Ecology

❑ Relationship among Environment, Society and Technology

❑ Environment and Earth System

❑ Ecology and Ecosystem

❑ Structure and Function of Ecosystem

✔ Energy Flow

❑ Carrying Capacity of Natural Resources

Relationship among Environment, Society and Technology

Environment

Technology

Society Economy

Figure: Dimension of Sustainable Triangle

 Environment and Earth System
Environment
The environment is the aggregate of all external factors or
conditions that influence the activities and existence of all
living beings including human.
Or
the environment is the interaction within and among
physical, living and human world in our surrounding.

Surroundings!!!
- A certain distance? -Country?
- the room; we live in? - Planet?
- building?
- City?
- District or division?
 Environment and Earth System
Earth System

The earth is a complex system consisting of different

components; the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the
atmosphere and the biota inhabiting it.
Environment and Earth System
 Ecology and Ecosystem

The study of living organisms in the natural environment. How they

interact with one another and how they interact with their non
living environment.
Ecology is the relationship between organism and environment
by Hackel and Tansley

Terminologies
Autecology: Individual (Study of RB Tiger Population)
Synecology: Group/community (Study of Forest Ecosystem)
Ecological Succession: process of change in the species structure over time
Ecological Niche: Physical + Functional role of a species in a community
Ecological Equivalent: Similar niche in different geographical regions
Ecology and Ecosystem

Ecological Succession
 Ecology and Ecosystem

Biomes:
very large ecological areas; climate, vegetation, soil
 Ecology and Ecosystem

1. TUNDRA 2. CONIFEROUS FOREST (TAIGA)

• Bitterly cold and covered with snow • Confers = cone-bearing trees (pines, fir)
and ice. • Cold climate
• Ground remains permanently frozen • Dense forests (tree tops block out a lot of sunlight)
(permafrost). • Grasses, small trees cannot grow –only some shrubs,
• Only certain small plants such as ferns and mosses thrive.
mosses and grasses can grow. • Animals such as squirrels, moose (sambur), birds,
and insects live here.
 Ecology and Ecosystem
3. DECIDUOUS (TEMPERATE) FOREST 4. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
• Thrive in moderate climates. • Excellent for plant growth and soil development.
• Summers may be hot and winters • Plants grow thick and tall.
may be cold. • Found in areas near the equator.
• Dense forests • Support more plant life and animal species than any
• Provides habitats for many animals. other biome.
 Ecology and Ecosystem
5. GRASSLANDS 6. DESERT
• Mostly grass! • Very dry; receives very little rainfall.
• Temperatures similar to deciduous • Very hot during the day, cold at night.
forest. • Soil is very dry and poor.
• Do not receive much rainfall –enough • Only a few kinds of plants grow in the desert.
rain to support grasses but not trees. • Very few animals can survive in the desert.
 Ecology and Ecosystem
Species
A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring

Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus

 Ecology and Ecosystem
Population

A group of organism of the same

species which live in the same
habitat at the same time where
they can freely interbreed

The black-veined white butterfly

(Aporia crataegi) mating
 Ecology and Ecosystem

Biodiversity
The total number of different species in an ecosystem and their relative
abundance
 Ecology and Ecosystem

The characteristics of the Habitat

type of environment where
an organism normally lives.
(e.g. a Stoney stream, a
deciduous temperate
woodland, Bavarian beer
mats)
 Ecology and Ecosystem
A unit which consists of all living organisms functioning together in a
given area and interacting with the physical environment in a manner,
whereby, flow of energy leads to clearly defined biotic structures an
cycling of materials between living and non-living parts is know as an
ecosystem.
• Ecosystem, the term coined by Tansley
• Smallest structural and functional unit of nature
• Consisting of both biotic community and the abiotic environment
which have close interactions
• The interaction is conducted by
energy flow (Solar energy)
in the system and cycling of materials (Nutrient cycle)
• Entire biosphere is considered as a global ecosystem
 Ecology and Ecosystem
Community + Abiotic environment, interacting
 Ecology and Ecosystem
Characteristics of Ecosystem
Boundaries are indistinct and over-lapping; could be temporary or
permanent; even may be small (drop of water) or large (whole earth)
Types of Ecosystem: on the basis of the origin

1.Natural Ecosystem; terrestrial (forest, grassland and desert) and

aquatic (pond, lake, wetland, river and estuary).
In aquatic ecosystem, more biodiversity is found in LOTIC ecosystem
(running fresh water; stream, river) than in LANTIC ecosystem (Stagnant
fresh water; lake, pond, swamp)

2. Man-made Ecosystem; crop field and aquarium.

 Ecology and Ecosystem
Types of Ecosystem: on the basis of the size
❑ Mega Ecosystem: Entire Biosphere
❑ Macro Ecosystem: Major Biomes like Tropical Rain forest (Amazon)
❑ Micro Ecosystem: Pond
❑ Nano Ecosystem: Drop of water
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
1.Biotic Components includes living component from smallest microbe, fungi
to largest animals and plants
2.Abiotic Component includes Inorganic substance (carbon, nitrogen, CO2,
H2O etc.) involved in natural cycles, air, water and other physical factors,
organic compounds (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Humus)
 Ecology and Ecosystem
Among all abiotic components; The important ones are:
•Temperature; spatial distribution of species decreases on either side of
equator towards the poles and as we go above and below the MSL.
•Water; Life started in water about 3.5 billion years ago.
•Light; photosynthesis
•Soil; edaphic factors. Based on formation process, it is classified in two
types:

Residual soil – Weathering and pedogenesis occur at the same place

Transported soil - Weathering and pedogenesis occur at different places
(Colluvial- Brought by gravity, Alluvial- brought by water, Glacial- by snow,
Eolian- by wind)
 Structure and Function of Ecosystem
Vertical distribution species occupying different levels is called
stratification. For instance, trees canopy is top layer of a forest while
grasses are at the bottom.

Functions:
a) Productivity b) Decomposition c) Energy Flow and d) Nutrient Cycle

a) Productivity
Biomass: Mass of living biological organism in a given area at a given time
species biomass-mass of one species
community biomass- mass of all species in the community (including
microorganisms, plants or animals). It is measured either in terms of
dry weight (60-80% weight of water not included) or by measuring
organically bound carbon.
 Structure and Function of Ecosystem

Primary Production: Total amount of biomass or organic matter

produced per unit area. Unit in terms of weight (gm-2) or energy
(kcal/m2)

Primary productivity: Amount of biomass produced per unit area over a

time period by plants during photosynthesis (gm-2yr-1/kcalm-2yr-1)
Secondary Productivity is defined as the rate of formation of new
organic matter by consumer

Decomposition
Decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic
substances like CO2, water and nutrients and the process is called
decomposition.
 Structure and Function of Ecosystem
Energy flow

Sun is the only source (with negligible exceptions) of energy for all
ecosystems on earth.

Incident solar radiation, if 100, about 50 per cent is Photosynthetically

Active Radiation (PAR) from 400-700 nm, which is also the visible
spectrum. Out of PAR, 2-10% is actually fixed into organic matter. And the
Unidirectional flow of energy from sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs start.

• Law of thermodynamics are obeyed in this energy flow.

• Energy neither created not destroyed, only transformed.

• Entropy law, transfer of energy leads to loss of energy as heat.

 Structure and Function of Ecosystem

Energy is transferred from one trophic level to another

• First trophic level (T1) = Producer (Phytoplankton, Grass, Trees)

• Second trophic level (T2) = Primary consumer (Zooplankton,

rabbit)

• Third trophic level (T3) = secondary consumer (Birds, fishes)

• Fourth trophic level (T4) = top consumer (Man, Lion)

 Structure and Function of Ecosystem

Rule of 10% (10% law of Lindeman): energy is reduced by 10% during

flow to every higher trophic level. Because of this law, the number of
trophic levels are usually restricted to 4-5.

Right from the sunlight being trapped by autotrophs into organic

material, and further transfer of energy to higher trophic levels. On an
avegrage, 10% (2-20%) of energy is transferred while rest 90%
(80-98%) is lost in respiratory and other losses. So as the number of
trophic levels increase in a food chain, most of the energy is lost.
Structure and Function of Ecosystem
Energy Flow in the Food Chain
 Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity of environment or an ecosystem is the threshold limit of
use of that system without damaging it.

Every ecosystem has its resources that are used for economic development,
for survival and for habitat creation. Environment and ecosystems have got
the abilities to recover the loss of its resources by regenerating them over
the period of time that are temporary and not exceeding the threshold
damage limit.
 Carrying Capacity

Catton (1986), defined an environment’s carrying capacity as

its maximum persistently supportable load.

Ecological carrying capacity is a measure

of the amount of renewable resources in
the environment in units of the number
of organisms these resources can
support. Normally, K is a function of both
the species and the environment, and is
expected to change only in evolutionary
time (Daily and Ehrlich, 1992).
Global Environmental Picture
Major Global Environmental Concerns:
Population Growth
Soil Degradation
Atmospheric Change
Biodiversity Loss
 Global Environmental Concerns
Population Growth
Biodiversity
Loss

Atmospheric
Change

Soil Degradation
 Global Environmental Concerns
Population
Population total human inhabitants of a specified area, such as a city, country, or
Growth continent, at a given time. Population study as a discipline is known as
demography.
Deals with
It is concerned with the size, composition, and distribution of populations;
their patterns of change over time through births, deaths, and migration; and
the determinants and consequences of such changes.
Why do you need to know?
knowledge on Population studies is important for planning, particularly by
governments, in fields such as health, education, housing, social security,
employment, and environmental preservation. Such studies also
provide information needed to formulate government population policies,
which seek to modify demographic trends in order to achieve economic and
social objectives.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population Robert McNamara(1973), wrote One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People
Growth
rapid population growth was a threat that would have
“catastrophic consequences”

James Wolfensohn, limited reference to

World Bank president from 1995 to 2005 population growth

Robert Zoellick
delivered a speech identifying
six strategic themes to meet global challenges. Reducing population was not one
of them; in fact, “population growth” is not mentioned even once

Robert McNamara, One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People (New York: Praeger, 1973), p. 31.
 Global Environmental Concerns
last Ice Age, about 13,000 years ago, when humans on all continents were still living as
Population hunter–gatherers, or 12,000 years ago with the first signs of agricultural settlements,
Growth or 7,000 years ago with the first indications of urbanization.

From the beginning of human settlements, it took more than

10,000 years for the world’s population to reach 1 billion in 1820.

next billion were added in only about 110 years and, for the last four decades, the world
added
1 billion people every 12 to 15 years. No wonder McNamara was so worried.

During the Industrial Revolution (late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries), the
food supply grew and became more reliable. The death rate fell, life expectancy
increased, and population growth gradually accelerated.

The Industrial Revolution, which marked the start of modern economic

growth, further expanded the earth’s population-carrying capacity.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

• four or five children are born in every second

• two other people die in same time
• nearly 2.5 more humans per second added to the
world population.
• This means, we are growing almost 83 million more
people per year.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

Don’t know what made this chart exploded since 1900. Charts are so
exponential and one of the major cause of Global Warming.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

A significant Hockey Stick. Worldwide Total Carbon Emissions have

experienced exponential growth. The chart shows historic Total Annual
Worldwide Carbon Emissions since 1600.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

As Al Gore said, “Yes, they fit.” This chart shows how Total Annual Carbon
Emissions are directly affected by Population Growth.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

This chart shows the correlation between Atmospheric Carbon Concentration

(in Parts Per Million) and Average Surface Temperature.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

A curious case of divergence. This chart shows how Total Worldwide Carbon
Emissions have increased at an Exponential Rate, while Per Capita Carbon
Emissions have grown at a Linear Rate, during the past century. To what can
we attribute the difference in rate of growth?
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

This very important chart shows the relationship between Population Growth
and the Deforestation. Conclusion: the faster the population grows, the
faster the forests disappear.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

This chart shows how Population Growth Rates are affected by Income.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

This table shows bulk Population in different countries of the world.

 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth

Asia has grown the most in absolute terms, Africa leads the world in its
Rate of Growth.
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population
Growth
 Global Environmental Concerns

Population Impacts of Population Growth

• great pressure is being placed on arable land, water, energy, and
Growth biological resources to provide an adequate supply of food while
maintaining the integrity of our ecosystem.
• overload the earth’s life-support systems
• Vital resources are stressed by the dual demands of increasing population
and increasing consumption per person
• ground water supplies being depleted, agricultural soils being
degraded, oceans being over fished, oil reserves being drawn down and
forest being cut faster than they can re-grow
• human population inevitably outstrips their food supply and eventually
collapse into starvation, crime and misery
• Sometimes it is viewed that the root cause of environmental degradation
is inequitable distribution of wealth and power rather than
population size
 Global Environmental Concerns

Soil
Degradation
… is a marvelous substance, a living resource of
astonishing beauty, complexity, and frailty. It is a
complex mixture of weathered mineral materials
from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules,
and a host of living organisms.

ecosystem by itself
essential
component of
the biosphere
 Global Environmental Concerns
Soil Degradation
Soil based on both biological productivity and our expectations about what
Degradation the land should be like. Often this is a subjective judgment, and it is
difficult to distinguish between human-caused deterioration and
natural conditions, like drought.

We generally consider the land degraded when the soil is

impoverished or eroded, water runs off or is contaminated more
then normal, vegetation is diminished, biomass production is
decreased, or wildlife diversity diminishes.

Impacts…
On farmlands, lower crop yields…. On
ranchlands, fewer livestock can be supported
per unit area…On nature reserves, lower
biological diversity.
 Global Environmental Concerns
Human-induced soil degradation
Soil
Degradation
 Global Environmental Concerns

Soil
Degradation
 Global Environmental Concerns

Soil Results…!
Degradation
water and wind erosion

Water induced erosion in

Bangladesh
 Global Environmental Concerns
Physical degradation includes compaction by heavy
Soil machinery or trampling by cattle, water accumulation from
Degradation excess irrigation and poor drainage, and laterization
(solidification of iron and aluminum-rich tropical soil when
exposed to sun and rain).
 Global Environmental Concerns

Soil chemical degradation includes nutrient depletion,

salt accumulation, acidification and pollution
Degradation
 Global Environmental Concerns

Soil
Degradation sandy soil…less nutrient
 Global Environmental Concerns

Atmospheric
Change
 Global Environmental Concerns
Human Induced Factors
Atmospheric
Change
 Global Environmental Concerns

Atmospheric
Change

Our
Concern!!!
 Global Environmental Concerns

Atmospheric Impacts…!!!
Change increased global temperature
At the current rate, global temperature may increase by 1.8–4.0ºC
by the end of this century (IPCC 2007)

Greenhouse gases can influence animal populations through mechanism

… can enter terrestrial and aquatic food webs, and alter ecosystem
functioning

Atmospheric contaminants commonly do this in two ways: 1. bottom-up and

2. top-down pathways

1 2
alter plant anatomy and physiology altered population dynamics for
their prey
 Global Environmental Concerns

Biodiversity
loss Biodiversity loss
Defined as…
«the long-term or permanent quantitative or qualitative reduction in
components of biodiversity and their potential to provide goods and
services, to be measured at global, regional and national levels».
(Convention on Biological Diversity)
• Loss of diversity (e.g. species, varieties, populations, alleles etc.),

• Loss/diminished capacity for the components of diversity to provide a

particular service (e.g. unsustainable harvest),

• Homogenization of biodiversity (e.g. monoculture agriculture).

 Why is biodiversity loss a concern?
Life has existed on Earth for over 3.5 billion years. Over
95% of the species that ever existed have gone extinct.
Why should we be concerned about current extinction
rates and conserving biodiversity?
 Why is biodiversity loss a concern?
Human Well-being Ecosystem Services
Basic material for good life
Health Provisioning Services Supporting Services
Security Food, fiber, and fuel Primary production
Good social relations
Freedom of choice and action Genetic resources Provision of habitat
Biochemical Nutrient Cycling
Fresh Water Soil formation and retention
Cultural Services Production of atmospheric oxygen
Spiritual and religious values Water cycle
Knowledge system Regulating Services
Education and inspiration Invasion resistance
Recreation and aesthetic values Herbivore
Sense of place Pollination
Seed dispersal
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Ecosystem Functions Biodiversity Natural hazard protection
Number Erosion regulation
Relative abundance Water purification
Composition Pest Regulation
Interactions
Millennium ecosystem assessment, 2005
 Thanks

References
Perkins et al (2013), Economics of Development, seventh Edition
Cunningham willium, Principles of environmental, second edition
http//gadflyer.com
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/global-atmospheric-ch
ange-and-animal-populations
 What we went through…
Relationship Among
Tech., Soc, and Env.

environment and earth

system
ecology and
ecosystem structure and function
of ecosystem…energy
flow

carrying capacity
Global Warming
What is global warming?
•Global warming is the long
term heating of Earth’s
surface observed since the pre
industrial period
( between 1850 and 1900 )
It is primarily caused by The
Greenhouse Effect
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
The Greenhouse Effect is a
process that occurs when energy
from a planet’s host star goes
through its atmosphere and heats
the planet’s surface, but
greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere prevent some of the
heat from returning directly to
space, resulting in a warmer
planet.
What are Greenhouse gases?
Some atmospheric gases absorb and re-emit infrared energy from
the atmosphere down to the Earth’s surface. This process, the
greenhouse effect, leads to a mean surface temperature that is 33 °C
greater than it would be in its absence. If it were not for the
greenhouse gas effect, Earth’s average temperature would be a
chilly -18 °C

CO2 N20 HCFC Molecular

CH4 HFC Hydrogen
 What is causing Global Warming?

• Industrial Development • Agriculture

• Deforestation • Mining

• Waste disposal
• Chlorofluorocarbon

• Overpopulation and
• Forest blazes
overconsumption
• Industrial development
Since the industrial revolution, humans have
expelled copious amounts of CO2 into the
atmosphere. This has triggered an unnatural
warming that has seen the Earth’s temperature
rise dramatically over a short period of time.

• Deforestation
When trees are cut down they release the
carbon they are storing into the
atmosphere, where it mingles with green
house gases from other sources and
contributes to global warming
accordingly.
• Waste Management
Poor waste management releases methane,
a very powerful greenhouse gas linked to
global warming and directly affects many
ecosystems and species.

• Overpopulation and overconsumption

Rapid population growth worsens the impacts of
global warming by straining resources and
exposing more people to climate related risks
specially in low resource region.
Overconsumption produces excess waste which
contributes to green house gas emission
• Agriculture
Farming in particular releases significant
amounts of methane and nitrous oxide
,two powerful greenhouse gases.

•Mining
The machines used for mining
run on fossil fuels that release
CO2,CO and other pollutants.
• Forest blazes
Forest blazes release huge quantities of
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. While
trees can and do regrow after fire, building
back carbon takes time which is precisely
what we lack in the fight against global
warming.

• Chlorofluorocarbon
CFC’s have destroyed ozone in the lower stratosphere or upper troposphere
that causes an increase in the temperature.
 Effects of Global Warming
• Rise in Temperature
Global warming has lead to an
increase in Earth’s temperature.
Since 1880,the earth’s temperature
has increased be ~ 1degrees.This has
resulted in the melting of glaciers,
which have led to an increase in the
sea level. This could have devastating
effects on coastal regions!
•Climate change
Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. There are droughts
at some places and floods at some. This climatic imbalance is a result of global
warming.
•Threats to the Ecosystem
Global warming has affected the coral reefs that can lead to the loss of plant
and animal lives. Increase in global temperature has made the fragility of coral
reefs even worse.
 •Spread of Diseases
Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and humidity. This
has led to the movement of insects that carry and spread diseases.

• High mortality rates

Due to an increase in floods, tsunamis and other natural calamities, the average
death toll usually increases.Also,such events can bring about diseases that can
hamper human life.
•Loss of natural habitat
A global shift in the climate leads to a loss of habitats of several
plants and animals. In this case ,animals need to migrate from their
natural habitat and many of them even become extinct. This is yet
another major impact of global warming on biodiversity
Rising sea levels and floods are causing population migration. Small
island states are in the front line. The estimated number of climate
refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.
“Global warming is not a conqueror to kneel before-but
a challenge to rise to. A challenge we must rise to.”
Plant a tree!!!
Trees clean the air by reducing CO2 emission and make our planet
healthier. Planting the right trees can reduce energy usage during
hot summers.

Reforestation is the most cost-effective way

to prevent global warming. Trees do more
than absorb carbon. When planted in
sustainable agroforestry, they result in
enhanced biodiversity, water retention, soil
health,food security and economic
development!!
Reduce , Reuse , Recycle!!
Reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of
disposables. Buying products with little packaging will
help reduce waste. By recycling household waste, we can
save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.

Use energy efficient transportation

Vehicles that burn fossil fuels are one of the main sources of
greenhouse gases which cause global warming. Using cycles or
walking instead of cars can go a long way in preventing global
warming!
Sustainable infrastructure
In order to reduce the CO2 emissions from
buildings caused by heating ,air conditioning,
hot water or lighting – it is necessary both to
build new low energy buildings, and to
renovate existing constructions.

It is also important to move away from fossil fuels and find

environment friendly green renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal.
CLIMATE CHANGE

WILL IT BE OUR END?

CLIMATE CHANGE

TOPICS
• WHAT IT MEANS
• CAUSES
• GLOBAL WARMING
AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
• IMPACT ON
OVERALL
ENVIRONMENT
• MEASURES TO BE
2
TAKEN
WHAT IS CLIMATE
CHANGE?
Weather, Climate &
Change
CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE
Weather: Overall condition of a place for a
short period of time, considering factors like
temperature, rainfall etc.
Climate: Average of the weather of a
particular region
• Measured over a long time, for example
30 years
• A huge area is taken into consideration,
can be a country, a set of countries or an
4
entire continent
• Doesn’t change frequently
 THE EARTH SYSTEM
CLIMATE CHANGE

The Earth consists of 4 systems:

• Atmosphere – Gaseous mantel enveloping the Earth; mostly Oxygen

and Nitrogen

• Hydrosphere – Oceans, seas and inland water bodies

• Lithosphere – The solid crust covering the Earth on which we live

• Centrosphere – Center of the Earth which holds molten mass

Any drastic change in the above mentioned systems can alter the
5

environment in a negative way

PRESENTATION TITLE

CLIMATE CHANGE
Significant changes in the climate that –
• Affects the overall condition of a region
like rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.
• Stays for a long time
• Hampers the natural balance of the
environment
• Slowly destroys the biodiversity
6
CAUSES
The 7 Theories
of Climate
Change
 THE 7 THEORIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE

• IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT

CLIMATE CHANGE IS HAPPENING

SCIENTISTS HAVE COME UP WITH 7

THEORIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
THAT COMBINE NATURAL AND
HUMAN-DEPENDENT CAUSES

LET’S SEE WHAT THEY ARE…

8
 THE 7 THEORIES
CLIMATE CHANGE

• 1.Anthropogenic Global Warming(AGW): These theory of climate change contends that human
emissions of green house gases, principally carbon dioxide (CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide, are causing
a catastrophic rise in global temperatures. The mechanism whereby this happens is called the enhanced
greenhouse effect. Includes the activities of human beings. For example
• Usage of unrenewable energy resources

• Usage of artificial fertilizers and insecticides

• General environmental pollution

2. Bio-thermostat theory: Rising temperatures and CO2 levels trigger biological and chemical responses in
the atmosphere that have a cooling effect . The more CO2 there is in the air, the better plants grow and the
more CO2 they remove from the air and store in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots, as well as in the soil
beneath the plants – a suite of processes called “sequestration.” Higher temperatures also tend to increase
carbon sequestration rates. Carbonyl sulphide(COS), diffuse light, iodocompounds, dimethyl sulphide and

9
other aerosols.

3. Cloud Formation & Albedo: postulates that changes in the formation and albedo of clouds create negative
 THE 7 THEORIES
CLIAMTE CHANGE

4. Human Forcing Besides Greenhouse Gases: Human activities that directly affect the Earth’s surface like
building cities and deforestation, coastal developments, jet contrails etc.by transformation of Earth surfaces.

5. Ocean Currents: due to the slow-down of the ocean’s Thermohaline Circulation (THC). Explains global warming
through the energy concentration at the upper layer of the oceans dependent on variations in temperature, which
give rise to changes in salt content and hence in density.

6. Planetary motion: How the Earth’s tilt, orbit and other planets effect the climate, by natural gravitational and
magnetic oscillations of the solar system induced by the planet’s movement through space. These oscillations
modulate solar variations and/or other extraterrestrial influences of Earth, which then drive climate change

7. Solar Variability: How changes in the coronal ejections and magnetic fields of the sun cause changes in cloud
formation, ocean currents, wind etc. cause climate change Changes in the brightness of the sun are caused by
sunspots – bursts of energetic particles and radiation – that vary in frequency in cycles of roughly 11, 87, and 210
years. These cycles cause changes in the amount of electromagnetic radiation – also called “solar wind” – that

10
reaches Earth and its atmosphere, which in turn affects Earth’s climate
 EMPHASIS ON HUMAN
CLIMATE CHANGE

CONTRIBUTION

Some people are quick to point out that

climate change is a natural phenomena.
However this is untrue.

Scientists have considered both causes and

have come to a conclusion that without
human contribution, modern-era climate
change could not have occurred.

11
It’s due time we take responsibility.
“CLIMATE CHANGE ISN’T
SOMETHING PEOPLE
GET TO CHOOSE TO
BELIEVE OR NOT;
IT’S HAPPENING.”

MATT GAETZ
GLOBAL WARMING
How Climate
Change Causes
Global Warming
 WHAT IS GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE

WARMING?
Global Warming is the long-term heating
of the Earth’s surface due to various
human activities.

• Sometimes Global Warming and Climate

Change are used interchangeably but
they are different
• Due to climate change, various changes
are occurring and one of them is that the
Earth’s temperature is increasing
14 • To put it into simple terms, Climate
Change is the cause and Global
 GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE

15
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND CLIMATE
CLIMATE CHANGE

CHANGE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS
THE WAY IN WHICH HEAT IS
TRAPPED CLOSE TO THE
EARTH’S SURFACE BY
GREENHOUSE GASES.

• GHGS INCLUDE CO2, CH4,

NO2, WATER VAPOR ETC.

16
CLIMATE CHANGE

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5

During the day, Some of the heat is At night, everything This excessive heat Human activities like
solar radiation absorbed by the starts radiating heat trapping causes the burning fossil fuels
reaches the Earth’s land and oceans that goes towards Earth’s temperature increase GHGs and
atmosphere and a the upper to rise over time the greenhouse
portion of it is atmosphere but is effect continues
reflected back to trapped by gases ever so rapidly
space

HOW IT HAPPENS
17
 INCREASE OF C02 BY YEARS
CLIMATE CHANGE

18
 GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
CLIMATE CHANGE

19
IMPACT ON OVERALL
ENVIRONMENT
Environment and
It’s Elements
 IMPACT ON
CLIMATE CHANGE

ENVIRONMENT
• Rise in Temperature
• Season Shift: Seasons come and go earlier or later
than their expected time
• Increased and More Extreme Natural Disasters:
▪ Heavy rain causing floods
▪ Severe draughts hampering agricultural
productions
▪ Powerful cyclones and tsunamis destroying
lives and property
21
 IMPACT ON ITS
PRESENTATION TITLE

•
ELEMENTS
Water: Changes in water temperature, water levels and
chemical compositions
• Soil: Soil is becoming less fertile and polluted with dangerous
chemicals
• Living Organisms: While the effects on living organisms are
many, the prime concern is that many of them are going extinct
• Food: Food is becoming contaminated with hazardous
elements and in some cases food production is getting lower
• Human Health: Various diseases are increasing; ozone layer
depletion is increasing chances of skin cancer

22
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN
Time to Act
 SO WHAT DO WE DO?
CLIMATE CHANGE

REDUCE, SAVE CHANGE PLANT EDUCATE

REUSE, ENERGY TRANSPORT MORE PEOPLE
RECYCLE AT HOME METHODS TREES AROUND US

Production takes Turn things off Use public Trees and forests Awareness is a
a lot of energy. By when not in use transport more must be saved at must. People should
implementing and use energy instead of all costs. Plant be educated about
3Rs, we can saving personal cars. Or more trees climate change and
reduce our carbon equipment. just use a bicycle. wherever its dangers.
footprint. possible.

24
 AREAS IN WHICH WE SHOULD
CLIMATE CHANGE

FOCUS MOST
REDUCING THE USING RENEWABLE
PRODUCTION OF ENERGY SOURCES
GREENHOUSE GASES

Greenhouse gases are one of the Producing energy using fossil

key reasons of climate change. fuels create a lot of problems.
So, they are one of the first things They make GHGs and there’s
that should be taken care of. also the fact that we will run out
of them soon. Usage of
renewable energy everywhere
should be made a priority.
25
“THE CLIMATE CRISIS HAS
ALREADY BEEN SOLVED.
WE ALREADY HAVE THE
FACTS AND SOLUTIONS.
ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS
WAKE UP AND CHANGE.”
GRETA THUNBERG
Air Pollution
Air Pollution

Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in

the air that is not part of the original, normal
composition.

02
 Air Pollution

Causes:-
Natural: forest fires, pollen, dust storm
Unnatural/man-made: coal, wood and
other fuels used in cars, homes, and
factories for energy

03
 Air Pollution
Health Effect Air Pollution

Lung Disease Source

Controls Additional
Heart disease Chemicals
Cancer Natural
Clean air Act Technology Man-made
Pollutants - Mobile
-Stationary

Inversion VOCs CO NOx SO2 PM Lead Primary

Smog
HNO3 O3 H2SO2 Secondary

Acid deposition

Source: Bozeman Science 04

Air Pollution

r P o l l ut a nts:
5 Majo
a r b o n M onoxide
1.) C
) S u l f u r D ioxide
2.
i t r o g e n D ioxide
3.) N
t i c u l a t e M atter
4.) Pa r
n d L e v e l Ozone
5.) Grou

05
 Air Pollution
Carbon Monoxide
•colorless, odorless gas
•produced when carbon does not burn in
fossil fuels
•present in car exhaust
•deprives body of O2 causing headaches,
fatigue, and impaired vision

06
 Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide
•produced when coal and fuel
oil are burned
•present in power plant
exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing
wheezing and shortness of
breath, especially in those
with asthma

07
Air Pollution

Nitrogen Dioxide
•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric oxide combines
with oxygen in the atmosphere
•present in car exhaust and power
plants
•affects lungs and causes wheezing;
increases chance of respiratory
infection

08
 Air Pollution
Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and structures
that are released into the atmosphere
•present in many sources including fossil
fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection

09
 Air Pollution

Ground Level Ozone

• at upper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s
harmful UV rays
• at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
• formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust
• irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung
function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs

10
 Air Pollution

SMOG
•Combination of gases with water vapor
and dust
•Combination of smoke and fog
•Forms when heat and sunlight
react (photochemical smog)
•Occurs often with heavy
traffic, high temperatures,
and calm winds

11
Air Pollution

Other Problems…
✔ Green House Effect
✔Global Warming
✔Thinning of Upper Ozone Layer
✔Acid Rain
✔Indoor Air Pollution

12
 AQI: Air Quality Index
•The Air Quality Index (AQI) is used for reporting daily air quality.
•Indicates pollutant level in the air.
•It tells how clean or polluted air is, and what associated health
effects might be a concern.
•The AQI focuses on health effects you may experience within a
few hours or days after breathing polluted air.
•Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest concern)

13
 Air Pollution
What can we do?

•Ride your bike

•Tell your friends and family
about pollution
•Make sure your parents get
pollution checks on their cars
•Ride the school bus

15
 Air Pollution

• Learn more; stay up to date

• Join a group to stop pollution
• Encourage your parents to
carpool to work
• Switch off lights, fan etc. when
you leave the room/house.

16
 Air Pollution

Mechanical filter Catalytic Converter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IJt2Z0pQDk
17
A mechanical filter is a type of filter that is primarily
designed to remove suspended solid particles. It can be
used to maintain the cleanliness of a system, protecting it
from abrasive wear or corrosion. Mechanical filters can be
made of a fine mesh of synthetic polymer fibers.
A mechanical filter can be extremely useful in industrial
settings such as in cooling systems where the environment
can be extremely corrosive.
They are used for air-purifying respirators that mechanically
stops particulates from reaching the wearer's nose and
mouth. They come in multiple physical forms. With a
properly functioning mechanical filter, industrial problems
such as contamination and faults can be avoided, making
mechanical filters an important part of industrial
operations. With a clean and operational system, problems
with corrosion can be prevented.
A catalytic converter is a unit that
fits into the front part of exhaust
system of an engine, to reduce the
emission of gaseous pollutants, such
as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons
(HCs).its an exhaust emission
control device that converts toxic
gases and pollutants in exhaust
gas from an internal combustion
engine into less-toxic pollutants
by catalyzing a redox reactions
Ozone Layer Depletion
 What Is The Ozone Layer?

Ozone layer, also called

Ozonosphere, is a
region of the upper
atmosphere, between
roughly 15 and 35 km (9
and 22 miles) above
Earth’s surface,
containing relatively high
concentrations of ozone
molecules (O ).
How Does The Ozone Layer Protect Us?
The ozone layer helps
us by being a natural
filter, absorbing most
of the sun’s ultraviolet
(UV) rays.
How Does The Ozone Layer Protect Us?
UV radiation is of three types: UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. UV-A causes skin aging.
UV-B, a high energy form, causes the most damage to living organisms and
materials. UV-C is absorbed by the atmospheric oxygen and never reaches us.

Ozone depletion leads to an increase in UV-B that reaches the earth's surface,
disrupting biological processes and damages materials.
What causes Ozone Depletion?
Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
and halons, gases formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants, are
released into the atmosphere.

CFC

Halon
When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the
stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules by breaking it down into O and an
Oxygen atom.

Some compounds
release chlorine or
bromine when they
are exposed to UV
light in the
stratosphere. These
contribute to ozone
depletion, and are
called ozone-
depleting
substances (ODS).
One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is
removed from the stratosphere.

ODS that release chlorine include Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), Carbon Tetrachloride, and Methyl
Chloroform.

ODS that release bromine include Halons and Methyl Bromide.

Although ODS are emitted at the Earth’s surface, they are eventually carried
into the stratosphere in a process that can take as long as two to five years.
Effects Of Ozone Depletion
The depletion of the ozone layer has Many harmful effects on the
environment. The major ones are:
On Humans:
skin cancer, Melanoma, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing and weak immune system.
Effects Of Ozone Depletion
On The Environment:
Skin and Eye cancer in animals. Minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in
plants. Destruction of small aquatic life such as planktons, which destabilizes marine
food chains. Accelerated degradation of Building Materials and plastics.
CFCs: A Brief History
CFCs were first synthesized in 1928 by Thomas Midgley, Jr. of General Motors, as
a stable, non-toxic, non-flammable coolant for refrigerators. In 1930, General
Motors and DuPont began to produce Freon (a DuPont trade name for CFCs) in
large quantities.

Midgley also created

Tetra Ethyl Lead, the use
of which has caused
Millions of Deaths, and in
aggregate has caused a
loss of total 800 Million+
IQ points worldwide.
Because of the CFC safety record for nontoxicity, Freon became the preferred
coolant in AC systems. Public health codes in many American cities were revised
to designate Freon as the only coolant permitted in buildings.

After World War II, CFCs were used as propellants for bug sprays, paints, hair
conditioners, and other health care products. Later, CFC use took off worldwide
with peak annual sales of about a billion dollars (U.S.) and more than one million
metric tons of CFCs produced.
In 1974, Dr. Mario Molina and Dr. Sherwood Rowland showed that CFCs are not
destroyed in the troposphere (the lower atmosphere), and that they remain
intact for many decades, slowly drifting up into the atmosphere.

Dr Mario Molina Frank Sherwood Rowland

Nobel Prize in Nobel Prize in
Chemistry Chemistry
1995 1995

They also showed that CFCs could be a major source of chlorine in the
stratosphere following their decomposition by UV radiation. In addition, the
released Chlorine was destroying ozone in the stratosphere.
The Ozone Hole
Discovering the Problem
In 1985, BAS scientists discovered that since the 1960s, ozone levels over the Halley
and Faraday Research Station had fallen by nearly 40%.This ozone loss was
described in a paper in 1985 by British researcher Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and
Jonathan Shanklin. It was being called the Antarctic ozone hole.
Between 1986 and 1987, several pzapers suggested possible mechanisms for the
ozone hole, including chemical, dynamical (meteorological), and solar cycle
influences. Among the key papers explaining the atmospheric chemistry of CFCs
and ozone depletion was one by Susan Solomon and hercolleagues

Dr. Susan Solomon

first to propose the
chlorofluorocarbon Free Radical
Reaction Mechanism that is the
cause of the Antarctic ozone hole

In 1986, NASA scientists used data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
(TOMS) and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument to show that
the ozone hole is a regional-scale Antarctic phenomenon.
Evidence of Chlorine causing ozone loss continued to mount during that same
period. For example, the National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) measured elevated
levels of the chemical Chlorine Dioxide (OClO) during the springtime ozone hole
from McMurdo Research Station

In 1987, the Antarctic Airborne Ozone Expedition flew ER-2 and DC-8 research
aircrafts into the Antarctic Vortex.

ER-2 DC-8
The aircraft observations produced the “smoking gun”, linking CFC-derived
chlorine to the ozone hole. The flight data showed a negative correlation
between chlorine monoxide (ClO) and ozone: the higher the concentration of
ClO, the lower the concentration of ozone.

At 61000 feet At 65000 feet

Feet
In 1988, the husband and wife team Mario and Luisa Molina described the
chemical reactions through which ClO catalyzes the extremely rapid
destruction of ozone.

Then, In an unprecedented act of solidarity, the world came

together to prevent an environmental catastrophe
Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment
The Montreal Protocol, a part of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection
of the Ozone Layer, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone
layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are
responsible for ozone depletion.

It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989
It limits the consumption and production of ozone-depleting substances and
promotes development and usage of alternatives.
Since its entry into force, the Montreal Protocol has phased out over 98% of the
world’s consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is
considered the world’s most successful international environmental
treaty.

It was the first treaty in history to achieve universal ratification

A landmark agreement was reached October 15, 2016, at the 28th Meeting of
the Parties of the Montreal Protocol in Kigali, Rwanda, to phase down
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), that are a potent source of potent greenhouse
gases contributing to climate change. On January 1, 2019, the Kigali Amendment
entered into force.
Now, the ozone hole has been healing since
2000, something predominantly attributable
to phasing out of ODSs under the Montreal
Protocol.

Maximum ozone hole area

ozone levels in the atmosphere

At this rate, Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone are likely to
recover completely in the next ten years. Whereas, the Southern Hemisphere
will recover by 2050s and the polar regions by 2060s