SEBASTIAN AERIELLE JOYCE R.
BSN1-17
OCTOBER 06, 2022
EXERCISE NO. 6: MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
1. Explain the different functions of the muscular system.
Mobility- The muscular system’s main function is to allow movement.
When muscles contract, they contribute to gross and fine movement.
Stability- Muscle tendons stretch over joints and contribute to joint
stability. Muscle tendons in the knee joint and the shoulder joint are
crucial in stabilization. The core muscles are those in the abdomen,
back, and pelvis, and they also stabilize the body and assist in tasks,
such as lifting weights.
Posture- Skeletal muscles help keep the body in the correct position
when someone is sitting or standing. This is known as posture. Good
posture relies on strong, flexible muscles. Stiff, weak, or tight muscles
contribute to poor posture and misalignment of the body. Long-term,
bad posture leads to joint and muscle pain in the shoulders, back,
neck, and elsewhere.
Circulation-The heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout the
body. The movement of the heart is outside of conscious control, and it
contracts automatically when stimulated by electrical signals. Smooth
muscle in the arteries and veins plays a further role in the circulation of
blood around the body. These muscles maintain blood pressure and
circulation in the event of blood loss or dehydration. They expand to
increase blood flow during times of intense exercise when the body
requires more oxygen.
Respiration- Breathing involves the use of the diaphragm muscle.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs.
When the diaphragm contracts, it pushes downward, causing the chest
cavity to get bigger. The lungs then fill with air. When the diaphragm
muscle relaxes, it pushes air out of the lungs. When someone wants to
breath more deeply, it requires help from other muscles, including
those in the abdomen, back, and neck.
Digestion- Smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal or GI tract control
digestion. The GI tract stretches from the mouth to the anus. Food moves
through the digestive system with a wave-like motion called peristalsis.
Muscles in the walls of the hollow organs contract and relax to cause this
movement, which pushes food through the esophagus into the stomach.
The upper muscle in the stomach relaxes to allow food to enter, while the
lower muscles mix food particles with stomach acid and enzymes. The
digested food moves from the stomach to the intestines by peristalsis.
From here, more muscles contract to pass the food out of the body as
stool.
Urination- The urinary system comprises both smooth and skeletal
muscles, including those in the bladder,kidneys,penis or vagina,
prostate, ureters urethra. The muscles and nerves must work together
to hold and release urine from the bladder. Urinary problems, such as
poor bladder control or retention of urine, are caused by damage to
the nerves that carry signals to the muscles.
Childbirth- Smooth muscles in the uterus expand and contract during
childbirth. These movements push the baby through the vagina. Also,
the pelvic floor muscles help to guide the baby’s head down the birth
canal.
Vision-Six skeletal muscles around the eye control its movements.
These muscles work quickly and precisely, and allow the eye to
maintain a stable image
Scan the surrounding area
Track moving objects
If someone experiences damage to their eye muscles, it can impair
their vision.
Organ protection- Muscles in the torso protect the internal organs at
the front, sides, and back of the body. The bones of the spine and the
ribs provide further protection. Muscles also protect the bones and
organs by absorbing shock and reducing friction in the joints.
Temperature regulation- Maintaining normal body temperature is
an important function of the muscular system. Almost 85
percentTrusted Source of the heat a person generates in their body
comes from contracting muscles. When body heat falls below optimal
levels, the skeletal muscles increase their activity to make heat.
Shivering is one example of this mechanism. Muscles in the blood
vessels also contract to maintain body heat. Body temperature can be
brought back within normal range through the relaxation of smooth
muscle in the blood vessels. This action increases blood flow and
releases excess heat through the skin.
2. Describe the three types of muscle tissues and their important
features.
Skeletal muscle- Skeletal muscles are the only muscles that can be
consciously controlled. They are attached to bones, and contracting
the muscles causes movement of those bones. Any action that a
person consciously undertakes involves the use of skeletal muscles.
Examples of such activities include running, chewing, and writing.
Smooth muscle- Smooth muscle lines the inside of blood vessels and
organs, such as the stomach, and is also known as visceral muscle. It
is the weakest type of muscle but has an essential role in moving food
along the digestive tract and maintaining blood circulation through the
blood vessels. Smooth muscle acts involuntarily and cannot be
consciously controlled.
Cardiac muscle- Smooth muscle lines the inside of blood vessels and
organs, such as the stomach, and is also known as visceral muscle. It is
the weakest type of muscle but has an essential role in moving food along
the digestive tract and maintaining blood circulation through the blood
vessels. Smooth muscle acts involuntarily and cannot be consciously
controlled.
3. Enumerate the different of nomenclature of the muscle and give
examples of each. Size: vastus (huge); maximus (large); longus (long);
minimus (small); brevis (short).
Shape- deltoid (triangular); rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and
parallel sides); latissimus (wide); teres (round); trapezius (like a
trapezoid, a four-sided figure with two sides parallel).
Direction of fibers- rectus (straight); transverse (across); oblique
(diagonally); orbicularis (circular).
Location- pectoralis (chest); gluteus (buttock or rump); brachii (arm);
supra- (above); infra- (below); sub- (under or beneath); lateralis
(lateral).
Number of origins- biceps (two heads); triceps (three heads);
quadriceps (four heads).
Origin and insertion- sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum
and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process); brachioradialis (origin
on the brachium or arm, insertion on the radius).
Action- abductor (to abduct a structure); adductor (to adduct a
structure); flexor (to flex a structure); extensor (to extend a structure);
levator (to lift or elevate a structure); masseter (a chewer).
4. ILLUSTRATION
