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UNIT1

The document discusses the concept of systems and their complexity, highlighting that systems are made up of interconnected components, which can themselves be complex. It provides examples of complex systems, including personal computers, plants, animals, matter, and social institutions, each exhibiting hierarchical structures. The complexity arises from the number of components and their interactions, making them challenging to fully comprehend and document.

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9 views1 page

UNIT1

The document discusses the concept of systems and their complexity, highlighting that systems are made up of interconnected components, which can themselves be complex. It provides examples of complex systems, including personal computers, plants, animals, matter, and social institutions, each exhibiting hierarchical structures. The complexity arises from the number of components and their interactions, making them challenging to fully comprehend and document.

Uploaded by

saraladosuri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT -1

Systems: Systems are constructed by interconnecting components (Boundaries,


Environments, Characters, Emergent Properties), which may well be systems in their own
right. The larger the number of these components and relationships between them, higher
will be the complexity of the overall system
Complexity: Complexity depends on the number of the components
embedded in them as well as the relationships and the interactions
between these components which carry;
 Impossible for humans to comprehend fully
 Difficult to document and test
 Potentially inconsistent or incomplete
 Subject to change
 No fundamental laws to explain phenomena and approaches

The structure of Complex Systems


Examples of Complex Systems: The structure of personal computer, plants and animals,
matter, social institutions are some examples of complex system.
The structure of a Personal Computer: A personal computer is a device of moderate
complexity. Major elements are CPU, monitor, keyboard and some secondary storage
devices. CPU encompasses primary memory, an ALU, and a bus to which peripheral
devices are attached. An ALU may be divided into registers which are constructed from
NAND gates, inverters and so on. All are the hierarchical nature of a complex system.
The structure of Plants: Plants are complex multicellular organism which are composed of
cells which is turn encompasses elements such as chloroplasts, nucleus, and so on. For
example, at the highest level of abstraction, roots are responsible for absorbing water and
minerals from the soil. Roots interact with stems, which transport these raw materials up
to the leaves. The leaves in turn use water and minerals provided by stems to produce
food through photosynthesis.
The structure of Animals: Animals exhibit a multicultural hierarchical structure in which
collection of cells form tissues, tissues work together as organs, clusters of organs define
systems (such as the digestive system) and so on.
The structure of Matter: Nuclear physicists are concerned with a structural hierarchy of matter

Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Elements and elementary particles but
protons, neutrons and other particles are formed from more basic components called quarks, which
eventually formed from pro-quarks.

The structure of Social institutions: In social institutions, group of people join together to
accomplish tasks that can not be done by made of divisions which in turn contain
branches which in turn encompass local offices and so on.

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