

The policy aims to set the Na onal Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST), which will govern all
areas of teacher career management, professional development ini a ves, pay hikes, etc.,

‘10+2’ Pa ern Replaced By ‘5+3+3+4’

The popular pa ern of school educa on will be replaced with a unique “5+3+3+4” curricular
structure with respect to different age groups of kids ranging from– 3 years - 8 years, 8 years -11
years, 11-14, and 14 years -18 years.
Today, students start acquiring formal educa on from the age of 3 by enrolling in play school
programs. A er the comple on of play school educa on, the children transi on to kindergarten 1 &
2 followed by 12 years long secondary educa on & higher educa on programs.

The new structure – breaks down the same structure into stages like founda onal stage 3-8 years,
preparatory stage 8-11 years, middle stage 11-14 years & secondary stage 14-18 years of age.

This profound structure will bring the age group of 3-6 years under the school curriculum.

So, the new educa onal schooling umbrella will consist of 12 years of schooling life along with 3
years of pre-schooling or ‘Anganwadi’.

Significance of 5+3+3+4 Structure

By the 5+3+3+4 structure, the government hopes to place a greater emphasis on pupils’ cogni ve
growth. The government will flesh out the schooling phases of kids through this system for their
advantage. In contrast to the 10+2 framework, the 5+3+3+4 structure will enhance students’
founda ons from the founda onal to secondary stages. This new framework will also assist students
in fully exercising their right to an educa on. Because the structure caters to children aged 3 to 18
rather than 6 to 14. As a result, the pupils will be helped from the start of their school life.

Aside from that, this structure will be useful in significantly enhancing student reten on rates. With
the implementa on of this framework, more students will remain at their respec ve ins tu ons
throughout their academic careers. In short, this new framework will benefit students in every way
imaginable. Furthermore, a higher literacy rate under this system will only benefit our country’s
future.

Benefits Of New Educa on Policy

For Students:

Holis c Development:

NEP 2020 focuses on the holis c development of students, addressing their cogni ve, social,
emo onal, and physical growth. It promotes cri cal thinking, crea vity, and problem-solving skills,
preparing students to thrive in the 21st century.

Flexible Learning Pathways:

The policy offers flexible learning pathways, allowing students to choose subjects based on their
interests and career aspira ons. This promotes personalized learning, enabling students to explore
their passions and develop exper se in their chosen fields.

Reduced Curriculum Burden:

NEP aims to reduce the curriculum burden on students by emphasizing core concepts and essen al
learning outcomes. This allows for a deeper understanding of subjects and encourages a more
comprehensive learning experience.

Inclusive Educa on:

The policy priori zes inclusive educa on, ensuring equal opportuni es for students from diverse
backgrounds, including those with disabili es and from marginalized communi es. It promotes an
inclusive and suppor ve learning environment, fostering empathy and understanding among
students.
Skill Development:

NEP 2020 emphasizes skill development, equipping students with 21st-century skills such as cri cal
thinking, communica on, problem-solving, and digital literacy. This enhances their employability and
prepares them for future challenges.

For Teachers:

Professional Development Opportuni es:

The new educa on policy recognizes the importance of con nuous professional development for
teachers. It provides opportuni es for training, workshops, and collabora ons to enhance their
teaching skills, update their knowledge, and stay abreast of evolving pedagogical prac ces.

Enhanced Teaching Prac ces:

The policy encourages a shi towards learner-centric teaching prac ces, promo ng interac ve and
experien al learning methods. This allows teachers to engage students ac vely in the learning
process, fostering deeper understanding and reten on of concepts.

Integra on of Technology:

NEP emphasizes the integra on of technology in educa on. Teachers can leverage digital tools,
online resources, and educa onal apps to enhance their teaching effec veness, create interac ve
learning experiences, and cater to diverse learning styles.

Recogni on of Leadership and Mentorship:

It also recognizes the importance of teacher leadership and mentorship. Teachers have the
opportunity to take on mentoring roles, suppor ng their fellow educators, and contribu ng to policy
implementa on. This fosters professional growth and collabora on among teachers.

Collabora ve Learning Communi es:

NEP also promotes collabora ve learning communi es, encouraging teachers to engage in peer
learning, share best prac ces, and collaborate with colleagues. This creates a suppor ve
environment for professional growth and enhances teaching effec veness.

Empowerment as Facilitators:

The policy empowers teachers to become facilitators of learning rather than just informa on
providers. They can guide students through their learning journey, foster cri cal thinking, and
nurture students’ interests and talents.

Disadvantages of NEP 2020

Increased Pressure and Compe on for Students:

One of the primary concerns with the policy is the poten al increase in pressure and compe on
among students. NEP emphasizes the importance of standardized examina ons and encourages
board exams at mul ple levels, star ng from the early years. This approach may lead to an excessive
focus on grades and performance, compromising the overall development and well-being of
students.

Narrowing of Subject Choices:

The new policy proposes a shi towards a mul disciplinary approach, which aims to provide
students with a broad range of subjects. However, this might inadvertently limit their op ons. With
an increased emphasis on voca onal educa on and skill development, subjects like arts, humani es,
and social sciences may receive less a en on. This narrow focus could hinder the overall intellectual
and crea ve growth of students.

Insufficient Teacher Training and Support:

The NEP 2020 falls short in adequately addressing the training and support needs of teachers. The
lack of clear guidelines for con nuous professional development and incen ves may impact the
quality of educa on imparted in classrooms.

Imbalance in Digital Infrastructure:

The new educa on policy places significant emphasis on digital educa on and e-learning pla orms.
While this can enhance access to educa on, it also exposes the digital divide prevalent in our society.
Not all students have equal access to digital devices, internet connec vity, or resources required for
online learning. This imbalance may further marginalize students from economically disadvantaged
backgrounds, exacerba ng educa onal inequali es.

Standardiza on Challenges:

The policy’s aim to standardize educa on across the country may overlook regional and cultural
diversi es. The one-size-fits-all approach might not cater to the unique needs and aspira ons of
students from different states and regions.

Insufficient Implementa on Strategy:

A major concern surrounding the policy is the lack of a robust implementa on strategy. It proposes
ambi ous changes without providing a clear roadmap for execu on. This ambiguity can lead to
confusion among educa onal ins tu ons, teachers, and students, resul ng in uneven
implementa on across the country. Without a well-defined plan, the poten al benefits of the policy
may remain unrealized.

Welfare and Social Security Policy

Development policy is defined as developmental policies which are aimed at successfully

empowering people to exercise choices to have a say on the quality of life they would like to
maintain.

Development policy encompasses all poli cal, economic and social measures to help improve living
condi ons in developing countries in a sustainable way.

Development is a mul -faceted phenomenon.

Development policies are set of ac ons or guidelines put in place to promote development.

It is ever evolving.

At the global level, development policies mainly focus on third world countries.
Developmental policy mainly aims to:

1. Eradica ng Poverty: Developmental policies aim to li individuals and communi es out of

poverty by providing access to educa on, healthcare, employment opportuni es, social
safety nets, and basic infrastructure. These policies o en include poverty allevia on
programs, microfinance ini a ves, skill development schemes, and targeted assistance for
marginalized groups.

2. Reducing Inequality: Developmental policies strive to narrow the gap between different
segments of society by promo ng equitable distribu on of resources and opportuni es. This
involves measures to ensure equal access to educa on, healthcare, employment, and social
services, as well as policies aimed at empowering marginalized communi es, addressing
discrimina on, and promo ng social inclusion.

3. Achieving Sustainable Development: Developmental policies are increasingly focusing on

sustainability to ensure that economic growth is balanced with environmental protec on and
social well-being. This entails promo ng environmentally friendly prac ces, renewable
energy sources, conserva on of natural resources, and resilience to climate change impacts.
Sustainable development also involves fostering inclusive economic growth that benefits
present and future genera ons without compromising their needs.

Welfare and social security policies are governmental ini a ves designed to provide financial and
social assistance to individuals or families in need. These policies aim to promote the well-being and
economic stability of ci zens, par cularly those facing poverty, unemployment, disability, or other
challenges.

Welfare policies typically include programs such as cash assistance, food stamps, housing subsidies,
and healthcare assistance. These programs are o en means-tested, meaning eligibility is based on
the recipient's income or assets.

Social security policies, on the other hand, focus specifically on providing support to individuals and
families during specific life events or circumstances that can lead to financial insecurity, such as
re rement, disability, unemployment, or the death of a breadwinner. Social security programs
commonly include re rement pensions, disability benefits, unemployment insurance, survivor
benefits, and healthcare coverage for the elderly.

Salient features of Welfare and Social Security Policy:

1. Universal Coverage: Many welfare and social security programs in India aim for universal
coverage, ensuring that benefits reach a large propor on of the popula on, especially those
in need. However, certain schemes may target specific demographics such as below-poverty-
line families, senior ci zens, persons with disabili es, or marginalized communi es.

2. Subsidized Services: Several welfare programs provide essen al services at subsidized rates
or for free. This includes subsidized food distribu on through the Public Distribu on System
(PDS), healthcare services under schemes like the Ayushman Bharat Yojana, and educa on
through ini a ves like the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.

3. Employment Genera on: Some social security policies focus on genera ng employment
opportuni es, par cularly in rural areas. The Na onal Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA) guarantees a certain number of days of wage employment to rural households,
thereby providing them with a source of income and reducing poverty.
 4. Financial Assistance: Social security policies o en involve providing financial assistance to
individuals and families during mes of need. This can include pensions for senior ci zens,
widow pensions, disability benefits, maternity benefits, and financial aid for educa on.

5. Insurance Coverage: Certain social security schemes offer insurance coverage to protect
individuals and families from financial shocks due to unforeseen circumstances. For example,
the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and the Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyo
Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) provide affordable personal accident and life insurance cover
respec vely to individuals.

6. Focus on Marginalized Groups: Many welfare policies specifically target marginalized and
vulnerable groups such as scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minori es, and women. These
ini a ves aim to address historical injus ces, promote social inclusion, and upli these
communi es socio-economically.

7. Digitaliza on and Accessibility: There is a growing emphasis on leveraging technology to

improve the efficiency and accessibility of welfare and social security programs. Online
portals, mobile applica ons, and digital pla orms are increasingly used for beneficiary
registra on, service delivery, and monitoring.

8. Community Par cipa on and Empowerment: Some welfare programs incorporate

community par cipa on and empowerment strategies to ensure that beneficiaries are
ac vely involved in decision-making processes and program implementa on. This helps in
fostering a sense of ownership and sustainability.

Welfare Scheme: Welfare policies in India encompass a range of programs and ini a ves designed to
upli disadvantaged groups and improve their quality of life. These policies o en target specific
demographics such as women, children, the elderly, persons with disabili es, and those living below
the poverty line.

The Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) in India was started in the year 1995 as a centrally sponsored
scheme. It aims to improve the nutri onal status of school children and encourage regular
a endance in schools by providing free, nutri ous meals to students. The scheme ini ally targeted
primary school children but was later expanded to cover upper primary classes as well.

The implementa on of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme is a joint effort between the central government
and state governments, with the former providing financial assistance and the la er responsible for
the execu on of the program at the grassroots level. The meals provided under the scheme typically
include items like rice, dal (len ls), vegetables, eggs, and milk, depending on regional dietary
preferences and availability.

Over the years, the Mid-Day Meal Scheme has been instrumental in addressing malnutri on among
school children, reducing dropout rates, and promo ng the overall health and well-being of students
across the country. It is considered one of the largest school meal programs in the world and has
significantly contributed to the educa onal and social development of millions of children in India.

1. Objective: The primary objective of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme is to enhance

the nutritional intake of children, especially those belonging to disadvantaged
sections of society, and to encourage them to attend school regularly.
2. Implementation: The scheme is implemented by the central government in
collaboration with state governments and union territories. It is primarily
targeted at students in government and government-aided primary and upper
primary schools, as well as the Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and
Alternative & Innovative Education (AIE) centers run by non-governmental
organizations.

3. Menu: Under the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, children are provided with a cooked
meal during school hours. The menu typically includes a variety of nutritious
items such as rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and milk, depending on
regional preferences and dietary habits.

4. Nutritional Standards: The scheme follows nutritional guidelines set by the

government to ensure that the meals provided meet the dietary requirements
of schoolchildren. These standards aim to provide a balanced diet rich in
proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals essential for growth and
development.

5. Coverage: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme covers millions of children across India.
It is particularly beneficial for children from economically disadvantaged
backgrounds who may not have access to adequate nutrition at home.

6. Impact: The scheme has several positive impacts, including:

 Improved nutritional status and health outcomes among

schoolchildren.
 Increased school enrolment and attendance, especially among girls and
children from marginalized communities.
 Reduction in classroom hunger and malnutrition-related health issues.
 Enhanced learning outcomes and cognitive development due to better
nourishment.

7. Monitoring and Evaluation: The implementation of the Mid-Day Meal

Scheme is monitored closely at various levels, including central, state, district,
and school levels. Regular inspections, audits, and evaluations are conducted
to ensure the quality, hygiene, and effectiveness of the program.

8. Challenges and Reforms: Despite its many benefits, the Mid-Day Meal
Scheme faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, irregularities in
food quality and distribution, and administrative inefficiencies. Efforts are
ongoing to address these challenges through reforms such as the use of
 technology for better monitoring, improvements in cooking facilities, and
capacity building of stakeholders involved in program implementation.

Social Security Policy: Social security policies in India are intended to protect individuals and
families from financial hardships due to various life events such as old age, disability,
unemployment, sickness, and maternity. These policies provide financial assistance,
insurance coverage, and other benefits to eligible beneficiaries.
The Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) was launched by the Government of
India on May 9, 2015. It was one of the three social security schemes announced by the
government under the Jan Dhan Yojana ini a ve aimed at expanding access to financial
services for the underprivileged and economically vulnerable sec ons of society. The
scheme was introduced to provide affordable personal accident insurance cover to
individuals across the country.
Under the PMSBY, subscribers are offered a renewable one-year accidental death and
disability insurance cover of Rs. 2 lakh (approximately $2,700) at a nominal premium. The
scheme is available to all individuals between the ages of 18 and 70 years with a bank
account, and they can enroll in the scheme through their respec ve banks. The premium for
the scheme is typically minimal, making it accessible to a large sec on of the popula on.
The PMSBY aims to provide financial security to individuals and their families in the event of
accidental death or disability, thereby mi ga ng the financial burden associated with such
unforeseen circumstances. The scheme has been instrumental in expanding insurance
coverage and promo ng financial inclusion in India, par cularly among low-income
households and those in rural areas.
Since its launch, the PMSBY has been widely recognized for its contribu on to enhancing
social security and providing financial protec on to millions of individuals across the country.
1. Objec ve: The primary objec ve of PMSBY is to provide affordable accidental death
and disability insurance coverage to individuals in India, especially those from
economically vulnerable sec ons of society.
2. Eligibility: Any resident Indian between the ages of 18 and 70 years can enroll in the
scheme by having a savings bank account and providing consent to join and enable
auto-debit of the premium amount.
3. Premium: The premium for PMSBY is very nominal, making it accessible to a large
sec on of the popula on. As of my last update, the premium is typically set at Rs. 12
per annum per member. This amount is auto-debited from the insured individual's
bank account annually.
4. Insurance Coverage:
 Accidental Death Benefit: In the event of the insured person's death due to
an accident, the nominee receives a lump sum amount of Rs. 2 lakh.
  Permanent Total Disability Benefit: If the insured person suffers permanent
total disability due to an accident, a lump sum amount of Rs. 2 lakh is
provided.
 Permanent Par al Disability Benefit: In case of permanent par al disability
arising from an accident, the insured individual receives a par al benefit
amount, depending on the nature and severity of the disability.
5. Scope: PMSBY provides coverage for accidental death and disability due to any cause,
including road accidents, natural disasters, falls, and other unforeseen events.
However, deaths or disabili es resul ng from pre-exis ng condi ons are not covered
under the scheme.
6. Enrolment Process: Individuals can enrol in the PMSBY scheme by filling out a simple
enrolment form available at par cipa ng banks or through various online channels.
The enrolment period is typically from June 1 to May 31 of each year, with the op on
to renew annually.
7. Claim Process: In the event of an accident resul ng in death or disability, the insured
individual or their nominee must file a claim with the insurance company within the
s pulated me frame. The claim is processed based on the documenta on provided
and the terms and condi ons of the policy.
8. Government Support: While PMSBY is a government-backed scheme, the actual
insurance coverage is provided by par cipa ng insurance companies selected
through a bidding process. The government facilitates the implementa on of the
scheme and subsidizes the premium to make it affordable for the masses.
Challenges and Reforms:

1. Low Awareness: One of the primary challenges faced by PMSBY is low awareness
among the target popula on, par cularly in rural and remote areas. Many eligible
individuals may not be aware of the scheme's benefits or how to enrol.
2. Limited Coverage: PMSBY provides coverage only for accidental death and
permanent total disability, excluding par al disability and temporary disability. This
limited coverage may not fully meet the needs of individuals who experience non-
fatal accidents or temporary disabili es.
3. Administra ve Bo lenecks: The claims se lement process under PMSBY can be
marred by administra ve bo lenecks, delays, and documenta on requirements.
Streamlining the claims process and enhancing transparency can help improve the
scheme's efficiency and effec veness.
4. Fraud and Misuse: There have been instances of fraud and misuse in the
implementa on of PMSBY, including fraudulent enrolment, false claims, and
irregulari es in premium collec on. Strengthening oversight mechanisms and
implemen ng stringent measures to prevent fraud are essen al for maintaining the
integrity of the scheme.
 5. Accessibility and Reach: While PMSBY aims to provide insurance coverage to a wide
segment of the popula on, ensuring accessibility and reach to all eligible individuals,
especially those in underserved and marginalized communi es, remains a challenge.
Efforts to expand outreach through awareness campaigns and leveraging exis ng
infrastructure are crucial for increasing enrolment.
Reforms and Mi ga on Measures:
1. Awareness Campaigns: The government has launched awareness campaigns and
outreach programs to educate the public about the benefits of PMSBY and facilitate
enrolment. These campaigns u lize various channels such as mass media, print
media, digital pla orms, and community-level ini a ves.
2. Simplifica on of Processes: Efforts are underway to simplify the enrollment process,
reduce paperwork, and streamline the claims se lement process. Digi za on of
enrolment forms, online claims submission, and mobile-based services are being
introduced to enhance convenience and accessibility.
3. Capacity Building: Capacity building ini a ves for bank officials, insurance agents,
and other stakeholders involved in the implementa on of PMSBY are being
undertaken to improve efficiency, transparency, and customer service.
4. Enhanced Monitoring and Oversight: The government is strengthening monitoring
mechanisms and deploying technology-driven solu ons for real- me tracking of
enrolment, premium payments, and claims processing. Regular audits and
inspec ons are conducted to detect and deter fraudulent ac vi es.
5. Expansion of Coverage: There are ongoing discussions and delibera ons on
expanding the coverage and benefits under PMSBY to address the evolving needs
and priori es of the target popula on. This includes exploring op ons for covering
addi onal risks such as par al disability and extending the age limit for enrolment.
Environment and Energy Policy:
h ps://enterclimate.com/blog/unraveling-the-threads-of-environmental-policy-
development-in-india/
What are Environmental Policies?
Environmental policies encompass a wide range of measures aimed at protec ng the
environment and promo ng sustainable prac ces. These policies can cover various sectors
such as air and water pollu on control, waste management, conserva on of biodiversity,
renewable energy promo on, climate change mi ga on, and more. By implemen ng
comprehensive environmental policies, governments strive to strike a balance between
economic development and ecological sustainability.
Na onal Environment Policy, 2006
Ar cle 48 of the Direc ve Principles of State Policy emphasizes the state's responsibility to
protect and enhance the environment, as well as safeguard the country's forests and
wildlife. On the other hand, Ar cle 51-A imposes a duty upon every Indian ci zen to
preserve and enhance the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife,
while promo ng compassion towards all living creatures.
The Na onal Environment Policy of India, formulated in 2006, acts as a comprehensive
guideline for sustainable development and environmental governance in the country. This
policy aims to integrate environmental concerns into all aspects of development planning
and decision-making processes.
•Mandatory EIA and environment management plan, details of the public hearing and a
project report to the impact assessment agency for clearance and further review by a
commi ee of experts in certain cases and public hearings.
• The current na onal policy can be put into two categories from the standpoint of
• A) overall environmental management which includes:
• i. Na onal Forest Policy,1988,

• ii. Na onal Conserva on Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,
1992, and
• iii. Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollu on, 1992.
• B) Sector-based policies include
• i) Na onal Agriculture Policy, 2000
• ii) Na onal Popula on Policy, 2000, and
• iii) Na onal Water Policy, 2002 has equally contributed to managing the environment.
• The common focus of all these policies is on the need for sustainable development in their
specific contexts. The Na onal Environment Policy seeks to extend the coverage and fill in
gaps that s ll exist in light of present knowledge and accumulated experience (NEP, 2006).

Objec ves of the Na onal Environment Policy, 2006

The key objec ves of the Na onal Environment Policy, 2006 are as follows:
The policy aims to protect ecosystems and natural resources through conserva on,
sustainable use and good governance.
It wants to integrate environmental concerns into all development policies and plans.
The policy promotes sustainable produc on and consump on to use resources more
efficiently and reduce pollu on and waste.
It recognizes that educa on can build awareness about environment issues and change
people's a tudes and behaviours.
The policy tries to balance mee ng current needs with preserving resources and ecosystems
for future use.
It encourages par cipatory governance and co-opera on between government, businesses
and ci zens to achieve its goals.
List of Environmental Policies - Pre Stockholm Period
Before the Stockholm Conference held in 1972, environmental concerns were not given
significant a en on globally. However, certain efforts were made at the na onal level to
address environmental issues, although they were rela vely limited in scope.
During this period, India focused on a few key environmental policies and prac ces,
including:
Forest Conserva on Act, 1927: This act aimed to curb deforesta on and protect forests by
regula ng the felling of trees and ensuring sustainable forest management prac ces.
Wild Birds and Animals Protec on Act, 1912: This legisla on sought to conserve wildlife and
protect endangered species by declaring certain areas as game sanctuaries and na onal
parks.

River Pollu on Acts: Several acts were introduced to control the pollu on of rivers caused by
industrial and domes c waste discharge.
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: This act, although primarily concerned with labour disputes,
indirectly contributed to environmental protec on by introducing provisions regarding the
welfare of workers, including their health and safety.
Environmental Policy – Post Stockholm Period (A er 1972)
The Stockholm Conference marked a significant turning point in the global approach towards
environmental conserva on. It led to increased awareness and ac on on environmental
issues, promp ng na ons to develop policies and ins tu ons dedicated to environmental
management.

Major enactments for the protec on of Environment in India

WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972[26]
It came into force on 9th September, 1972 and it is an act containing the provisions for the
protec on of wild animals, birds and plants.
WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974[27]
It came into force on 23rd March, 1974. The provisions of the Act differ from State to State
as it is a law on State subject. The Act contains the provisions for the preven on and control
of water pollu on and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. It also
provides for the establishment of Boards for the preven on and control of water pollu on
and their powers and du es.
FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980[28]
It came into force on 25th October, 1980. This Act contains provisions for the conserva on of
the forests.
AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981[29]

It came into force on 29th March, 1981. The Act contains provisions for the preven on,
control and abatement of air pollu on. It also provides for the establishment of Boards and
also defines their powers and func ons.
ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986[30]
It came into force on 23rd May, 1986. This Act contains the provisions for the protec on and
improvement of the environment.
PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991[31]
It contains provisions of public liability insurance for the purpose of providing immediate
relief to the persons affected by accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002[32]
This Act came into force on 5th February, 2002 and it contains provisions for the
conserva on of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.
NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010[33]
It came into force on 2nd June, 2010. This Act contains provisions for the establishment of a
Na onal Green Tribunal for the effec ve and expedi ous disposal of cases rela ng to
environmental protec on and conserva on of forests and other natural resources including
enforcement of any legal right rela ng to the environment and giving relief and
compensa on for damages to persons and property.
Bhopal Tragedy to 2006 (1984-2006):
• The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 had a deep impact in the minds of policy makers to deliver
comprehensive environment legisla on in 1986.
• (i) Environment (Protec on) Act, 1986 (EPA) The Environment (Protec on) Act, 1986
extends to the whole of India and it came into force on November 19, 1986.
• A er the enactment of Water (Preven on and Control of Pollu on) Act, 1974 and Air
(Preven on and Control of Pollu on) Act, 1981, it was decided that there should be a
general legisla on for environmental protec on as well as for coordina ng the ac vi es of
various regulatory agencies. Need was also felt to create authority with adequate power for
environment protec on, regula on of discharge, handling of hazardous substances, speedy
response to accidents threatening environment and deterrent punishment to those who
endanger human environment, safety and health.
•(ii) The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
•(iii) The Na onal Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.
•(iv) Na onal Environment Tribunal Act, 1995.
•The new economic policy ini ated in 1991 led Cons tu onal amendments in 1994 to
facilitate decentralisa on of powers and resources to local bodies. This period also
witnessed:
• a. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollu on and the Na onal Conserva on Strategy
and Policy Statement on Environment and Development were brought out by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1992.
• b.The Environmental Ac on Programme (EAP) was formulated in 1993 with the objec ve
of improving environmental services and integra ng environmental considera ons into
development programmes.
Energy Policy:
Energy is acknowledged as a key input towards raising the standard of living of people.
Energy is the key driver for any country’s economic growth.
Larger the popula on larger is the demand of energy.
Larger the consump on of tradi onal fossil based energy sources, larger the nega ve impact
on climate/environment and health. SDGs 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all.
COP28: To save the planet, we need a just and fair renewable energy revolu on. (UN’s
Climate Change Conference or Conference of Par es).
The key to ensuring that communi es – especially the most vulnerable – can leave fossil-fuel
based economies behind, is to create space for a just transi on to a green economy.
The move towards clean energy sources must involve careful considera on of the concerns
of people and communi es who will be most affected by this transi on.

In India, the energy/power sector encompasses the genera on, transmission, and
distribu on of electricity, relying on a diverse mix of energy sources. These sources include
coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, and solar energy.
Interna onally agreed goal is: Transi on away from fossil fuel.
The goal is to transi on from coal-fired power plants to renewable energy plants.
Currently, the Coal-fired power plants dominate India's power genera on, accoun ng for
over 65% of the installed capacity.
India’s renewable energy target is 50% by 2030.
(Renewable energy: sources that replenish naturally, such as the sun and the wind.)
Ini a ves such as the Na onal Solar Mission, Wind Energy Mission, Smart Ci es Mission,
and UJJWALA scheme aim to promote renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies.
India has set ambi ous targets for 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030, including 280 GW
of solar, 140 GW of wind, 10 GW of biomass, and 5 GW of small hydropower projects.
The government is also encouraging energy-efficient technologies like LED ligh ng and smart
meters to improve energy consump on and efficiency.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 7 emphasizes the need to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all. This goal aligns with India's energy policy objec ves, which aim to
provide universal access to clean and efficient energy sources while promo ng economic
growth and environmental sustainability.
Conference of Par es (COP):
COP28 underscores the impera ve of a just and fair renewable energy revolu on to mi gate
climate change. This resonates with India's commitment to transi oning away from fossil
fuels toward renewable energy sources. The emphasis on a just transi on acknowledges the
importance of considering the socio-economic impacts of this shi , especially on vulnerable
communi es.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 7 emphasizes the need to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all. This goal aligns with India's energy policy objec ves, which aim to
provide universal access to clean and efficient energy sources while promo ng economic
growth and environmental sustainability.
Conference of Par es (COP):
COP28 underscores the impera ve of a just and fair renewable energy revolu on to mi gate
climate change. This resonates with India's commitment to transi oning away from fossil
fuels toward renewable energy sources. The emphasis on a just transi on acknowledges the
importance of considering the socio-economic impacts of this shi , especially on vulnerable
communi es.
The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is a flagship ini a ve of the Government of
India aimed at providing clean cooking fuel to poor households. While it is primarily a social
welfare scheme, it also aligns with broader energy policy goals related to energy access,
energy security, and environmental sustainability. Here's an overview of PMUY in detail:
1. Objec ve: The main objec ve of PMUY is to provide clean cooking fuel to below-
poverty-line (BPL) households, par cularly in rural areas, who are s ll reliant on
tradi onal biomass fuels such as firewood, cow dung, and crop residue. By providing
access to clean cooking fuel, PMUY aims to improve the health and well-being of
women and children, reduce indoor air pollu on, and promote environmental
sustainability.
2. Access to LPG: Under PMUY, eligible households are provided with a free LPG
(liquefied petroleum gas) connec on along with a stove. The scheme aims to replace
 tradi onal cooking methods with cleaner and more efficient LPG, thereby reducing
the adverse health effects associated with indoor air pollu on from biomass fuels.
3. Subsidy Support: While the connec on is provided free of cost to eligible
beneficiaries, they are required to purchase their own LPG refills at market prices. To
make LPG affordable for BPL households, the government provides a subsidy on the
ini al cost of the connec on as well as on subsequent refills through the Direct
Benefit Transfer (DBT) mechanism.
4. Targeted Approach: PMUY adopts a targeted approach to iden fy and reach eligible
beneficiaries. Priority is given to households iden fied under the Socio-Economic
Caste Census (SECC) based on predefined criteria such as income level, housing
condi ons, and social vulnerability. Addi onally, states and union territories have the
flexibility to iden fy addi onal eligible households based on local criteria.
5. Implementa on: The implementa on of PMUY involves coordina on between
various stakeholders including the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, oil
marke ng companies (OMCs), state governments, and local distribu on agencies.
OMCs are responsible for distribu ng LPG connec ons, while state governments play
a role in awareness campaigns, beneficiary iden fica on, and monitoring.
6. Impact: PMUY has had a significant impact since its launch in May 2016. It has
resulted in a substan al increase in LPG penetra on in rural areas and has helped
millions of households transi on from tradi onal biomass fuels to clean cooking
energy. The scheme has also contributed to improving health outcomes, reducing
drudgery for women, and mi ga ng environmental degrada on.
7. Sustainability: While PMUY addresses immediate energy access and health concerns,
ensuring the sustainability of LPG usage among beneficiaries is essen al. This
includes measures such as promo ng efficient LPG u liza on prac ces, providing
support for refills through targeted subsidies, and addressing any logis cal or
behavioural barriers to sustained adop on of clean cooking fuels.
8. Challenges and Future Direc ons: While PMUY has achieved considerable success,
challenges remain in terms of ensuring sustained usage of LPG, addressing
affordability issues for refills, and expanding coverage to all eligible households,
especially in remote and underserved areas. Efforts are underway to address these
challenges through con nued awareness campaigns, subsidy reforms, infrastructure
development, and capacity building.