Physics Reviewer
Formulas
- Vectors
o Components of a Vector
Vx =Vcosθ
Vx =Vcosθ
o Resultant Vector
V = √Vx 2+ Vy 2
o Direction
θ=tan
−1 Vy
( Vx )
- Kinematics In One Dimension
o Displacement
Δx=x 2−x 1
o Speed/Velocity
Total Distance
Speed=
Time
o Accelaration
Δv v 2−v 1
a= =
Δt t 2−t 1
- Kinematic Equations
1
d= ( v 0 + v ) t
2
1 2
d=v 0 t+ a t
2
v=v 0 + at
v 2=v 20 −2 ad
Robotics Reviewer
Schematic Diagram
Electronics Symbols
Electronic circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic
diagrams.
Importance: Symbols in electricity are used in schematic diagrams
to represent components.
Basic Components and Symbols
Conductor/Wire – material that allows flow of electrical current in
one or more directions.
Switch – a device that connects and disconnects a circuit.
Connected Wires – provide a pathway for electricity between
different parts of the circuit.
Circuit Breaker – device that interrupts electrical circuit in case of
abnormal conditions.
Cell – generates electricity or enables chemical reactions by
applying electricity.
Capacitor – component with ability to store energy in the form of
electrical charge.
Resistor – reduces current flow, adjusts signal levels, divides
voltages, and terminates transmission lines.
Battery – device of electrochemical cells supplying power.
o Difference: A cell is a single unit; a battery is a collection of
cells.
Fuse – automatically melts in cases of overload or short circuit.
Other symbols: Ground, Inductor, Diode, Transformer, Transistor,
Relay.
Safety Procedures
Safety in Electronics & Prototyping
Electrical Hazards: Shocks, Burns, Explosions.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment):
o Gloves – prevent burns, electrical contact.
o Goggles – protect eyes from solder splatter.
o Apron – shields body from hot tools and chemicals.
Safe Tool Handling
Soldering Iron – hold by handle, never touch tip, always rest in stand.
Batteries – check for leaks, avoid short circuits, don’t overcharge.
General Rules – never carry tools in pockets, always disconnect
power before adjusting circuits.
Do’s and Don’ts in Electronics Lab
DO: Follow instructions, turn off power before touching, keep work area
tidy, use dry hands.
DON’T: Eat/drink near circuits, plug in damaged wires, use unfamiliar
tools, leave hot tools unattended.
ESD Prevention (Electrostatic Discharge)
Static electricity can destroy sensitive parts.
Use antistatic wrist straps/mats.
Avoid rubbing plastics/wool.
Ground yourself before touching circuit boards.
Fire Prevention & Storage
Keep flammables away from heat.
Store batteries in cool, dry place.
Use Class C fire extinguishers for electrical fires.
Waste Disposal
Sort E-waste, reusable, hazardous materials.
Don’t throw batteries or PCBs in trash.
Use proper containers for sharps.
First Aid
Burns – cool water, no ointment.
Cuts – clean, apply pressure, bandage.
Electric Shock – turn off power, call help, check breathing.
Soldering and De-Soldering
Soldering and De-Soldering
Soldering – connecting wires/metal using melted filler (lead + tin or
lead-free alloys).
De-Soldering – disconnecting soldered parts for repair/removal.
Tools: Soldering Iron, Solder, Flux, De-soldering Pump, Wire Cutter,
Sponge, Stand.
Steps in Soldering
1. Prepare tools and workplace (lighted, ventilated, clean).
2. Select solder and flux.
o Solder = metal filler.
o Flux = prevents oxidation, helps flow.
3. Choose the correct tip of soldering iron.
4. Apply flux, hold iron like a pen, touch joint with tip, apply heat.
5. Remove soldering iron, let joint cool, clean excess flux.
6. Evaluate solder (good = smooth, uniform; bad = dull, grainy).
7. De-soldering – use pump/solder wick to remove solder.
Parts of a Soldering Iron
Ohmmeter/Multimeter
Measuring Tools
Ohmmeter
Measures resistance.
Parts: Pointer, Scale, Range Multiplier, Zero Ohm Adjustment, Test
Probes.
Range multipliers: RX1, RX10, RX1K, RX10K.
Analog Multitester (VOM – Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter)
Measures Voltage (AC/DC), Resistance, Current.
Parts: Dial, Scale, Probes (Black = COM, Red = V/+).
Steps to Measure Voltage:
1. Turn dial to ACV/DCV.
2. Select high range first (to protect meter).
3. Plug probes (Black = COM, Red = V).
4. Touch probes to correct terminals (Black = negative, Red =
positive).
5. Adjust range if needle moves too little/too much.
6. Remove probes safely, read result.
Reviewer by Nazarene Batulan (10 – Galileo) *Don’t use as cheat sheet plz*
