2.
Logical and physical address
2.1. Logical address
Also known as a virtual address, it is an address generated by the CPU during program
execution. It is the address seen by the program and inspirative to the program address space.
The process accesses memory using logical processes which are translated by the logical
operating system into physical addresses. An address that is created by the CPU is known as
logical address. The CPU uses this
address as a reference to go to the actual memory location.
2.2. Physical address
It is the actual address in the main memory where data is stored. As
opposed to the virtual address. Physical addresses are used by the Memory Management Unit (MMU) To
translate logical addresses into physical addresses. The user most use the corresponding logical address to
go to the physical address rather than directly accessing the physical address. For a computer program to
function, physical memory space is required. Therefore, the logical and physical address need to mapped
together before the program is run.
The term “physical address” describes the precise position of necessary data in the
memory. Before they are used, the MMU must map the logical address to the physical address. this is
because the user program creates the logical address and believes that the program is operating in this
logical address. However, the program requires physical memory to execute. All physical addresses that
match the logical addresses in a logical address space are collectively referred to as the “Physical
address space”
The translation from logical to physical addresses is performed by the O.S through the
MMU (memory management Unit) within the computer hardware architecture. The MMU uses a page
cable to translate logical addresses into physical addresses. A page table maps each logical page number
into to a physical frame number. While the O.S plan this process, it is important to note that the MMU
itself is a hardware component separate from the software-based element of the O.S
PARAMETER LOGICAL ADRESS PHYSICAL ADRESS
Basic Generated by CPU Location in a memory unit
Address space Logical Address spaces set of all logical Set of all physical addresses mapped
addresses generated by CPU in reference to the corresponding physical
to a program addresses
Visibility User can view the logical address of a User can never view physical address
program of a program
Generation Generated by the CPU Computed by MMU
Access The user can use the logical address to The user can indirectly access
access the physical address physical address but not directly
Editable Logical address can be changed Physical address will not change (it is
fix)
1
Also called Virtual address Real address
Figure 1. Physical address VS Logical address
Conclusion.
The MMU is an essential component in the architecture of computer keeping all memory related
function operating efficiently between CPU and memory Sub-systems.
The following functions: Address translation, memory unit protection, virtual memory
management and segmentation are required in order to achieve effective and secure operating
memory management facilities. As technology continuous to develop, MMU will remain very
important to preserve the peak performance and dependability of modern computing systems.
CHAPTER 2: INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGEMENT
introduction
Humans interact with machines by providing information through input/output devices. In
addition, much of whatever a computer system provides as online services is essentially made
available through specialized devices such as; Screen displays, Speakers, Mouse, Keyboards, etc.
Management of all these devices can affect them throughputs of a system. Input/Output
management is one of the primary responsibilities of an OS. In this chapter we are going to
discuss on input/output management in detail
1. Category of input/output Devices
There are 3 categories of input/output devices which are;
• Human readable: Devices used to communicate with the users; they include
printers, terminals, video display etc.
• Machine readable: They are devices used to communicate with electronic
equipments. They include Disk drives, USB keys, censors etc.
• Communication: Devices used to communicate with remote devices such as
models
2. Differences in I/O devices
Devices differ in a number of areas including
• Data transfer rate: The rate at which data is transferred by a device.
• Unit of transfer: Data may be transferred as a string of bytes or characters or in
large blocs (Bloc oriented devices) (Disk)
• Applications:
• Complexity of control:
2
• Data representation: Different data encoding schemes are used by different
devices e.g., BCD code used to represent data in 4 bits, ASCII.
• Error conditions: Devices respond to errors differently
3. Goal/Objectives of I/O management
• Allow users to access all devices in a uniformed manner
• Ensure that devices are named in a uniformed manner
• Ensures that the OS without the intervention of the user program handles system
errors
• Maintain security of the devices
• Optimize the performance of the I/O system
4. Issues in I/O management
Communication is required at the following 3 levels
• The need for a human to input information and receive output from a computer
• The need for a device to input information and receive output from the computer
• The need for computers to communicate (receive or sed information) over
networks. The I/O operating system module should manage communication
traffic across the network
5. Technics for performing I/O operations
Computers employ the following basic mode of I/O operations
3
• Minimize save time
• Maximize truck put
• Minimize latency
• Fairness (avoid inequity in fairness and injustice
• Efficiency in resource utilization
This scheduling algorithms
There are several scheduling algo like FCFS,SSTF,F-SCAN,C-
SCAN,LOOK,C-LOOK,RSS,LIFO,F-SCAN,LOOK6
In summary, I/O management is an important module in an OS that
handles all the I/O models in an efficient way. We have gone through the
principles of it is doughtless that I/O management is one of the key issues
in OS. In the chapter ahead we will be discussing of file management.
CHAPTER 3:FILE MANAGEMENT
A COMPUTER FILE IS define as a medium use for saving and managing data in a
computer system. The data stored in a computer system is completely in digital format
although they can be various types of files that help us to store the data. File systems are
a crucial part of any OS system, providing a structure way to store, organize, and manage
data on storage devices such as Hard drives, SSD, and USB drives. Essentially, a file
system acts as a bridge btw the OS and the physical storage Hardware, allowing users and
applications to create, read, update and delete files in an organized and efficient manner
as well as organizing them within the hierarchical structure. We will see and discuss on
different types of file management OS system.
WHAT IS FILE MANAGEMENT?
It refers to a set of processes and technics involved in creating, organizing, accessing,
manipulating and controlling files stored on storage devices such as Hard drives or
Network storage. It encompasses a range of task that ensure efficient
handling of files, including their creation, deletion, naming, classification and protection.
File management serves as th intermediary layer between applications and the underlyed
storage hardware providing a logical and organized structure for storing nd retrieving
data. It involves managing file meta data, which includes attributes such as File name,
File size , File type, Creation date, Ownership etc.
OBJECTIVES OF FILE MANAGEMENT IN OS
