Construction and Building Materials

Volume 164, 10 March 2018, Pages 589-602

Review

Application of chopped basalt

fibers in reinforced mortar: A
review
R. Ralegaonkar a b , H. Gavali a, P. Aswath b , S. Abolmaali c

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.245
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Highlights
 • Application of chopped basalt fibers for mortar
design was reviewed extensively.

• Chopped basalt fibers were assessed for several

properties.

• Mix design of fiber-reinforced mortar was

analyzed from the studied literature.

• Physico-mechanical, durability and dynamic

properties of mortars were reviewed.

• Application of suitable chopped basalt fiber

proportion in mortar is examined.

Abstract
Appropriate mortar design is one of the key challenges as
connections between two structural elements play a significant
role in building construction. Appropriate design refers to the
selection of suitable constituents with their relative proportion for
producing mortar of required workability, strength and durability
in a cost effective manner. The mortar designed with suitable fiber
reinforcement shall significantly help to enhance the fresh,
mechanical, durability and dynamic properties. In view of the
significance of chopped basalt fibers (CBF) for mortar
strengthening, the present study elaborates the application of CBF
for mortar design. The CBF manufacturing, the engineering
properties and relevant advantages of its application are
elaborated in the study. The study is extended further with
relevant literature indicating the challenges of mix design of
appropriate CBF reinforced mortar, various test methods and
standards used to evaluate its performance and possible
applications in civil engineering. The improved performance of the
CBF reinforced mortar not only signifies its potential use for the
application, but also is helpful to standardize the process of
reinforced mortar design.

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Keywords
Chopped basalt fibers (CBF); Reinforced mortar design; Physico-
mechanical; Durability and dynamic properties

1. Introduction
Conventional mortar in construction primarily contains binder and
fine aggregate in a specific proportion along with water. Although,
it is being used to bind two structural elements like brick to brick
or any end connection of beam and column, due to high
compressive strength, there is always a challenge for the
application due to its brittle behavior, easy to crack because of the
shrinkage of the materials, concentration of stress, low tensile
strength and weakness in impact resistance, etc. [1]. As a result,
the structures begin to suffer degradation after a specific time. To
develop a sustainable engineering structure, a number of previous
studies have shown that the optimum percentage and type of fiber
can increase the workability, slump flow prevention, setting time,
fluidity [2], [3], [4] and mechanical properties like impact
resistance, splitting tensile and flexural strength [5], [6] of mortar.
The use of fibers in the mortar can also significantly enhance the
bond strength between the old substrate and the repair materials,
which is one of the most important requirements for a successful
repair [1], [7], [8], [9], [10]. In addition, utilizing fibers in the
mortar also substantially improves the fracture toughness and
flexural post cracking behavior of the mixture. Likewise, the
presence of fibers also lowers width and number of cracks in the
mortar due to bridging action of them [11], [12] and improves the
durability properties of mortar, like abrasion resistance and freeze
thaw resistance [13], [14].

The present study briefs the possible application of various cement

composites reinforced with chopped basalt fibers. The paper
further elaborates the origin and development of chopped basalt
fibers. The physico-mechanical property investigation of chopped
basalt fibers is also discussed. To enhance the properties of
chopped basalt fibers, several studies indicating the desired
treatments are studied further. The influence of these chopped
basalt fibers for various mix designs of several mortar mix is
briefly discussed along with relevant tests related to fresh,
mechanical, durability, functional and dynamic mortar properties
including specific civil engineering applications. The findings of
the literature study signify the potential use of chopped basalt
fibers as better reinforcement to cement mortar. It also helps to
standardize the design process of reinforced mortar.

2. Chopped basalt fibers

In order to improve the structural integrity, conventional mortar
needs to be reinforced with fibers. Although, various fibers such as
carbon, organic, glass, and synthetic may be applied for the
strengthening of mortar, the present paper, reviews the
application of chopped basalt fibers as they are extracted from
volcanic basalt rock, and thus is natural and need lesser energy.
Chopped basalt fibers are manufactured by thermo-chemical
process with the volcanic basalt rock as the raw material (Table 1,
Table 2). Basalt fibers are manufactured by melting the washed
acidic basalt rock (silica >46% white) at around 1400 °C. The major
examples of the constituent mineral of considered an igneous
(basalt) rock includes plagioclase: Na (AlSi3O8)-Ca (Al2SiO8);
pyroxene: XY2[(Si, Al)2O6] (where X represents Ca, Mg, Fe2+ and Y
represents Fe3+, Al, Ti); and olivine: (Fe, Mg)2 SiO4 [15]. The
rheological characteristics such as primarily surface tension,
density, crystallizability, the viscosity and behavior of basalt melts
determine the elemental chance of producing a continuous fiber
from it [16]. The melted material is forced through a platinum-
rhodium bushing. The fibers are then extruded under hydrostatic
pressure and are formed in a certain range of temperature and
viscosity. Corresponding to these phenomena, the melt’s viscosity
at the outlet of the bushing and its temperature is considered as
the lower limit of the operating viscosity and the upper limit of
the operating temperature range respectively [17]. The larger
fiberizability (proportion of viscosity to surface tension) leads to
much stable process. Using the cut machines, the produced
continuous basalt fibers are chopped further for desired composite
application. The fiber dimensions are generally in the significant
range 10–20 µm in diameter and 3–130 mm in length [18].
Application of chopped basalt fibers has advantages as can be used
in varying geometrical parameters (i.e. diameter and length) and
in random orientation. The prior investigations also reveal that the
surface properties and morphology of basalt fibers avoid any
harmful or carcinogenic impacts and cause no hazard to people
[19], [20]. Another significant advantage is manufacturing process
of basalt fiber consumes less energy and is cheaper than glass or
carbon fibers [21].

Table 1. Element ratios of high temperature basalt rock ore [15].

Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg Ti Mn P B Ba

Wt 23.5– 8.7– 6.0– 4.0– 2.1– 1.4– 0.1– 0.4– 0.1– 0.05– 0.02– 0.03
(%) 28.8 9.3 6.6 4.5 2.3 1.8 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.08 0.05

Table 2. Oxide equivalent composition ratios of high temperature

basalt rock ore [15].
 SiO2 Al2O3 FeO + Fe2O3 CaO Na2O K2O MgO TiO2 MnO P2O5

Wt 57.1– 16.1– 8.0–9.7 5.5– 2.8– 1.8– 0.20– 0.7– 0.1– 0.1–
(%) 61.2 19.2 6.8 3.3 2.1 2.5 1.0 0.3 0.3

The various previously mentioned engineered basalt fiber

properties could suitably be determined using experimentation
[22], [23]. Cerny et al. [22] determined the content of SiO2 by
gravimetric analysis, that of TiO2, Fe2O3 and P2O5 by UV–visible
spectrometry, FeO and Al2O3 content by volumetric analysis, and
content of MnO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O by atomic absorption
spectrometry. In addition, the chemical composition of prototype
basalt fibers was obtained using electron micro analyses. Actual
cross-sections of the fiber tows were determined from microscopic
observation of the metallographically polished specimens with
filaments mounted perpendicularly to the polished surface. The X-
ray diffraction (XRD) was used to detect structural changes, which
may occur during thermal treatment of the investigated fibers. The
fibers were studied by the powder diffraction method. The
samples were powdered in ethyl alcohol and mounted onto silicon
diffraction-free sample holder. The data were obtained in the
continuous scanning mode between 20 and 100° at 2 theta angles
with step 0.05° and counting time 250 s. The obtained data were
analyzed using the High Score software.

As per thermal gravimetric analysis (Fig. 1) the basalt fiber’s (B1)

thermal stability (around 40 °C more) is better than glass fiber (G1)
[24]. The crystallization behavior and presence of iron oxide in the
production of continues basalt fibers influence the heat
temperature stability [25], [26]. The thermal stability and
crystallization of basalt fibers was examined with the effect of
ZrO2 and 5–7% wt for modifying the same was recommended by
Lipatov et al. [27]. Kim [28], [29] studied the option of using
chopped basalt fiber to form thermally stable composites with an
epoxy based bicomponent resin system (20%–50% of epoxy
content with 10% of basalt fiber) and benzoxazine monomer or
bisphenol F type epoxy resin. Tabi et al. [30] concentrated the
attention on poly-lactic acid (PLA) composites, which were
strengthened with chopped silane basalt fibers. Using injection
and extrusion molding techniques the fiber composites were
prepared. Dynamic mechanical analysis, SEM observations, melt
flow index analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dimensional
stability test and heat deflection temperature analysis were carried
out. Based on experimental data obtained from three-point
bending, tensile and dynamic mechanical tests it was observed
that the treated chopped basalt fibers are efficient in reinforcing
PLA composites than natural fibers.
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Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the pristine and heat-treated to

650 and 750 °C basalt and glass fibers [24]. Note: cpx –
clinopyroxene, sp – spinel.

Egerhazi et al. [31] made the comparison of long and fiber

reinforced composites with chopped basalt fiber (13 µm diameter
(Ø), 10 mm Length (L)) reinforced PLA composites formed by using
the conventional dry mixing, extrusion and injection molding
techniques. In case of 20% weight reinforcement, the flexural,
tensile and the average impact strength increased by 1.26, 1.27 and
2.7 times, respectively, indicating better mechanical properties of
the long basalt fiber than short basalt fibers. Typical Physico-
mechanical properties related to specific basalt fiber were
specified by Jian-Jun Table 3 [32].

Table 3. Physico-mechanical properties of basalt fiber [32].

Performance Density Elongation Modulus of Tensile
(g/cm3) (%) elasticity (E) strength
(GPa) (MPa)

Basalt Fiber 2.65 2.4–3.0 95–115 3000–4500

Reza Khalili et al. [33] prepared a matrix by mixing chopped basalt

fiber with a polypropylene–clay mixture. It was observed that the
yield strength and modulus of elasticity have been significantly
improved due to this approach. Due to ductility and ease of
availability, basalt has been used for reinforcing the matrix. Basalt
has higher tensile strength as well as elongation at break. It can
enhance the environmental sustainability and impact resistance.
Botev et al. [34] studied the tensile strength properties of chopped
basalt fibers treated with the polypropylene-g-maleic anhydride. It
was shown that the bonding between basalt fiber and the matrix
increases due to hybridization that ultimately improves the
mechanical properties [35], [36].

During the chemical durability study of basalt fibers, it was

observed that, it has poor acid resistance, but better alkali attack
resistance [37]. After corrosion treatments, the mechanical
behavior of basalt fibers found to be better than glass fibers [38].
The degradation in E-glass fibers was seen to be extreme.
Myadaraboina et al. [39] worked on the durability of basalt fiber in
a variety of chemical solutions (sodium hydroxide, sodium
chloride, sodium sulfate and combinations of the three). The effect
on durability was measured by calculating the weight loss after
soaking fibers in different solutions over a period of 62 days. The
condition of the fibers was also examined by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM, Fig. 2). It was concluded that neither chloride
ions nor sulfate ions alone have any deleterious effect on the basalt
fibers. However, in an alkaline environment equivalent to a pH
12.5, severe degradation was observed. Degradation increased in
an alkaline environment due to the presence of sulfate ions. The
application of thick coatings of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and
titanium dioxide (TiO2) over the basalt fibers could improve its
durability when exposed to various chemicals like Ca(OH)2 and
NaOH. Rather than alkaline resistance, the other authors
demonstrated higher confrontation of the basalt fibers in the
acidic environment [40], [41]. Corrosion of basalt fibers can be
controlled using alkaline solution, the ZrO2 coating [42] on the
surface of the fiber. Furthermore, the coated (alkaline solution)
and uncoated basalt fibers were incorporated in a cement matrix
for reinforcements. The phase composition, the morphology of the
fiber was studied by using different analytical methods before
exposure to alkaline media as well as after exposure. The corrosion
behavior of TiO2 and ZrO2 coated basalt fiber in Ca (OH)2 and
NaOH solutions was also examined [43]. It was shown that the
oxides coating retards corrosion and concluded that rather than
TiO2, ZrO2 is more effective to improve the corrosion resistance of
basalt fibers.
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Fig. 2. SEM images of BF after 62 days treatment with (a) 3% NaCl,

(b) 10% Na2SO4, (c) 1 M NaOH, (d) 1 M NaOH + 3% NaCl, (e) 1 M
NaOH + 10% Na2SO4, (f) 1 M NaOH + 10% Na2SO4 + 3%NaCl.

For the composite products, rather than glass, the basalt fibers are
a good substitute. The density of basalt fiber is more than glass
fiber (2.80 versus 2.56 g/cub. cm), but the mechanical properties of
it are better as compared to that of glass fibers. Moreover, basalt
fiber has the properties such as high thermal stability, better
flexibility and stability in alkaline and acidic media [38], [40]. As
compared to glass fibers, the elastic modulus (E) of basalt fiber is
(1.06 times) more [44]. The manufacturing process of basalt fiber
consumes less energy, desires no additives, and is cheaper than the
manufacturing process of glass fiber process [45].

3. Mortar reinforced with chopped basalt fibers

Although basalt fibers have enough engineering properties, its
association with cement mortar and reduction in cross section
during cement hydration is a primary concern. Stupishin et al. [46]
examined the level of basalt fiber destruction in a cement medium
using an optic and electronic microscope concluded that the
damage of the structure was nominal. Chatterji et al. patented the
application of basalt fiber for reinforced mortar design [47]. He
suggested the use of different types and blends of cement
(Ordinary Portland cement, gypsum cement, pozzolana cement,
slag cement, silica cement, high alumina content cement and
combinations thereof), with sand, water, foam, super plasticizer,
etc. Preferred basalt fibers were having a diameter and length in
the range from about 9–13 µm, and 3–6 mm respectively. Fiber
proportion within the mortar in the range from about 0.1–1.5% wt
of the cement was recommended. Palou et al. (2013) performed
differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG)
analysis on fiber-reinforced cement composites [48].
Experimentation was done by using cement 42.5, high alumina
cement 70, silica fumes, blast furnace slag in proportions by
weight of 54:23:23:0 & 54:23:14:9, and basalt fibers (0.01%) along
with water. The specimens were steam cured at 100 °C for 30 min.
The hardened specimens were demolded immediately after the
pre-curing procedure. Later, the specimens were kept in an
autoclave for durations of 1, 3 and 7 days with incremental
pressure of 0.3 MPa–2.0 MPa. Further, these samples were
immersed in the temperate water at a decided time of autoclaving.
Mechanical properties were tested after the curing periods of 1, 3
and 7 days. A few fragments were used for the SEM test (for
analysis of microstructure) after drying them in a vacuum oven at
100 °C to study the morphology of hydrated product. The
Thermogravimetry analysis was carried out on the dried sample
having a diameter and weight not more than 10 mm and 2 g
respectively. The pore structure parameters of the composite were
estimated using Mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP).
Microstructure analysis, thermal analysis and MIP of fiber-
reinforced binder composites evaluated the phases that occurred
during adopted curing. The porosities by crystallization pressure
could be enhanced in hardened pastes, which reduce compression
strength. At an earlier period of hydrothermal curing, due to the
chemical process, the formation of hydrated products like C–S–H,
C3AH6 and AH3 occurs preferentially at low pressure. In the later
curing period under higher pressure, the secondary reaction
occurs from C–S–H and AH3, which forms C2ASH8. The partial
thermal decomposition of C3AH6 into C3AH1.5 at high pressure and
at later curing period occurs preferentially causing the carbonation
of the sample. C3AH6 was partially carbonated, while C3AH1.5
completely carbonated. The reaction between C-S-H and AH3 at
increasing pressure and time of curing forms newer stage.
Whereas, during the early stage AH3 converted C3AH6 through
reaction with CA. As the binder solidifies crystallization, pressure
is developed that leads to other physico-chemical processes.
Gurieva and Belova (2016) studied the mortar stone structure by
comparing the samples of the basalt fiber reinforced solution and
the solution without reinforcement [49]. Investigation of the slurry
microstructure revealed that administration of a modified
microfiber basaltic composition reduced the size, pores, cracks and
defects. This was because of the presence of a carbon nano-
modifier, the acerous calcium silicate neoplasms that were formed
fills the voids in the stone structure and helps to seal it. The
interface reinforcing microfibers and a cement-sand matrix was
characterized by a tight grip, thereby increasing the efficiency of
the particulate reinforcement in the cement. The results of the X-
ray diffraction data confirm the electron microscopy data. They
also point to the growth rate of tumors gel (calcium hydro silicate
type C-S-H (I and II)). Established features of the cement-sand
mortar structure, which was modified basalt microfiber
reinforcement, allowed to explain the increase in physico-
mechanical properties of the dispersion-reinforced mortar.

Quattrociocchi et al. [50] investigated the physico-mechanical and

micro-structural properties of mortars reinforced with fibers. Two
kinds of basalt fibers were used for designing different mortars.
The hydraulic binders chosen for the mortars were Portland
limestone, cement (complying EN 197-1: 2011) [51], labeled as
“PIIa” and “PIIb” indicated as cement for structural and renewal
applications respectively. The ratio of binder to aggregate was
chosen as 1:2 by weight. The fine aggregate used for the study was
the siliceous feldspathic sand having a particle size range between
180 and 600 μm. The basalt fibers (6.35 mm length, and diameter
in the range of 10–19 μm) added to the matrix was in the
proportions of 1%, 3% and 6% by weight. In order to determine the
best working condition, the different mixing parameters were
used to assess the workability and dispersion of fibers. For each
composition three mortar specimens were prepared as per the
standards UNI EN 1015-11: 2007 [52]. The ratio of binder to
aggregate was kept constant, assuming the fibers as a part of the
aggregate. The water to binder ratio was also maintained in order
to ensure the best workability. The mechanical properties and
water absorption of the mortars were evaluated as per UNI EN
1015-11: 2007 [52] and UNI 1015-18: 2004 [53] respectively. The
dispersion of relatively large fibers was found more difficult with
increasing content in the mixture, in turn reduced workability of
the mix. Thus, the addition of water demand for the mix
subsequently resulted in a potential increase of porosity. Thus, it
was concluded that beyond a threshold the addition of fibers will
not contribute to toughen the material. The optimum fiber content
for the performed study was reported as 1 wt%.

Yun-Wang et al. [54] evaluated the influence of fluidity properties

of (basalt) fiber reinforced blended cement composite. For a
mixing study of the basalt fiber in the mortar, the fluidity
properties were evaluated for the six-replacement ratios of fly ash
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% by mass), five levels of super plasticizer
(1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1%) and for the five levels of liquid urethane
(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%). Also, the fluidity evaluation was carried
out using high volume fly ash (50 percentage by mass) for three
basalt fiber lengths (6, 20 and 30 mm). It was resulted that the
viscosity agent is much better than super plasticizer in improving
the fluidity for fiber dispersion.

Dong et al. [55] demonstrated that drying shrinkage can be

reduced for the cement mortar by reinforcing it with the basalt
fibers. Fiber reinforcement not only increases the toughness of the
mortar, but also increases the resistance to shock and plastic
shrinkage cracking. Besides, the basalt fiber reinforced mortars
were observed to have more early compression and flexural
strengths than plain mortar, but results in a lesser strength at 28-
days age. Vyacheslava et al. [56] targeted the development of
masonry mortars with hollow ceramic microspheres and
reinforcing fibers with improved properties. The effect of various
types of fibers on the properties of mortar such as the average
density, compressive strength and tensile bending strength were
studied. A binder material CEM II/A-W 42.50H (Holcim) Portland
cement (9.80% granulated slag added) was used for the
experimental work. Lightweight filler, hollow ceramic
microspheres with fractions of 10–500 μm was used. The water
plummeting mediator, melamine sulfonate in powdered form was
used. To increase the mortar’s adhesion strength as well as its
tensile and compressive strength, the redispersible powder of a
copolymer of vinyl acetate and ethylene Vinnapas 8034H was
added into the mortar. The anionic high molecular surfactant was
used to design lighter density mortar. This study used the basalt
fibers with the fiber length of 6 mm and 12 mm. They were varied
in the proportions from 0.2 to 1.2% by mass of mortar mix at an
interval of 0.2%. The basalt fibers with fiber length of 12 mm with
the dosage of 1% by mass of the binder mass showed the greatest
increase in strength as compared with the reference composition.
For the mortar reinforced with the basalt fibers, the compressive
strength increased by 47% and the tensile bending strength (Fig. 8)
increased by 55% as compared with the reference composition. The
microstructure analysis of the masonry mortar with basalt fibers
showed that the destruction of the fibers occurred in one cross-
section with the cement stone. Fibers were not visible on the
fractured surface of the sample, which depicts that the strength of
adhesion of basalt fibers with the cement stone of the fibers was
more than the tensile strength.

Jiang et al. (2016) studied the behavior of mortar with respect to

the addition of basalt fibers for repair applications [57]. The
various properties of reinforced mortar were investigated as the
fresh, mechanical and durability properties. Fresh properties such
as workability (EN 1015-3 [58]), slump flow prevention, setting
time (EN 480-2 [59]) was found. The mechanical like flexural and
compressive strength (EN 1015-11 [60], bond strength- (DL/T5150-
2001 [61]) and the durability like drying shrinkage (ASTM C1148-
92 a [62]), abrasion resistance (ASTM C1138/97 [63]), water
permeability (DL/T5150-2001), freeze-thaw resistance (ASTM C666
[64]) was investigated. The other properties of basalt fibers such
as length of 20 mm, density – 2.7 g/cm3, modulus of elasticity 93–
110 GPa, diameter – 13 µm, tensile strength – 624 MPa, elongation
at break – 3.1%, water absorption <0.5 was obtained. The
reinforced mortar (BFRM-Ordinary Portland cement 45.5 Grade
(680 kg/m3) as available in China, Natural river sand
(1361.6 kg/m3), water 367.3 kg/m3 and super plasticizer-sulfonated
naphthalene-formaldehyde with 2%–4% sodium sulfate (0.2%) with
various fiber contents of 0.6, 1.6 and 2.6 kg/m3 were used for the
test. The obtained results depict that incorporation of basalt fiber
in the mortar reduced the early workability but increased slump
loss rate. The bond strength of BFRM was increased by 10.60%–
21.40% compared to the controlled mix and FRM showed lesser
drying shrinkage, better abrasion resistance, freeze-thaw
resistance and water impermeability. The abrasion resistance
strength of controlled mortar was enhanced by around 39% due to
BFRM with maximum fiber content. However, there was no
considerable difference in the compressive strength. Therefore, it
was concluded that due to better abrasion resistance and bond
strength, BFRM can be utilized for structural repairs.

To design binding materials for restoration of buildings, the

microstructure and physico-mechanical investigations of lime-
based fiber reinforced hydraulic mortars were studied [65]. The
two combinations of mortar mixes were developed using a
commercially available hydraulic lime as a binder (SO3 ≤ 63% and
free CaO ≥ 9%) and sand as a siliceous fine aggregate with the
addition of fibers into the mortars. There were two types of fibers
namely (a) basalt fiber (SiO2/Al2O3 – 5.2, strand-chopped, treat –
Nil, length – 4–5 mm, diameter – 8–10 µm, modulus of elasticity –
84 GPa) and (b) glass fiber (SiO2/Al2O3 – 6.25, strand-chopped,
treat-sizing, length – 10 mm, diameter – 13 µm, modulus of
elasticity – 75 GPa). A reference mortar with no latex and fibers
was prepared and tested. Mortar mixtures (lime/sand – 1:3,
water/solid – 0.18–0.22, fibers – 1–2%, latex – 1.5%) were formed.
The water was added to obtain an average consistency and a good
workability. For improving the workability and the placement of
the mortars, polymeric latex was also added. The designed mortar
samples were cured for 28 days. Three-point flexural test was
carried out. Young’s modulus and flexural toughness were
estimated by processing flexural test curves. The results obtained
confirm that there was a considerable improvement in toughness
of reinforced mortars. The best results were obtained for the
addition of 2% glass fiber, both for the maximum strength (around
2.41 MPa) and the toughness (0.08 MPa). As examined the designed
reinforced mortars indicated a compatibility with existing
structures and concluded it to be a material for repairing the
structures.

Li et al. (2012) presented the use of cement mortar containing

basalt fiber as repairing transition layer to improve the crack
resistance performance between old and new concrete repaired
structure [66]. Basalt fiber with short cut, random fibers having an
average length, filament diameter, tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity and density as 5 mm, 9 μm, 2322 MP, 129 GPa and
2.80 g/cm3 respectively were used in cement mortar in proportion
of 0.6 wt%. The basalt fiber-defoaming agent, i.e. dispersant
(methylcellulose) was dissolved in water and stirred until the
fibers were mixed uniformly. After that, it was mixed with cement,
silica fume, sand and water. Then, the super plasticizer early
strength agent was added and stirred for 5 min. Experimentally, it
was observed that 30% of the maximum crack width could be
controlled. The deflection was also under control. It was inferred
that, the designed product has practical significance for the
structural repairs.

J. Ma et al. (2013) studied the performance of basalt fiber

reinforced cementitious composites [67]. The matrix ratio used in
this experiment was of cement (OPC 32.5 MPa):sand (natural) = 1:3
and 0.5 w/c ratio. The basalt fiber (diameter – 18 µm, length –
15 mm, density – 2650 kg/m3, tensile strength = 4150 MPa,
E = 93 GPa, elongation rate = 3.1%) were added in the mix in
proportion 1.0–4.0 kg/m3. In this experiment, the super-plasticizer
(liquid and granular) content was 3, 6 and 15 g for one group of
specimen. It was observed that with the increase in fiber content
the fluidity of reinforced mortar reduced by 18% (Fig. 4). This
substantial reduction in fluidity is due to the formation of spatial
network structure due to random distribution of the mixed
chopped fibers with mortar. At the first elastic stage the basalt
fibers do not work and the reinforced mortar matrix bears the
loads. Second stage indicated more cracks propagating and
expanding in a steady state. In the final state, the specimen finally
breaks after development of cracks. With an increase in proportion
of basalt fiber, there was a decrease in compressive strength of
reinforced cement matrix. As bigger specimens have weaker areas
of interfaces than the small ones, the cubic compressive strength
was found to be more than the axial strength by 0.775 times. There
was a prominent improvement of the toughness of reinforced
mortar with 2% of basalt fibers.

Vasconcelos et al. studied the performance of composite material

reinforced with different fibers [68]. Two types of textile fibers
(Length = 10 mm) were chosen, namely natural fibers (banana
Ø = 204.64 µ, tenacity = 0.31; and sisal Ø = 168.76 µ, tenacity = 0.17)
and synthetic fibers (glass Ø = 13 µ, tenacity = 0.61; and basalt-
Ø = 10 µ, tenacity = 0.66). The raw materials used to prepare the
composite material were gypsum as the binder and the granulated
cork as the aggregate. To have a workable material of
approximately 150 mm, corresponding to a flow table [69], 80%
and 0.1% of the gypsum mass of water and citric acid was obtained
respectively. To prepare the composite material, the raw materials
used were the gypsum and the granulated cork, which was fixed at
5% of the mass of gypsum. To have a workable material of
approximately 150 mm, corresponding to a flow table [69], the
obtained percentages of the gypsum mass of water and the
gypsum mass of citric acid was 80% and 0.1% respectively.
Experimentally the elastic modulus, compressive strength and
fracture energy were determined. The compressive behavior of
both reinforced and unreinforced composite materials was
observed to be the same. Although, a lower percentage of
synthetic fibers were used than the natural fibers, it resulted in
better mechanical properties as compared to natural fibers. The
natural banana fibers performed better in terms of compressive
and flexural strength, but the basalt fibers and synthetic glass
fibers proved better for ductile behavior.

Basalt fiber was added to cement mortar in different proportion as

0.5, 1 and 1.5% by weight of cement to evaluate the mechanical
performance of brick masonry [70]. 53 grade ordinary Portland
cement, the natural sand and basalt fiber (Diameter – 0.016 mm,
length – 12.7 mm, tensile strength – 4150 MPa) were used
(cement:sand: 1:6). The optimum mix obtained for reinforced
cement mortar was reported as 1% of basalt fiber with increase in
the compressive strength and Young’s modulus as 1.82 and 1.61
times, respectively.

Choi and Lee [71] studied the reinforced mortar for structural
properties viz., bonding and tensile strength. The mortar matrix
was prepared using alkali-activated slag as a binder, fine silica
sand (100 µm) as an aggregate, super plasticizer, anti foamer and
water in 1:0.4:0.01:0.0002:0.34 proportion by weight. Three types
of fibers, viz. basalt, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene
fibers (Ø – 12 µm, 40 µm, 12 µm; L – 12 mm each; density –
2.65 g/cm3, 1.3 g/cm3, 0.97 g/cm3; tensile strength – 1773 MPa,
1202 MPa, 2757 MPa; elastic modulus – 89 GPa, 41 GPa, 110 GPa
respectively) were used for the experiment. A single fiber pullout
test (Fig. 3) was performed to assess the interface properties. To
ensure complete debonding, the fiber embedment length was set
at approximately 1.0 mm. The results inferred good chemical
bonding between the fiber and mortar matrix. The frictional bond
and slip-hardening coefficient of the basalt fiber was 3% and 24.4%
higher than the PVA fiber respectively. It was observed that the
tensile strength of basalt fiber decreased with an increase in the
inclination angle of fiber. The strength reduction coefficients of the
basalt fiber were higher by three times and nine times than those
of the PE fiber and PVA fiber respectively. The brittle behavior of
basalt fiber could be a limitation in terms of the fiber bridging
capacity as the basalt fiber reinforcing system had a higher
cracking strength till cracking, after which it showed softening
behavior.
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Fig. 3. Single fiber pullout curve.

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Fig. 4. Fluidity vs fiber content pattern.

Santarelli et al. [72] studied basalt fiber reinforced hydraulic lime-
based mortars for the property and microstructure investigation.
Different combinations consisting of three distinct types of basalt
fibers and aggregates were studied. The first mortar mix was
prepared using commercially available natural hydraulic lime (NHL
3.5) and siliceous feldspathic aggregate (sand). The second was
prepared using dry premix of NHL 3.5 and inert aggregates. The
third type of matrix was based on a dry premix of NHL 3.5 and
inert aggregates with the further addition of crushed tiles and
bricks. Furthermore, three types of basalt fibers viz., milled basalt
fibers (diameter – 10–17 µm), continuous filament roving (chopped
to a 6.35 mm length, filament 10–19 µm diameter and milled fibers
were added. The binder to aggregate ratio for NHL specimens was
fixed as 1:1. Basalt fibers were added at 3% and 10%. Reinforcement
of fiber in the chopped form of 6.35 mm length was effective in
imparting toughness (flexural strength) to hydraulic lime-based
mortars. However, reinforced mortar resulted in higher
compressive strength as compared to unreinforced mortar.

Lipatov et al. [73] studied basalt fibers and glasses having a

content of zirconia from 0 to 7 wt% range, obtained using ZrSiO4 as
a zirconium source. Fibers, sand and cement were mixed in
proportions by volume as 0.5, 1500 kg/m3 and 500 kg/m3
respectively with 0.6 water to cement ratio. It was observed that
basalt fiber with 5.7% wt ZrO2 had the best alkali resistance
properties by determining loss of tensile strength and weight after
refluxing in alkali solution. The weight loss was found equivalent
to the commercially available AR-glass fiber with 18.8% wt ZrO2.
The AR-glass fiber after alkali treatment and Zirconia doped basalt
fiber resulted tensile strength as 1.4 GPa and 1.2 GPa respectively.

Girgin and Yildirim [74] performed the experimental comparative

study for fiber reinforced mortar designs for spray-up and premix
techniques. The chopped basalt fibers and glass fibers (L – 24 mm
each; Ø – 20 µm each; density – 2.8 g/cm3, 2.68 g/cm3; modulus of
elasticity – 89 GPa, 72 GPa; tensile strength – 4840 MPa, 3500 MPa
and elongation – 3.15%, 4.5% respectively) were incorporated by 2%
mix volume for the workability in premix design. CEM II/B-L 42.5R
cement (SiO2: 17.5%, CaO: 63.5%, Al2O3: 3.3%, Blaine fineness
5840 cm2/g), fine silica sand 1300–150 μm in diameter, 4% acrylic
copolymer and 1.3% polycarboxylate-based high range water
reducer was used in the mixture with 0.33 water to cement ratio
(w/c). In order to evaluate the brittle behavior in the samples with
basalt fibers, the heat-rain test was performed. The four-point
bending test resulted in reduction of strain capacity of basalt fibers
for the period of curing following 7 days aging. SEM observations
show that the surfaces of basalt as well as glass fibers were
smooth after 50-cycles and did not show any sign of degradation
on alkaline attack. The researcher mentioned the need for further
research to improve the fiber-matrix interface for controlling the
strain reduction. Using mineral additives the bond in the fiber-
matrix interface could be amended that can help mitigating
brittleness behavior caused by calcium hydroxide deposition.

Orlovet et al. [75] studied the basalt fiber reinforced cement based
materials. The tensile strength of basalt fiber reinforced mortar
samples was studied with recourse to of different diameters and
dosages of fibers. For the experimentation a composition of
cement (BFC 300) and sand in the ratio of 1:3 and w/c as 0.56 was
used. The diameters of fiber used were 15, 20, 25 µm having length
12 mm. The two-factor (X and Y) experiment was planned to assess
the strength of basalt fiber reinforced mortar. X and Y factor
represented the diameter as 15, 20 and 25 µm and dosage of fiber
range values of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 kg/m3 of mortar mix respectively.
The results showed that basalt fiber increased the flexural strength
by more than 1.5 times. The study concluded that basalt fiber
could suitably be used for cement based materials having optimal
micro-reinforcement (0.7–1.1 kg/m3 and 20–25 µm diameter
range).

Ghazy et al. [76] studied nano-modified reinforced mortar (NFRM)

containing steel, basalt and basalt polypropylene hybrid fibers
(Length = 13 mm, 13 mm, 29 mm; diameter = 0.2 mm,
0.14 × 0.80 mm, 0.66 × 1.34 mm; aspect ratio = 66.5, 16.6, 21.6;
specific gravity = 7.85, 2.60, 0.92; tensile strength = 500 MPa,
3100 MPa, 550 MPa; young’s modulus = 210 MPa, 73 MPa, 8 MPa
respectively), with 1% in proportion by volume and investigated its
mechanical and durability properties [77], [78], [79], [80], [81],
[82]. Total mortar mixtures prepared with OPC and slag (confirms
to CAN/CSA-A3001 were eight [83] standard). A commercial nano-
silica sol (Ns) (15% content of SiO2 solid particles) having the mean
particle size, viscosity, specific surface, density and pH as 5 ηm,
8 cP, 80 m2/g, 1.1 g/cc and 9.5 respectively, dispersed in water
solution. The dispersing agent was added as 2% by mass of the
total binder in all mixtures. For all mixtures, the proportion of total
binding materials (OPC or ternary binder: OPC, GGBS and nano-
silica – 700 kg/m3) and water-to-binder ratio (w/b – 0.3) was kept
constant. Fine aggregate with a gradation of 0–600 µm and
fineness modulus of 2.9 was used in mortar preparation. The
absorption and specific gravity of sand were 1.5% and 2.6
respectively. The fibers were added at a proportion of 1% by
volume to the mixtures. The water-reducing admixture (HRWRA)
based on polycarboxylic acid [84] was added in the range of 2–4%
by mass of the binder to retain a comparable target flow [85]. After
3 days, the increase in compressive strength of NFRM was resulted
as 168% and 108% more with and without slag respectively.
Between 7 and 56 days, the development of compressive strength
for the NFRM having steel, basalt and hybrid fibers with slag was
significantly increased by 82%, 133% and 140% respectively. At the
age of 14 days, marginal increase in flexural strength was observed
as compared to control mix. Compared with control specimens (C-
S and CG-BP), the increase in flexural strength for the NFRM with
and without slag was resulted as 7% and 10% respectively. An
increase in flexural strength of the NFRM samples, including basalt
fibers was maximum than that of the samples containing steel and
hybrid fibers. The load carrying capacity was determined for the
basalt fibers prisms (with or without polypropylene). Due to the
high tensile capacity of basalt fibers, it gained stiffness with a
reduction in the prisms' load carrying capacity. Because of the
fiber’s short length and small aspect ratio, the ultimate fiber
reinforced specimen failed at lesser deflection value. Related to
mortar mix with OPC, the shrinkage of the NFRM with slag & steel,
basalt and hybrid fibers was reduced by 23%, 25% and 26%
respectively. The addition of fibers to mortar or concrete had also
reported in enhancing the permeability. It was concluded that the
strength of the reinforced NFRM with the addition of nano-silica
helped to gain early strength and improved the salt-frost scaling
resistance as well. As compared to OPC based specimens, the
cumulative shrinkage of the NFRM specimens containing slag and
different types of fibers was significantly decreased. The enhanced
mechanical and durability performance of the NFRM along with
fibers and nano-silica indicates the promising application of repair
and rehabilitation of concrete structures.

Kencanawati and Shigeishi [86] studied the fracture behavior of

high strength basalt fiber reinforced mortar subjected to
compression. Basalt fibers were used in the mortar mixes in
different quantity and length (3–9 mm). The high strength mortar
powder was mixed with water, which was produced for shotcrete
material. The composition was the cement (type I), sand
(maximum diameter – 5 mm) and micro-silica (8% by weight of
total cement). The proportion was varied from 1, 3 and 5% by
weight. Based on workability, water-cement ratio was ranged from
0.4 to 0.7. The prism specimens (40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm) were
tested for compressive and flexural strength [87] at various ages of
curing (1–91 days). After exceeding the peak load in the samples
the cracks were nucleated. Results indicated that there is no
substantial effect observed in the behavior of the AE hit generation
with variation in basalt fiber reinforced mortar. The First stage was
before the peak load indicating no AE hit and no nucleation of
crack. The second stage was during peak load, where the cracks
were detected considerably shown by significant AE hits, and the
third stage indicated the peak load had exceeded indicating the
ductile behavior of the material.

Funke et al. [88] focused on the durability and performance of the

fibers reinforced alkali-activated binder matrix. At ambient
temperature, the aqueous sodium silicate solution (SiO2/Na2O
molar ratio: 2.1) and sodium hydroxide (2–10 mol/L) were mixed
as an alkali activation process for fly ash and granulated slag.
Basalt, carbon, alkali-resistant glass (AR-glass) and E-glass fibers
(0.5% by volume) were used for the study. The bending tensile
strength results indicated that the concentrations of sodium
hydroxide needs to be controlled to 5.5 mol/L. The basalt fibers and
E-glass indicated same deterioration (weight loss and loss of
strength) under the alkali immersion than the carbon fibers and
AR-glass indicating poor durability.

In order to design the new cement based microwave-absorbing

material the aim was to combine the concept of space wave
impedance matching with space electromagnetic wave
propagation principle [89]. Considered materials for the
experimentation were Portland cement (42.5 grade), perlite
(average particle size – 0.8–1.5 mm, bulk density – 88 kg/m3, ball
rate – 80%, porosity by closed pore – 95%, water absorption – 60%),
graphite having average volume size of 38–40 μm and continuous
basalt fiber having 9–22 μm diameter and length of 15 mm.
Cement:Perlite:Graphite:Basalt Fiber: 33:60:5:2 with 0.35
water/binder ratio was the considered mix proportion by volume.
By adopting reflection methods in the microwave chamber the
sample cubes were tested for microwave absorbing property,
reflection attenuation R (Reflectivity) as R = 20 log|(N − 1)/(N + 1)|,
where N is normalized input wave impedance. A cement based
microwave absorbing material was characterized with better
microwave absorbing properties having the minimum reflectivity
as −11.8 dB with better compressive strength (16.9 MPa) and
bending strength (2.27 MPa). Basalt fibers were used as intensive
and toughening constituents of microwave absorbing material
because that holds higher specific strength properties than glass
and metal fibers which results in higher thermo-chemical and
alkaline medium exposure stability. As the basalt fiber contains
less amounts of metal oxides (Fe2O3, TiO2) that is characterized
with magnetic and dielectric loss property which in turn increases
electromagnetic wave losses when used in cement network.

Asprone et al. [90], [91] investigated the natural hydraulic mortar

reinforced with basalt fibers for dynamic performance. The studied
mortar was composed of a natural hydraulic lime (NHL 3.5), sand
and chopped strand fibers (Ø – 8–10 µm, L – 4–5 mm, density –
2.75 g/cm3, Young’s modulus – 84 GPa, tensile strength – 4.84 GPa
and failure elongation – 3.15%). Polymeric latex (Mapei) was added
in the proportion of 1.5% (w/w) to improve the workability of the
fiber-reinforced mortars. To attain the similar consistency (flow
value 140 ± 10 mm) the water content for each of the mortars was
varied accordingly. Using 1:3 (w/w) a binder to aggregate ratio,
basalt fibers in two weight percentages 1% and 2% were used. To
study the morphology of the mortar reinforced with basalt fibers
mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM was performed. Using a
hydro-pneumatic machine and a modified Hopkinson bar
apparatus, the dynamic tensile failure tests were carried out for
high and medium strain-rates. The ratio of the dynamic values
over the quasi-static tensile strength defines the dynamic increase
factor and signifies the peak strength. At a high strain rate (100/s),
the dynamic increase factor was increased up to 5 (Fig. 14).
Dynamic fracture energy was also raised with the similar trend of
the strength. The experienced strain-rate sensitivity reported by
Chan and Bindiganavile [93] was more than the experienced.
However, with reference to the other fiber reinforced cementitious
mortars (i.e. steel or inorganic fiber [93], [94]), the presented study
indicated higher strain-rate sensitivity.

The dynamic compressive strength of the mortars with basalt and

glass fibers was evaluated and compared experimentally by
Kruszka et al. [95]. Basalt fibers and glass fibers with the same size
(Ø – 14 µm, L – 12 mm) were added 3–5% by weight. Static and
dynamic properties were studied for all specimens. It was
concluded that there was a substantial drop of fracture stress in a
dynamic range with 5% for basalt fiber, whereas no considerable
effect due to addition of glass fiber. For both the loading (static and
dynamic) conditions, based on the indicated fractured stress the
optimal content of the basalt fiber reinforcement was resulted as
3%. Further increase of the fiber proportion gave a drop of the
fracture stress.

Fenu et al. [96] also studied the dynamic behavior of reinforced

cement based mortars having both basalt and glass fibers of the
same length and diameter (L – 12 mm, diameter – 14 µm) [96]. The
reference cement mortar was prepared using Portland cement
(CEM I, 52.5 R – 635 kg/m3) and sand (1270 kg/m3) with water to
cement ratio and binder to aggregate ratio as 0.5 each. The fiber
reinforced specimens were prepared by the addition of a given
fiber content (in weight) of glass (specific gravity – 2.6 g/cm3,
modulus of elasticity – 72 kN/mm2, tensile strength = 1000–
1700 N/mm2, softening point – 860 °C) in proportion of 3% by
weight and basalt fibers (softening point – 1050 °C, specific gravity
– 2.6 g/cm3, tensile strength = 3800–4000 N/mm2, elastic modulus
– 89–93 kN/mm2) in 5% by weight to the cementitious mixture.
With reference to unreinforced mortar, the fracture energy was
increased by 4.6 and 7.2 times, respectively, by the addition of 3%
and 5% glass fibers. The post-peak behavior was improved by the
addition of 3% basalt fibers. However, with respect to the reference
mortar the total energy resulted practically unchanged (slightly)
due to the high peak stress. The addition of 5% basalt fibers
resulted an increase in fracture energy by 2.2 times with respect to
the reference mortar, indicating considerable improvement in the
post-peak behavior of the mortar. Under the dynamic conditions at
high strain rate, glass fibers performed better than the basalt
fibers.

Lai et al. [97] studied the dynamic properties of ultra-high

performance fiber reinforced cement composites (UPFRC)
subjected to repeated impacts. The cement (P·II 52.5) and sand
(particle size – 2.5 mm and fineness modulus – 2.6) were blended
in a mixer for 3 min. The water and super plasticizer
(polycarboxylate based with more than 40% water-reducing ratio)
were mixed together followed by the addition of a solution into
the mix and mixed for additional 6 min. Three types of fibers were
added in the mix containing (1%) PVA fibers, (3–4%) steel fibers
and (1%) basalt fibers. By using a method of ultrasonic wave
velocity, the damage under dynamic loading to the UPFRC was
determined after every impact. By increasing the fiber volume
fraction capacity of the UPFRC to repel repeated impacts was
enriched. With the increase of the first impact projectile speed the
dynamic damage of the UPFRC was increased much faster and the
dynamic strength was decreased. Results indicated that the
maximum stress and modulus of elasticity were decreased.
However, the increase in numbers of impacts increased the peak
strain and strain rate.

Zhong and Wei [98] studied the compressive stress-strain relations

and dynamic damage of ultra-high performance cementitious
composites (UPC). Portland cement, blast-furnace slag, silica fume
and fly ash were the cementitious materials used in the
preparation of UPC in the proportion 40:10:25:25. The
polycarboxylate based super plasticizer was used with 41% solids
content. The water (0.15) and super plasticizer (0.02) were mixed
together and then added into the dry mix. The fibers used for the
study were steel, polyvinyl alcohol and basalt fibers (L = 13 mm,
15 mm, 6 mm; diameter = 0.2 mm, 0.04 mm, 0.017 mm; E = 210 GPa,
40 GPa, 80 GPa; tensile strength = 2000 MPa, 1600 MPa, 3000 MPa,
respectively). The volume fraction of steel fiber was 0–4% and
hybrid fibers comprised of steel and PVA or basalt fiber as 3% and
1% of volume respectively. The damage was reduced by fiber
reinforcement, which was increased with the impact repetitions.
The dynamic modulus of elasticity and peak stress of UPC
decreased, whereas the peak strain and strain rate was increased
due to increase in repetitions of impact. The fiber (steel and
hybrid) reinforcement resulted in increase of resistance against
repeated impacts of UPC.

4. Discussions
Basalt fiber was proposed as better reinforcement to the cement
matrices due to its valuable properties such as better modulus,
high strength, higher strain to failure, better stability and thermo-
chemical resistance. It is easy to process, non-toxic, natural, eco-
friendly and cost effective material. With recourse to the other
competitive glass fibers the properties of basalt fibers are better
and are economical. It was observed that the addition of basalt
fibers increased flexural strength, toughness as well as the fracture
energy of cement matrix composites [17], [99]. As the basalt fibers
indicated no chemical reactions when in contact with other
chemicals, they proved to be an ecological friendly material [100],
[101]. However, at the earlier stages of hardening, it should be
noted that the high alkalinity of cement matrix causes the
corrosion of basalt fibers. In turn, the degradation of the
mechanical properties of basalt fibers and its reinforced
cementitious products was a serious concern. One of the
approaches to develop the alkali resistance of the fibers in cement
matrices include modification of the fiber composition by adding
an alkali-resistant component, e.g. ZrO2 to the raw material,
application of alkali-resistant coatings on the fibers and
modification of cement matrices through special additives [73]. In
this case, an alkali-resistant coating is applied directly to the
surface of reinforcing basalt fiber exposed to aggressive media,
which appears to be the most sensitive area, owing to this can
limit the access of aggressive alkaline medium to the
reinforcement, and hence, inhibits dissolution and destruction of
the fiber. Many materials can serve as alkali barrier coatings for
basalt fiber due to this advantageous approach accordingly most
suitable material can be selected.

Basalt is an alternative raw material to be converted as fibers

because of its large-scale availability, relatively homogeneous
chemical structure, freedom from impurities and certainly, ability
to form fibers in the molten state. Basalt rock fibers are non-
combustible and have no toxic reaction with air or water.
Furthermore, basalt fibers have more chemical stability [41] and
better resistance to alkaline and acid exposure and weather. The
basalt fibers can be used for comparatively high temperatures as
well for very low temperatures (i.e. in the range of 600–800 °C
upto – 200 °C) [102], [103], [104]. Basalt is superior to any other
reinforcement materials due to its chemical inertness, very low
thermal conductivity and highly resistant to corrosion. The key
factors that govern the role of fibers in composites are the
essential mechanical quality of the fiber, the volume fraction of
fiber in the composite, the orientation, position and layout of fiber
in the composite, the physico-chemical interaction between the
resin component and fiber, the interface interactions, and its
recyclability.

Researchers used several raw materials to evaluate the behavior of

chopped basalt fiber reinforced mortar such as ordinary Portland
cement, Portland pozzolanic cement, high alumina cement,
Portland lime, cement, hydraulic lime, etc. Even partial
replacement of OPC was attempted with silica fumes, fly ash,
gypsum, slag, nano-silica, etc. The source of fine aggregate which
were used in different proportions were natural river sand, cork,
bricks and tiles, perlite, graphite, etc. The range of chopped basalt
fibers used for the study was 3–24 mm in length and 9–25 µm in
diameter, which were added in various proportions with respect to
dry weight or volume of either binding material or dry mix of
ingredients. The various recommended test to design the optimum
composition of reinforced mortar were categorized as fresh
(workability/fluidity, slum-flow prevention, setting time, etc.),
mechanical (axial and cube compressive strength [56], [86], [95]),
ultimate stress-strain relation (Fig. 6 [74]), bond strength [57]),
bending strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture strength, tensile
strength [56], ductility, etc.), durability (drying shrinkage [57],
abrasion resistance [57], water permeability[57], mortar porosity
[10], [91], carbonation, freeze-thaw resistance, resistance to salt-
frost scaling, heat-rain aging, alkaline attack [88] etc.), dynamic
tests (dynamic tensile strength, fracture energy, stress rate of
uniaxial tension, dynamic increase factor [90], [96]), etc.) and
functional like microwave absorbing property. The standardization
was primarily done using various codes based on American,
Chinese, European, Canadian, Indian, etc. [51], [52], [53], [58], [59],
[60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [69], [77], [78], [79], [81], [84], [85], [87],
[100], [101]. It is significant that based on availability of raw
materials suitable dry mix are to be prepared of desired grade.

Although several combinations of available raw materials were

attempted, workability was a major concern after mixing the
desired ingredients in proper proportions with suitable fiber
dosage. The design mix for water content to the dry mortar mix
can be addressed using fluidity test [54]. Fig. 4 [67] depicts the
fluidity of basalt fiber reinforced cement composite (BFRCC) with
different basalt fiber contents. As the fiber content increases, the
fluidity of cement composite decreases. The reason behind this is
the formation of spatial network structure due to random
distribution of basalt fibers. In addition to this, as the proportion of
basalt fiber increases, more cement paste will be consumed to
cover the fibers that results in a smaller amount of paste for the
fluidity. In order to improve the desired flow property various
studies revealed the application of admixtures (super plasticizers)
and viscosity agents [48]. Suitable quantity of water along with
desired plasticizer can be added. Role of viscosity agent is more
effective than super plasticizer. However, curing which plays
significant role needs to be done in a controlled manner. The study
indicated that steam curing [48] might not work out a feasible
solution for fiber-reinforced mortar. Beyond the optimum
percentage of fiber, the desired properties of fresh reinforced
mortar shall indicate poor property [51], [70], [98]. For a higher
percentage of fiber in a specific mortar shall not only increase the
porosity but will also reduce the mechanical strength. The amount
of basalt fiber does influence the strength of mortar. Influence of
fiber content on the compressive strength is shown in Fig. 5.
Considering the constant flow test value, specimens with lesser
amount of basalt fiber requires the minimum water content.
Subsequently, the compressive strength increases. The 1% of basalt
fiber from cement weight has the highest compressive strength
[56], [86]. Moreover, under static and dynamic loading conditions,
the optimum content of fiber reinforcement for fracture stress is
equal to 3%. Further increase of the fiber content decreases the
fracture stress [95]. However, as the content of basalt fiber
increases, bond strength (Fig. 7) increases, as use of basalt fiber in
the mortar reduces shrinkage cracking in the interfacial transition
zone and bleeding at the interface [57]. In addition, it increases the
tensile bending strength (Fig. 8) owing to its better tensile strength
[56].
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Fig. 5. Compressive strength vs fiber content.

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Fig. 6. Ultimate stress vs ultimate strain.

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Fig. 7. Bond strength vs fiber content.

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Fig. 8. Tensile bending strength vs fiber content.

Addition of basalt fiber to the repair mortar leads to lower drying

shrinkage (Fig. 9), superior abrasion resistance (Fig. 10), water
impermeability (Fig. 11), and freeze-thaw resistance [57].
Introducing BF into mortar effectively reduces the formation of
cracks and its tendency in mortar, resulting in less capillary and
water penetration of the mortar. In addition, BF in the mortar
shows exceptional resistance against the damage caused by freeze-
thaw cycles. This may be due to the fact that randomly dispersed
basalt fibers in the mortar retrain the expansion of the mortar,
which is caused by pore water volume changes during freeze-thaw
cycles and then decrease the damage. Presence of fibers leads to
higher porosity of the mortar with larger pores [10], [91]. The
fibers affect pore size distribution along with open porosity as
shown in Fig. 12. For fiber reinforced alkali activated binder, basalt
fiber loses weight under alkaline condition (Fig. 13). This is due to
the reaction between SiO2 in basalt fibers, and the alkaline
solution [88]. Furthermore, basalt fibers, recently widely
investigated in structural applications, are also expected to present
good performance in case of high strain-rate dynamic conditions.
Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF), i.e. ratio of the dynamic values over
the quasi-static tensile strength was evaluated and shown in Fig.
14 with maximum value 5.1 at a high strain rate (100/s) [90].
Average tensile strength values have been elaborated in terms of
DIF that signifies the peak strength [96].
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Fig. 9. Drying shrinkage vs fiber content.

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Fig. 10. Abrasion resistance vs fiber content.

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Fig. 11. Water penetration vs fiber content.

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Fig. 12. Pore size distribution of reference mix, B1 (1% BF) and B2
(2% BF).
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Fig. 13. Weight loss (due to alkaline attack) of the fibers vs time
duration.

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Fig. 14. Dynamic increase factor (DIF) vs stress rate.

Basalt fiber reinforced mortar could significantly control the crack

width, cracking load and deflection [66]. The chopped basalt fibers
showed good bond with mortar, reduced drying shrinkage, greater
flexural and compressive strength in the early hydration period,
improved toughness [55], having better alkali resistance [72],
microwave absorption [89], dynamic fracture energy [92], ability
to resist repeated impact [98]. Certain studies recommend the use
of fiber reinforced mortar specifically for repair of hydraulic
structures, historic structures and repair between old and new
concrete structures [57], [65], [66].

Several studies were attempted to compare the performance of

various mortar reinforced with (chemically treated/untreated)
chopped basalt fibers along with other available synthetic fibers
like glass [65], [68], [74], [88], [95], [96], [100], steel [76], [93], [97],
[98], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [71], [98], polyethylene (PE) [71],
carbon [88] and natural fibers like banana, sisal [68], etc. In
combination with lime, sand, water and super plasticizer, mortar
reinforced with glass fibers proved to have better modulus of
elasticity, flexural toughness and compressive strength [65], [74],
[95], [96] than the basalt fibers, but it proved better strain rate
sensitivity than steel. However, in combination with cement, silica
and super plasticizer, basalt fibers showed improved compressive
and bending strength, better resistance to heat rain aging with
respect to glass fibers. A hybrid combination of basalt and
polypropylene fibers (60:40) in nano-modified fiber reinforced
mortar showed better compressive, flexural and tensile strength
along with shrinkage control and improved resistance to salt frost
scaling with respect to basalt fibers only. PVA fibers showed
significant higher chemical and frictional bonding along with
estimated slip hardening coefficient with respect to brittle basalt
fibers [71], [97]. Under dynamic loading condition, the rate of
damage of steel fibers was much less than the hybrid combination
of PVA and basalt fibers, however improved resistance against
repeated impacts of ultra-high performance cementitious
composites were observed [98].

5. Conclusion
Chopped basalt fiber was studied in detail and desired physical,
mechanical property investigation method of the same was
discussed. Its application for the reinforced mortar design with
various raw materials was briefly studied. Following are the
conclusions drawn from the extensive literature review:

• Basalt fiber was proposed as better reinforcement to the

cement matrices due to its valuable properties such as,
better modulus, high strength, higher strain to failure,
better stability, reduced drying shrinkage, improved
toughness, ability to resist repeated impact, thermo-
chemical resistance.

• With respect to commercially available synthetic fibers,

the chopped basalt fibers were found to be good in
performance of the evaluated properties. Production of
basalt fiber consumes less energy and is cost effective.

• Addition of basalt fiber has the negative effect on the

fluidity of fresh mix, whereas it improves the flexural
 strength, toughness, ductility as well as the fracture
energy of cement matrix composites.

• In order to improve its performance suitable treatments

were studied and elaborated. Corrosion of basalt fiber in
the high alkaline cement matrix can be reduced by
application of alkali-resistant coatings on the fibers and
modification of cement matrices through special
additives. It was observed that basalt fiber with 5–6% wt.
ZrO2 had the best alkali resistance properties.

• The fresh and hardened properties of reinforced mortar

greatly influenced by the volume percentage, length and
diameter of the basalt fiber. The range of chopped basalt
fibers used for the literature study was 3–24 mm in
length and 9–25 µm in diameter, which were added in
various proportions with respect to dry weight or
volume of either binding material or dry mix of
ingredients.

• It can be concluded from the studied literature that

reasonably, 1–3% wt by the mass of the binder is an
optimum dosage of the chopped basalt fiber. It gives
satisfactory results of physico-mechanical, durability,
and strength properties of reinforced matrix.

• The improved performance of the CBF reinforced mortar

with different raw material compositions signifies its
 potential use for the application and standardization for
reinforced mortar design process.

• The various proportions of raw materials, necessary test

methods and compliance with the desired standards for
various properties like fresh, mechanical, durability and
dynamic properties of fiber reinforced mortar helps to
conclude its practical applicability in civil engineering
applications.

Acknowledgements
The first author gratefully acknowledges the support of Indo-US
Science & Technology Forum, Department of Science and
Technology, India for kind financial support to undertake this
study. Author is also thankful to the University of Texas, Arlington,
USA and Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur,
India for kindly extending desired facilities to carry out the work.

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