Mid-I One Mark Questions
UNIT-1
1.Demonstrate the block diagram of a communication system?
Ans: The block diagram of communication system is shown in figure below
2.Define frequency translation?
Ans: Frequency translation is the process of shifting a signal from one frequency to
another, without loss of information in the signal. This is useful in any application that
does take into account at what frequency the information signal is transmitted. This is
frequently used in wireless communication system. We can increase or decrease the
frequency of the information signal using frequency translation. The mixer is
generally used to perform the frequency translation method. If the output signal
frequency is higher than the input signal frequency then it is known as up-conversion.
If the output signal frequency is lower than the input signal frequency then it is known
as down-conversion.
3. Point out the need for modulation in communication
Ans: Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal in accordance with the
information signal o message signal. The purpose of modulation is to allow the
effective transmission of audio signals over long distances ensuring that the information
reaches the receiver with minimal loss.
4. Define attenuation and its process.
Ans: Attenuation refers to a loss introduced by a circuit or component. Many
electronic circuits sometimes called stages, reduce the amplitude of a signal rather
than increase it. If the output signal is lower in amplitude than the input, the circuit
has loss, or attenuation. Like gain, attenuation is simply the ratio of the output to the
input. The letter A is used to represent attenuation as well as gain
.
Attenuation, A= output voltage= Vout
input voltage Vin
Circuits that introduce attenuation have a gain that is less than 1. In other words the
output is some fraction of the input.
5. What is meant by amplifier and list its important parameters.
Ans: An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the strength of the signal
without changing its essential shape.It takes a weak input signal (voltage, current or
power) and produces a stronger output signal that is proportional to the input.The
important parameters of an amplifier are gain, bandwidth,input impedance,output
impedance,linearity, noise figure, stability, slew rate and efficiency.
6. List out the applications of frequency translation.
Ans: Frequency translation is used in
1. Superheterodyne Receivers
2. Transmitters(Upconversion)
3. Receivers (Downconversion)
4. Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)
7. Describe the reason gain or attenuation is commonly expressed in decibels
(dB) instead of linear units.
Ans: The gain or loss of a circuit is usually expressed in decibels (dB), a unit of
measurement that was originally created as a way of expressing the hearing response
of the human ear to various sound levels. A decibel is one-tenth of a bel
It is common for electronic circuits and systems to have extremely high gains or
attenuations, often in excess of 1 million. Converting these factors to decibels and
using logarithms result in smaller gain and attenuation figures, which are easier to
use.
When gain and attenuation are both converted to decibels, the overall gain or
attenuation of an electronic circuit can be computed by simply adding the individual
gains or attenuations, expressed in decibels.
8. Draw the Electromagnetic spectrum with major 7 bands and label them
properly.
Ans:
9.Describe the formulas used to calculate power and voltage gains in decibels
(dB), and specify the typical ranges for gain and attenuation on both linear and
dB scales.
Ans: Voltage gain is given by
AV= output voltage= Vout
input voltage Vin
Voltage gain in dB is given by
AV (dB )= 20 log Vout
Vin
Power gain is given by
AP = output power = Pout
input power Pin
Power gain in dB is given by
A P (dB) = 10 log Pout
Pin
The typical ranges of gain are 1 to 1000 (sometimes upto 10 6 in
multi stage) on linear scale and 0dB to 60dB ( upto120dB in multi
stage) on decibel scale.
The typical ranges of attenuation are 1 to 10 -6 on linear scale and
0dB to -60dB decibel scale.
10.List out few applications of Radio frequency Band and UV band from the
Electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans: Radio frequency band is used in AM/FM Broadcasting, Television Broadcasting,
Cellular Networks, Radar and Satellite communication.
Ultraviolet band is used for tanning ,sterilization such as in hospitals and for exposing
faults in a material through fluorescence (the ability of certain materials to give off
visible light after absorbing UV light).
UNIT-II
1. Define Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation
Ans: The process of varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
signal is known as amplitude modulation.
The process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal is known
as frequency modulation.
2. Define modulation index in AM, and its importance and types.
Ans: The modulation index(µ) is defined as the ratio of modulating or message signal
Am
amplitude to the amplitude of carrier signal.It is given as µ= .The modulation
Ac
index in AM is significant because it is the key parameter for balancing power
efficiency, transmission quality, noise immunity, and distortion control.There are
three types of modulation depending upon the modulation index
1. Under Modulation( µ<1)
2. Critical Modulation(µ =1)
3. Over Modulation(µ >1)
3.What is the typical bandwidth of FM used in commercial broadcasting?
Ans: In FM broadcasting (VHF band, 88–108 MHz), the maximum frequency
deviation (Δf) is ±75 kHz and the highest modulating audio frequency (fm) is about
15 kHz.
Using Carson’s Rule for estimating FM bandwidth:
Bandwidth=2(Δf+fm)=2(75kHz+15kHz)=180kHz
For practical channel spacing and to avoid interference, it is standardized to 200 kHz
per FM channel.
4. List out the different modulation techniques with its hierarchy.
Ans:
5. State the expression of modulation index for both AM and FM.
Ans: The modulation index(µ) of AM is given by
Am
µ=
Ac
The modulation index(β) of FM is given by
β= f
Δf
m
6. List out advantages of FM over AM.
Ans: The advantages of FM over AM are
1. In FM, all the transmitted power is useful where as in AM, most of the power is
carrier power which does not contain any information.
2. FM broadcasts operate in the upper VHF and UHF frequency ranges at which there
happens to be less noise than in MF and HF ranges occupied by AM broadcasts.
7.Draw the ASK waveform for digital data 10110?
8.How many frequencies are used in binary FSK? Describe briefly.
Ans: In Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), exactly two distinct frequencies are
used. One frequency is a high frequency carrier wave (f1) and the other is a low
frequency carrier wave(f2).If the input bit is 1, the modulator outputs a sinusoidal
wave of frequency f1 and if the input bit is 0, the modulator outputs a sinusoidal wave
of frequency f2.
9. Identify the advantages of digital communication over analog communication.
Ans: The advantages of digital communication over analog communication are
1.The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in digital signals as
they are less affected.
2.Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
3.The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more flexible than analog.
10.Draw PAM, PWM wave forms with respect to message and carrier
waveforms.
Ans: PAM Signal:
PWM Signal:
UNIT-III
1. What is Paging System?
Ans:Paging systems are simplex wireless communications systems designed to alert
subscribers of awaiting messages only.
2. Examine how internet telephony is advantage as compared to traditional
Telephone system.
Ans: Internet telephony, also known as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), offers
several advantages over traditional telephone systems. These include lower costs,
better call quality, enhanced features, and greater flexibility and scalability.
3. Sketch the block diagram of Internet Telephony
Ans:
4. What is PSTN?
Ans: PSTN means Public Switched Telephone Network. It is the traditional, circuit-
switched telephone network which uses a network of copper wires, switches and
other physical infrastructure to establish a dedicated connection (a circuit) between
two telephones when a call is made.
5. List out any 3 differences between VOIP and Traditional Telephone.
Ans: The differences between VOIP and Traditional Telephone are
1. Traditional telephony uses analog signals transmitted over copper wires, while
VoIP converts voice into digital data packets that are transmitted over the internet.
2. VoIP systems often include advanced features like video conferencing, instant
messaging, and voicemail-to-email, which are not typically offered by traditional
phone systems.
3. VoIP can be more cost-effective, especially for long-distance and international
calls, as it leverages internet infrastructure instead of traditional phone lines.
Calculate gain for system if input voltage signal is 100cos200t and output voltage is 200cos
400t and express gain decibels
A signal travels a distance of 75 ft in the time it takes to complete 1 cycle. Solve its
frequency and wavelength.
Ans:
v=3x108 m/s
λ= 75ft
1 m = 3.28 ft
1ft= (1) ÷ (3.28) = 0.305m
λ =75ft= 75x0.305m=22.875m
Frequency (f) = v/ λ = 13.12 MHz
