Important questions of- class 11th Biological
classification
1. Introduction and Classification Systems
A) Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of
time, starting from Aristotle to the Five-Kingdom Classification.
B) List the five kingdoms of classification and the main criteria used by R.H. Whittaker for
this system.
C) What were the limitations of the Two-Kingdom classification proposed by Linnaeus?
D) Why are viruses, viroids, and lichens not included in Whittaker's system?
E) Explain the terms 'phycobiont' and 'mycobiont' and their significance in lichen.
2. Kingdom Monera
A) Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera. Justify this statement with their key
characteristics.
B) Classify bacteria based on their shape and give one example for each type.
C) How do Archaebacteria differ from Eubacteria in terms of their cell wall composition and
cell membrane structure?
D) Describe the different modes of nutrition in bacteria, with an example for each.
E) What are heterocysts? What is their function, and in which organisms are they found?
F) What are mycoplasmas? Mention their two most significant features.
G) Explain how bacteria achieve genetic variation through conjugation, transformation, and
transduction.
H) Mention two economically important uses each of (a) heterotrophic bacteria and (b)
archaebacteria.
3. Kingdom Protista
A) What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids? How does Euglena demonstrate
mixotrophic nutrition?
B) Describe the nature of cell walls in diatoms. What is 'diatomaceous earth' and what is its
economic significance?
C) Find out what the terms 'algal bloom' and 'red tides' signify and name the organism
responsible for red tides.
D) Describe the four major groups of Protozoa based on their modes of locomotion and
give examples.
E) Explain the switch in the life cycle of slime moulds from a free-living form to an
aggregate.
4. Kingdom Fungi
A) What is the typical body structure of most fungi? Distinguish between septate and
aseptate hyphae.
B) Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi (Phycomycetes,
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes) based on their mode of reproduction.
C) Explain the sexual cycle in fungi, mentioning plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis.
D) Why are Deuteromycetes commonly known as 'imperfect fungi'?
E) Explain the symbiotic relationships seen in lichens and mycorrhizae.
F) Name a few examples of useful and harmful fungi.
5. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
A) Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and genetic material, and
name four common viral diseases.
B) Discuss the topic 'Are viruses living or non-living' based on their characteristics.
C) How are viroids different from viruses based on their structure and genetic material?
D) Who discovered viroids? Name the disease they cause.
E) What are prions? Name two diseases caused by them.
F) Explain the contribution of D.J. Ivanowsky, M.W. Beijerinek, and W.M. Stanley to the
discovery of viruses.
G) Describe the life cycle of a bacteriophage (lytic and lysogenic cycles).
6. Diagram-based questions
A) Draw and label the diagram of the T-even bacteriophage and the Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV).
B) With the help of a flow chart, make an outline of the Five-Kingdom Classification.
C) Recognise and label diagrams of various bacteria shapes and fungal structures.
