Chapter

MOTION & MEASUREMENT

1 OF DISTANCES

Chapter Outline String

 Physical quantity
B
 Measurement of length Curved line

 Measurement of area
A
 Measurement of volume

 Rest and motion

 Types of motion

 Distance

 Uniform and non-uniform motion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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 MIND MAP

MOTION AND MEASUREMENT

OF DISTANCES

Measurement Motion Distance

Rest

Measurement
of length

Motion

Measurement
of Area

Measurement
of Volume Linear Periodic

Circular Oscillatory
Measurement Measurement Measurement
of Straight Using of Curved
Line Divider Line

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 MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES
Introduction
Long ago people did not have any means of transport. They used to move only on foot and carry goods
either on their back or using animals. For transport along water routes, boats were used from ancient
times. To begin with, boats were simple logs of wood in which a hollow cavity could be made. Later,
people learnt to put together different pieces of wood and give shapes to the boats. These shapes
imitated the shapes of the animals living in water.
Invention of the wheel made a great change in modes of transport. The design of the wheel was
improved over thousands of years. Animals were used to pull vehicles that moved on wheels. Until the
beginning of the 19th century, people still depended on animal power to transport them from place to
place. The invention of steam engine introduced a new source of power. Railroads were made for steam
engine driven carriages and wagons.
Later came automobiles. Motorised boats and ships were used as means of transport on water. The
early years of 1900 saw the development of aeroplanes. These were later improved to carry passengers
and goods. Electric trains, monorail, supersonic aeroplanes and spacecraft are some of the 20th century
contributions. It is often important to know how far a place is, so that we can have an idea how we are
going to reach that place -walk, take a bus or a train, a ship, an aeroplane or even a spacecraft!
In daily life, the importance of measurement is well known. When we have to bring fruits, vegetables
etc. from the market then the seller measures their quantity using beam balance and we have to pay
him accordingly. The tailor needs exact measurement of our body to stitch our dresses. We always have
an approximation that how much time will be spent on a journey for our convenience. Thus we can
conclude that measurement is an essential part of everyday life.

 Measurement
It is the determination of the dimensions, quantity or capacity of an item.

 Physical quantity
Any quantity in physics that can be measured (e.g. length, mass and time) is called physical quantity.
To measure physical quantities such as mass, time and length, we use units such as kilogram, second,
and metre.

 Unit
 A physical quantity (Such as length) has to be measured with respect to some known quantity. This
known quantity is called a unit.

History of Length Measurement

In ancient times, different body parts were used to measure length. The distance between the tip of the
thumb and the tip of the little finger of a fully stretched hand was termed a hand span . The distance
between the tip of the middle finger and the elbow was termed a cubit . Foot, stride, fathom, and yard
are some more units based on the length of body parts. However, it was soon realized that these units
were not very reliable, as the length of body parts can vary from person to person.
We need standard units of length and other physical quantities to obtain the same value for a
measurement. However, people across the world might adopt different standard units. For example,
gram and pound are units of mass used by people of different countries. To solve this problem, we need
a set of standard units which is acceptable throughout the world.

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Standard System of Measurement
Standard units are those that have a fixed quantity and, therefore, do not vary from person to person
and place to place. For example, the metric system, created by the French in 1790, is a standard set of
units.
Adopting standard units of measurement solves only half the problem. People in different countries
may be using different sets of standard units for measurement. For example, gram and pound set of
units. The adoption of SI units has made it easier for scientists of different countries to communicate
their results to one another.
The SI system of units was adopted in 1960 by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. SI is
the short form of system of International Units (in French). The SI unit of length is the metre. Other
common standard units of length are inch, millimetre, centimetre, kilometre, and so on.
SI unit of mass and time are kilogram and second respectively.
Depending on the size of the object we wish to measure, we have to choose an appropriate unit. For example,
we use metres to measure the length of a piece of cloth, kilometres to measure the distance form one place to
another, millimetres to measure the thickness of the hair, and so on. Units of length can be interconvert by
multiplying or dividing their values by 10, 100, 1000, and so on.

A commonly used unit for measuring large distances is the kilometre (represented as km). Commonly used
units for measuring small distances are the centimetre (cm) and millimetre (mm).
1000 m = 1 km
100 cm = 1m 1000 mm = 1 m
For measuring lengths smaller than the metre, its sub-multiples are used. For lengths greater than the
metre, its multiples are used, those are given in following table:-

Name of the unit Symbol Relation in terms of metre

millimetre mm 1/1000

centimetre cm 1/100

decimetre dm 1/10

metre m 1

decametre dam 10

hectametre hm 100

kilometre km 1000

Relation between some units:

10 mm =1 cm, 10 cm = 1 dm, 10 dm = 1 m;
10m = 1 dam, 10 dam = 1 hm, 10 hm = 1 km

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Note: Foot is the unit of length in foot-pound-second system of units.

1 foot = 0.3048 metres

Measurement of Length
The length of an object is the distance between its ends. It can be measured using a ruler, a measuring
tape, a metre rod, and so on whichever is convenient for the required purpose.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A ruler

While measuring length using a ruler, we have to take the following precautions.
(i) Care should be taken to keep the ruler along the length of the object

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The ruler should be kept along the length of the object

(ii) If the edge of the ruler is worn out or broken, the measurement should be stared from any other
mark that is fully clear.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Measurement should only be started from a mark that is fully clear

(iii) Eyes should be exactly above of the point where the measurement is to be taken.

 Activity
To measure the height of a person: Materials required: Measuring tape, a thick book, and a pencil.
Procedure: To measure the height of your friend, make him/her stand absolutely straight with his/her
back against a wall. Place a thick rigid book on his/her head and make a mark on the wall where the
underside of the book touches the wall. Measure the length from this mark to the floor with the help of
the measuring tape. This gives the height of your friend make sure he/she is not wearing shoes to gain
some extra inches.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL

Using a Divider to Measure Length

A divider is used to measure the distance between two points. The correct use of a divider can give a
fairly accurate measurement. The divider is placed such that its two points are at the two ends of the
length to be measured. Then, without disturbing the divider, the distance between the two points is
measured with a ruler.

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Measuring the length of a Curved Line

We can measure the length of a curved line using a string. The string is placed along the curved line and its
ends are marked on the string the length of the string between the marked points is measured with a ruler.

String

B
Curved line

String

Measurement of Area
The amount of surface covered by the object is called its area. The measurement of area counts two
dimensions.
The SI unit of area is square metre, represented as m 2. This is the area covered by a square whose
length and breadth are 1 m each.
The area of regular surfaces (squares, rectangles etc.) can be measured by using the following formula:
area of a square = length × length
area of a rectangle = length × breadth

Ex.1 How many cm2 are equal to 1 m2 area?

Sol. 1 cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm
= (1/100) m × (1/100) m
= (1/10000) m2 = 10–4 m2

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COMPETITIVE LEVEL

Measurement of Volume
The amount of space occupied by an object is its volume. The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre
represented as m3.

The litre (represented asl) is an important unit of volume used in the everyday life.
1 litre = 1000 ml
1 m3 = 1000 litres
The litre is also known as 1000 cm 3.
Since, 1 litre = (1/1000) m3.

(100 cm)3
1 litre   1000 cm 3
1000

The volume of a liquid is more often expressed in millilitres.

The volume of a solid that has a regular shape can be calculated using a mathematical formula. The
formula for determining the volumes of some regular solids are:
Volume of a cube = l3
where l is the length of the side of the cube.
Volume of a cuboid = I × b × h
where I is the length, b is the breadth, and h is the height of the cuboid.
e.g.: Volume of a cube of side 1 m
= 1m × 1m × 1m
= 1 × 1 × 1 m3
= 1 m3
Volume of a cube of side 1 cm
= 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm
= 1 × 1 × 1 cm3
= 1 cm3
Volume of a cube with sides 10 cm
= 10 × 10 × 10 cm3 = 1000 cm3

Volume of a cube with sides 1 dm

= 1 × 1 × 1 dm3 = 1 dm3
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 = 1
1 litre = 1000 ml
= 1000 ml

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 or 1 cm3 = 1 ml
Volume of a cylinder = r2h
where r is the radius and h is the height of the cylinder.
In the laboratory the volume of a liquid needs to be measured accurately. For this purpose, a
measuring cylinder is used. A measuring cylinder is a cylindrical glass container that has
markings/graduations on it. Measuring cylinders are available in different sizes, ranging from 10
ml to 1000 ml (i.e., 10 cm3 to 1000 cm3).
Note: When we purchase a flour bag of 5kgs, then kilogram is the unit, and 5 is the numerical value.
SI PREFIXES: In physics we deal from very small (micro) to very large (macro) magnitudes, as one
side we talk about the atom while on the other side of universe, e.g., the mass of an electron is 9.110–31
kg while that of the sun is 2  1030 kg. To express such large or small magnitudes we use the following
prefixes:

Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deca da
10–1 deci d
10–2 centi c
10–3 milli m
10–6 micro µ
10–9 nano n
10–12 pico p
10–15 femto f
10–18 atto a

Example:
(i) 1 µm = 1 micrometre = 10–6 m
(ii) 1 mm = 1 milimetre = 10–3 m
(iii) 1 nm = 1 nanometre = 10–9 m
(iv) 1 km = 1 kilometre = 103 m

Concept of Rest and Motion

(a) Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings
with the passage of time.
(b) Motion: A body is said to be in motion if its position changes continuously with respect to the
surroundings (or with respect to an observer) with the passage of time.

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Types of Motion
According to dimension
(i) 1-D motion: If only one of the three coordinates specifying the position of object changes with
respect to time then the motion of object is called one dimensional (1-D). In such a case the object
moves along a straight line and the motion therefore is also known as rectilinear or linear motion.
e.g.:
(a) Motion of train along straight railway track.
(b) An object falling freely under gravity.
(ii) 2-D motion: If two of the three coordinates specifying the position of object changes with respect to
time, then the motion of object is called two dimensional (2-D). n such a motion the object moves in
a plane.
e.g.:
(a) Motion of queen on carrom board
(b) An insect crawling on the floor of the room.
(iii) 3-D motion: If all the three coordinates specifying the position of object changes with respect to
time, then the motion of object is called three dimensional (3-D). In such a motion the object moves
in a space.
e.g.:
(a) A bird flying in the sky (also kite).
(b) Random motion of gas molecules.

 Types of motion according to path

Motion of any body in this universe is a combination of four basic types of motion. They are -
(a) Linear motion (or translatory motion): The straight line motion is called linear motion.
Example: Motion of train between two station, motion of a plane from one city to another, the
motion of a moving car, a person running, a stone being dropped.
(b) Circular motion: The motion of a body moving around a fixed point in a circular path is known as
circular Motion.

Motion of bucket in circular path

Motion of the tip of the needle

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 (c) Rotatory motion: Motion of a body around a fix axis is called rotational motion.
Example: rotation of tyres of a car, rotation of blades of a fan, rotation of earth about its axis,
spinning of a top etc.
(d) Rolling Motion: Combined motion having both linear and rotatory motion is known as rolling
motion.
Example: A ball is rolling on the ground –rotating as well as moving forward on the ground. Thus,
the ball undergoes a rectilinear motion as well as rotational motion.
(e) Oscillatory motion: The to and fro periodic motion of a body around a fix point is called
oscillatory motion.
Example: Oscillation of swing, oscillation of simple pendulum fluttering of leaves, vibration of
string of a musical instrument etc.

The motion of a The motion of a

simple pendulum swing

Note: When a body vibrates, it does not oscillate as a whole but a part of it oscillates about its mean
position.
(f) Periodic motion: when object repeats its path after a certain interval of time.
Example: Motion of pendulum, motion of second hand, hour hand etc.

Note: All oscillatory motions are the examples periodic motion but all periodic motion are not oscillatory
motion.
Distance: Distance is the actual path travelled by a body in a given time. Consider a body travelling
from A to B along any path between A and B. The actual length of the path that a body travels
between A and B is known as the distance. Here if the body goes from A to B via C, the distance
travel will be ACB. The distance travelled will be different for different paths between A and B.

Path(1)
A B
Path(2)
C

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
Displacement: It is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of the particle. It is
a vector quantity. Its S.I. unit is metre (m).
e.g.: Consider a body moving from a point A to a point B along the path shown in figure. Then total
length path covered is called distance (path-1). While the length of straight line AB in the direction
from A to B is called displacement (path-2).

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 Path-1
path-1

A
A B
B
Path-2
path-2

Note: If a body travels in such a way that it comes back to its starting position, then the displacement is
zero. However, distance travelled is never zero in case of moving body.

SPEED: The distance travelled by a body in unit time is called

its speed.
Therefore, speed = Distance/Time
d
Or s = .S.I. unit of speed or average speed is m/s.
t
(a) Uniform Motion: A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be. For example, a car running at a
constant speed of say, 10 m/s, will cover equal distances of 10 metre, in every second, so its
motion will be uniform.
(b) Non-Uniform Motion: A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels unequal distances in
equal intervals of time. For example, if we drop a ball from the roof of a building, we will find
that it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. It covers:
4.9 metre in the 1st second,
14.7 metre in the 2nd second,
24.5 metre in the 3rd second, and so on.

Ex.2 A train covers a distance of 600 km between two towns in 12 hours. What is the speed of the train?
Distance 600
Sol. Speed = = = 50 km/h
Time 12

Ex.3 A bus leaves Guwahati at 7 PM and reaches shillong at 10 PM. The speed of the bus is 35 km/h.
What is the distance between Guwahati and shillong?
Sol. Distance = Speed × Time = 35 × 3 = 105 km (Time = 10 – 7 = 3 hour)

Ex.4 How much time a cyclist will take to cover distance of 400 m, while moving with 20 kmph?
Dis tan ce 400
Sol. Time =  = 0.02 Hrs
Speed 1000  20

Velocity: It is the rate of change of displacement.

displacement
Therefore, velocity = or it is the distance travelled in unit time in a given direction.
time
dis tan ce travelledin given direction
velocity =
time taken

S.I. unit of velocity is m/s. It is a vector quantity.

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 Uniform Velocity (Constant Velocity): If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time in a given direction then it is said to be moving with constant velocity.

 Non-Uniform Velocity (Variable Velocity)

When a body does not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time, in a given direction (in this case
speed is not constant), then it is known as non uniform velocity. If speed is constant then also body can
have a non-uniform velocity.
 e.g.: Motion of a car on a circular road with constant speed.

 Average Velocity
If initial velocity of body is u and final velocity is v then the arithmetic mean of velocity is called
uv
average velocity which is given as, v av =.
2
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time

Ex.5 A body starts from A and moves according to given figure. Time four each interval is:
tAB = 2s, tBC = 3s, tCB =2s, tBA = 3s, tAD = 4s

D A 4m B 6m C

5m

The distance, displacement, speed and velocity are as follows for different path.
Sol.

Path Distance Displacement Speed Velocity

AB 4m 4m 4/2 m/s 4/2 m/s

ABC 10m 10m 10/5 m/s 10/5 m/s

ABCB 16m 4m 16/7 m/s 4/7 m/s

ABCA 20m 0m 20/10 m/s 0/10 m/s

ABCAD 25m –5m 25/14 m/s –5/14 m/s

Acceleration: It is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

(i) It is a vector quantity.
(ii) Its direction is same as that of change in velocity and not of the velocity (That is why acceleration in
circular motion is towards the centre)
(iii) There are three ways possible in which change in velocity may occur

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 When only direction When only magnitude When both the direction
changes changes and magnitude
change
To change the direction In this case, net force or net In this case, net force or net
net acceleration or net acceleration should be acceleration has two
force should be parallel or anti-parallel to components. One component is
perpendicular to the direction of velocity. parallel or anti-parallel to
direction of velocity (straight line motion) velocity and another one is
Example: Example: perpendicular to velocity
Uniform circular motion When ball is thrown up Example:
under gravity Projectile motion

change in velocity
Acceleration =
time
v – u final velocity – initial velocity
a= =
t time

Ex.6 A car is moving at a speed of 50 km/h after two seconds it is moving at 60 km/h. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
5 250
Sol. Here u = 50 km/h = 50  m/s = m/s
18 18
5 300
and v = 60 km/h = 60  = m/s
18 18
v–u
Since a =
t
300 250 50
–
50
= 18 18 = 18 = = 1.39 m/s2
2 2 36

Type of Acceleration
Positive acceleration 
 If the velocity of an object increases with respect to time in the same direction, the object has a positive
acceleration.

Negative acceleration (retardation)

If the velocity of a body decreases with respect to time in the same direction, the body has a negative
acceleration or it is said to be retarding.
e.g.: A train slows down, then its acceleration will be negative.
According to the variation pattern of acceleration, motion can be classified as:

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 EXERCISE-1
 Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.14 What type of motion do the following
objects have?
Q.1 The distance between Radha’s home and i. the galloping of a horse
her school is 3250 m. express this distance ii. the needle of sewing machine
into km. iii. child sitting in a moving giant wheel
Q.2 While measuring the length of a knitting iv. surface of a drum being played
needle, the reading of the scale at one end v. an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth
is 3.0 cm and at the other end 33.1cm. at a constant height
What is the length of the needle?
Q.15 Explain any five types of motion.
Q.3 What is the system used for measurements
now-a-days?
 Fill in the Blanks
Q.4 Name the unit of length, which should be
used to express the thickness of a coin. Q.16 (i) A kite flying in the sky performance
Q.5 Name the SI unit of length. …………….…. motion.

(ii) The determination of the size or

 Short Answer Type Questions magnitude of something is called
…….…..
Q.6 How people travelled from one place to
another in earlier times before the discovery (iii) Motion of a child on a swing is …….…..
of wheel?
(iv) Motion of the needle of a sewing
Q.7 What is the need of measurement? machine is… ….…. .

Q.8 Give two examples each of modes of (v) Motion of wheel of a bicycle is…….…..
transport used on land, water and air.

Q.9 Arrange the following lengths in their

 True or False
increasing magnitude.
Q.17 (i) Rectilinear motion mean an object
1 m, 1 centimeter, 1 kilometer, 1 milimeter
travel in the straight the path.
Q.10 The height of a person is 1.65 m. express (ii) Km/hr, m/s, km/min, m/min, m/hr are
it into cm and mm. the units of speed.

 Long Answer Type Questions (iii) We can measure length of curve path
by beam balance.
Q.11 Write the unit for measuring the following: (iv) Amount of surface covered by the object
i. Distance between Noida and Gurugram is called its area. The measurement of
ii. Thickness of compact disc (CD) area counts three dimensions.
iii. Length of a sharpener 2
(v) We can find volume of cylinder by r h.
iv. Length of a tie
r
v. Length of a sari

Q.12 How will you measure the length of any

curved line? h

Q.13 Explain different types of motion. Write r

few example of each.

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  Match the Column

Q.18

Column-A Column-B
Motioin along
(a) Unit of length (i)
straight line
Oscillatory
(b) Linear motion (ii)
motion
(c) Unit of mass (iii) Second
To and fro
(d) (iv) Pound
periodic motion
(e) Unit of time (v) metre

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 EXERCISE-2
Q.1 The SI unit of length is: Q.11 Simple pendulum exhibits
(A) kelvin (B) metre (A) periodic motion
(C) ohm (D) centimeter (B) circular motion
(C) non-uniform motion
Q.2 What is the correct ascending order? (D) Rotatory motion
(A) 1cm, 1dam, 1dm, 1m
(B) 1cm, 1dam, 1m, 1dm Q.12 The to and fro motion of an object, which
(C) 1m, 1dm, 1cm, 1dam moves along the same path is called
(D) 1cm, 1dm, 1m, 1dam (A) rotatory motion
(B) vibratory motion
Q.3 Basic standard unit of time is a (C) circular motion
(A) second (B) hour (D) oscillatory motion
(C) minute (D) milli-second
Q.13 The blades of a moving fan exhibit
Q.4 One centimeter is equal to (A) vibratory motion
(A) 10 km. (B) 0.00001km. (B) rotatory motion
(C) 0.01 km. (D) 0.001km. (C) oscillatory motion
(D) rectilinear motion
Q.5 1dam is equal to
(A) 10m (B) 1000 cm Q.14 Distance between Kolkata and Patna can
be measured in
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
(A) millimetre. (B) decimetre.
(C) kilometre. (D) centimetre.
Q.6 The volume of cube of side 25 cm will be:
(A) 15625cm3 (B) 625cm3
Q.15 An example of rectilinear motion is
(C) 225cm 3 (D) 25cm3
(A) a car moving on a curved path
(B) a ball tied to a string and whirled
Q.7 The area of rectangle is given as the
around.
product of length and:
(C) a striker moving across a carrom
(A) breadth (B) side
board
(C) volume (D) none of these
(D) the child moving on a swing.

Q.8 Foot, stride, fathom are the units of:

Q.16 Motion of the stone dropped under
(A) Time (B) Length
gravity:
(C) Mass (D) Weight (A) Linear (B) Circular
(C) Rotational (D) Vibrational
Q.9 Length of curved line is measured by
using: Q.17 Motion of the point on blade of a moving
(A) Scale fan:
(B) String (A) Linear (B) Circular
(C) Ruler (C) Oscillatory (D) Vibrational
(D) Can't be measured
Q.18 The motion which repeats itself after a
Q.10 How many cm3 are equal to ------------- m3 regular interval of time:
(A) 1/1000000 (B) 1/10000 (A) Periodic (B) Non Periodic
(C) 1/1000 (D) 1/100 (C) Rotational (D) Vibrational

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Q.19 Mohan takes 20 minutes to cover a
distance of 3.2 kilometers due north on a
bicycle, his velocity in kilometer/hour:
(A) 8.1 (B) 9.6
(C) 1.2 (D) 7.2

Q.20 A cyclist starts from the centre O of a

circular park of radius 1 km, reaches the
edge P of the park, then cycles along the
circumference and returns to the centre
along QO as shown in figure. If the round
trip takes 10 minutes, then the average
speed of cyclist is

4
(A) km per minute
10
4
(B) km per minute
20

(C) km per minute
4
(D)  km per minute.

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 EXERCISE-3
Q.1 The motion exhibited by ball rolling down Q.5 A simple pendulum oscillated between point
on inclined plane is P and Q as shown in figure and its time
period is T. If time taken to go from R to Q is
t, which of the following relation is correct?

(A) Rotational and circular

(B) Rotational and periodic
(C) Rectilinear and rotational P Q
(D) Uniform motion R
T
Q.2 Match the column-I with column-II and (A) t = T (B) t =
mark the correct option. 2
T T
(C) t = (D) t =
Column-I Column-II 4 8
(a) 300 mm (i) 3m
(b) 300 cm (ii) 30 cm Q.6 A circular disk with a stick moving about
(c) 300m (iii) 300000 m its axis through the centre is shown in the
figure.
(d) 300 km (iv) 30000 cm

A. (a)-(iv) (b)-(i) (c)-(iii) (d)-(ii) Stick

B. (a)-(ii) (b)-(i) (c)-(iv) (d)-(iii)
C. (a)-(iv) (b)-(i) (c)-(iii) (d)-(iv)
D. (a)-(i) (b)-(ii) (c)-(iii) (d)-(iv) Centre
Disk
Q.3 Consider the motion of the tip of the
Which of the following type of motion is
minute hand of a clock. In one hour
described by the stick?
A. The distance covered is zero
(A) Rotatory motion
B. The displacement is zero (B) Periodic motion
C. The average speed is zero (C) Rectilinear motion
D. None of these (D) Circular motion

Q.4 Match the following using the most convenient Q.7 Which of the following conversions is/are
incorrect?
unit used to express the area of various sizes as
(i) 10 decades = 1 century
given below.
(ii) 100 centuries = 1 millennium
Column-A Column-B (iii) 100 inches = 2.54 metres
(a) One rupee coin (i) m2 (iv) 100 millimetres = 10 centimetres
(A) (ii) only (B) (iv) only
(b) Cricket field (ii) Hectare
(C) (i) and (ii) only (D) (iii) and (iv) only
(c) Paddy field (iii) Km2
(d) Country (iv) cm2 Q.8 The passengers sitting in a flying
A. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii) aeroplane are in _________ with respect to
B. (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii) clouds, but are in ________ with respect to
the interior of the aeroplane.
C. (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) (A) Rest, motion (B) Rest, rest
D. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv) (C) Motion, rest (D) Motion, motion
18 | Motion & Measurement of Distances _______________________________________ CAREER POINT
Q.9 A pendulum oscillated between position L
and R as shown in figure. It takes 1.2 s to
go from L to R and back to the mean
position S. What is the period

L R
S
(A) 0.4 s (B) 0.8 s
(C) 1.2 s (D) 1.6 s

CAREER POINT ______________________________________ Motion & Measurement of Distances | 19

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
 Fill in the Blanks:
16. (i). translatory and rotational
(ii). measurement
(iii). oscillatory Motion
(iv). oscillatory Motion
(v). circular motion

 True & False:

17. (i) True
(ii). True
(iii). False
(iv) False
(v) True

 Match the Column:

18. [(a)(v), (b) (i), (c) (iv), (d) (ii), (e)(iii)]

EXERCISE - 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B D A B C A A B B A A B B C C
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A B A B B

EXERCISE - 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. C B B B C A A C D

20 | Motion & Measurement of Distances _______________________________________ CAREER POINT

 Chapter

SEPARATION OF
1 SUBSTANCES


Chapter Outline


 Introduction to Separation
 Components of a Mixture
 Need for Separation
 Methods of Separation
   Separation of solid from solids
   Separation of insoluble solids
from liquids
   Separation of soluble solids
from liquids
 Separation of liquids Change of State
 Separation using more than one
method

Handpicking Sieving

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Separation of Substances |1

 MIND MAP

SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES

Need for separation of substances Method of separation

To remove undesirable To separate two different

and harmful substances but useful components

Separation of solids Separation of insoluble Separation of soluble Separation using more

from other solids solids from liquids solids from liquids than one method

Sedimentation and Decantation

Handpicking

Filtration Evaporation
Sieving

Condensation
Threshing

Winnowing

2 | Separation of Substances ________________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES
Introduction
Many useful compounds are being mixture of various impurities; it means they need to be separated.
They are useful to us only if impurities are separated out from them. That's why we need to separate
the substances.

There are many instances when we notice a substance being separated from a mixture of materials.
Tea leaves are separated from the liquid with a strainer, while preparing tea.

Grain is separated from stalks, while harvesting. Milk or curd is churned to separate the butter.
Perhaps you might have eaten salted daliya or poha. If you found that it had chilies in it, you may have
carefully taken them out before eating.

Suppose you are given a basket containing mangoes and guavas and asked to separate them.
What would you do? Pick out one kind and place them in a separated container, right?

Seems easy, but what if the materials we want to separate are much smaller than mango or guava?
Imagine you are given a glass of sand with salt mixed in it. It is impossible to even think of separating
salt from this mixture by picking out grains of sand by hand.

What do we do with
Separation Purpose of doing
S.No. the separated
process separation
components ?

1
Separate stones To remove non-useful We throw away the
from rice components. solid component.

To separate two
2
Churning milk We use both the
different, but useful
to obtain butter components.
components.

Separate tea To remove impurities or We throw away the

3
leaves harmful components. impurities.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL

Components of a Mixture
The substances which make a mixture are called components or the constituents of the mixture. In a
mixture the components retain their properties.

  Homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout and the components cannot be
easily differentiated or seen by eyes e.g., salt solution.

  Heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition and the components can be seen by
eyes and differentiated easily e.g., sand and salt, mud and water.

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Separation of Substances |3

Need for Separation of Substances from a Mixture
1. To remove undesirable and harmful substances

(i) The milk you drink is not pure it is mixed with substances like pond water containing bacteria.

(ii) Wheat and rice grains are stored for a long period. The grains may develop insects, larvae and eggs.

(iii) Wheat is not cleaned after collecting it from the field. It may contain stones and seeds of weeds.

(iv) The water supplied to your homes is not cleaned and treated by the municipal authorities.

In all these cases, it is necessary to remove undesirable and harmful substances before use.

2. To obtain useful components of a mixture

Sometimes we separate useful components of a mixture if we need to use them separately.

For example: preparation of butter from curd.

Many useful components of crude oil, like petrol, diesel and kerosene are separated and then used
separately.

Butter Preparation from Curd

Note: Mixture: Mixture consists of two or more types of particles.

Pure substances: Pure substances consist of particles of only one kind.

Methods of Separation

Separation of Solids from Other Solids

 Handpicking
Handpicking is the practice of separating undesirable solid substances or impurities from useful solids
by hand.

Handpicking method is used in the three situations, when:

(i) The quantity of the mixture is not very large.

(ii) The undesirable substance differ from the useful ones in shape, size or colour.

(iii) The undesirable substances are present in small quantities.

4 | Separation of Substances ________________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 Handpicking method of
separation
 Activity
Aim: To separate undesirable solids from useful ones.

Procedure: Ask your mother to give you a small quantity of grains (wheat or rice). Spread the grains
on a white sheet of paper. See if there are other substances also present along with the grains. Note
down these substances.

These may be small stones, husk and other grains.

Now separate these undesirable particles by your hand.

Conclusion: Handpicking is a convenient method of separating the undesirable solid substances from
other solids.

 Sieving
Sieving is a method used to separate the components of a mixture which are of different sizes. The fine
components pass through the sieve, and the bigger components remains on the sieve.

Sieving Method of Separation

 Activity
Aim: To separate components of mixture by sieving.

Procedure:

(i) Take wheat flour and mix it with chalk powder or common salt. Pass this mixture through sieve.
Note down what happens.

(ii) Now, mix wheat flour with stones or pulses. Pass the mixture through the sieve. Note down what
happens in this case.

Conclusion: In the first case, the chalk powder or common salt cannot be separated from the wheat
flour by sieving. In the second case, they are separated.

Note: Sieve is a piece of mesh held in a frame.

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Separation of Substances |5

 Threshing
 Threshing is the process of separating grains from the stalks. Threshing can be done in the following
three ways:

(i) by beating the stalks with sticks on the ground,

(ii) by allowing animals like bullocks to trample the stalks, and

(iii) by using machines.

Threshing Method
of Separation

 Winnowing
Winnowing is a method used to separate lighter components of a mixture from the heavier ones by
wind or by blowing air.

It is used by farmers to separate husk (lighter particles) from grains (heavy particles). While
winnowing, the husk particles are carried away by wind. The heavier grains fall near the place of
winnowing. Husk is a useful component. It is used as fodder (food for animals).

Winnowing method
of Separation

 Activity
Aim: To separate pieces of paper from cardboard pieces by winnowing.

Procedure: Take a sheet of newspaper and a cardboard of the same dimensions. Cut these into very
small pieces of almost equal size. Now keep them in a tray and mix them.

Switch on the fan and raise the tray to the height of your shoulder. Now tilt the tray and allow the
pieces to fall down.

Conclusion : We will observe that the pieces of cardboard will fall closer to you than those of paper.

Note: The dry outer covering of grains is called husk. It is lighter than grains.

6 | Separation of Substances ________________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 COMPETITIVE LEVEL

Magnetic Separation
Magnetic impurities like iron can be separated from other components by using a magnet. Magnetic
impurities are attracted towards the magnet leaving behind non-magnetic components.

Take a mixture of sand and awl pins in a bowl and run a magnet over it.

Magnet Awl pins

Sand

Mixture

 Observations: When the magnet is run over the mixture, awl pins get attracted to it and sand is left
behind in the bowl.

Separation of Insoluble Solids from Liquids

 Sedimentation and Decantation
Sedimentation is a process in which heavier particles of an insoluble solid in a liquid settles down. The
solid particles called sediments settle down during sedimentation forming a layer.

Decantation is the process of pouring out the liquid or water (which contains the dust or soil particles)
without disturbing the sediments.

Sedimentation and
Decantation Process

 Activity
Aim: To separate sand and water from a mixture

Procedure: To separate a mixture of sand and water, the technique of sedimentation and decantation can be
used.

Take a mixture of sand and water in a beaker. Leave the beaker undisturbed for some time. You will
find that the sand settles down (sedimentation) while the water forms the upper layer. It can be poured
out into another beaker (decantation) and separated.

Conclusion: Sand particles are separated from water by sedimentation and decantation.

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Separation of Substances |7

 COMPETITIVE LEVEL
 Centrifugation
This is the process in which lighter components are separated from heavier components by churning. It
is done by rotating the liquid on a high speed by hands or with the help of machines like mixers.
 Examples: Centrifugation is used for, separating blood cells from plasma cells, removing fat from milk
to produce skimmed milk, separating water from clothes by spin-drying in washing machines,
separating solid components of blood and urine in forensic and research lab.
Take milk in a pot and churn it with the help of a wooden spoon or ladle used for churning. Keep
rotating the ladle at a high speed.
Observations: After rotating the ladle for some time, cream being lighter collects towards the centre.
The milk being heavier settles down below the cream layer.

spin

 Filtration
The process in which two substances (an insoluble solid and a liquid) are separated by using a filter is
called filtration. It is commonly used method in our homes.
  Some examples of filtration are as follows:
(i) Removing pulp from fresh fruit juice.
(ii) Preparing cottage cheese (paneer) at home.
(iii)Cleaning muddy water.
(iv) Separation of tea leaves from the tea.
During filtration, the insoluble solid particles are retained in the filter, and the liquid passes
through it. However, the particles of the insoluble solid should be bigger than the holes in the filter
so that these are retained in the filter.

 Activity
Aim: To separate mud and water from muddy water by filtration.
Procedure:
(i) Take a circular piece of filter paper and fold it twice in the form of a cone.
(ii) Place the cone-shaped filter paper inside a funnel and keep a beaker below the funnel.
(iii) Pour the muddy water into the filter paper cone using a glass rod.
 (iv) After some time we find that clean water collects in the beaker, while the mud particles remains
inside the cone.

8 | Separation of Substances ________________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 Filtration
Conclusion: We observe that filtration is a better method of separating mud and water.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
Sometimes alum is added to make the suspended particles heavier to settle down. This process is called
loading.
In muddy water, the fine mud and dust particle are suspended which do not settle down easily. Alum
which is soluble in water is used to load the particles of clay. They become heavier and settle down.
These particles can be easily removed by filtration.

Separation of Soluble Solids from Liquids

 Evaporation
It is the process of converting a liquid into its vapour at any temperature below its boiling point.
 Principle: This method is used for those mixtures in which the solid component is non-volatile and
soluble in the liquid component while the liquid component can easily be evaporated.
 Process of obtaining a salt: Salt is obtained from sea water by evaporation. Sea water is allowed
to stand in shallow ponds or pits. Water gets heated due to sunlight and slowly turns into vapour.
Salt is left behind. It is purified before consumption.

Process for Obtaining a Salt

Activity
Aim: To separate a mixture of water and salt by evaporation:
Procedure: Take a beaker containing some water. Add a teaspoonful of salt in it and dissolve it
with a glass rod. Keep the beaker on a stand and light a spirit lamp under it.
Let the mixture boil for some time.
Conclusion: No water is left in the beaker after some time. Only salt is left behind. This activity
shows that water has evaporated.
CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Separation of Substances 9 |
 Condensation
It is the process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form.

Condensation process

We will notice that water drops are formed under the plate that was used to cover the boiled milk. The
water vapour have condensed into its liquid form, the water drops. This explains the process of
condensation.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
 Crystallisation
This method is used to get crystals of a pure substance from its solution. This method separates out
pure crystals from impurities.
Dissolve impure salt in water by heating it. Filter the solution and keep it for some time.
 Observations: When the filtered solution is kept undistorted for some time, white crystals of pure salt are
separated.
Crystals are small particles of a solid which have a definite shape and geometry e.g., sugar crystals, alum
crystals, etc.

Separation of Liquids
  Liquids may be miscible or immiscible with each other. If two liquids mix with each other and they
cannot be seen separately, they are called miscible liquids e.g., milk and water.
  If two liquids do not mix and can be seen as separate layers, they are called immiscible liquids
e.g., oil and water.
  The mixture of two miscible liquids can be separated by distillation which is a process of boiling
the liquids and condensing the liquid which is vaporized first. Condensation is the process by
which vapours are converted into liquid on cooling down e.g., on cooling, the steam is converted to
water.
  The mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated by using separating funnel. This method
involves the use of the difference in the densities of the two liquid components of a immiscible
liquid-liquid mixture.
e.g.: Separation of the components of chloroform and water mixture.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
Oil and water are immiscible liquids but if a little soap solution or detergent is added to the mixture,
the mixture becomes milky. Oil and water are not separated; it becomes a stable mixture which is
called emulsion.

10 | Separation of Substances _______________________________________________ CAREER POINT

Separation Using More Than One Method
Suppose we are given a mixture of sand, salt and water. Then how we will separate it?
We have to use more than one method for this.
(i) We will separate sand from the mixture using either decantation or filtration.
(ii) Then we will use evaporation and condensation to separate salt and water.
(iii) Hence we separate the mixture of sand, salt and water by using more than one method.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
Separation of More than two Components
If a mixture contains more than two components, we have to take help of more than one method
depending upon the properties of the components. For example, if we have to separate a mixture of
sand, iron filings, common salt and naphthalene. Following methods will be adopted:
 Magnetic separation to remove iron filings.
 Sublimation to remove naphthalene.
 Sedimentation and decantation by dissolving in water. Sand is settled down and separated.
 Evaporation to get salt from the salt solution.

Sublimation and desublimation

Sublimation is a process in which a solid is directly converted to vapours without passing through
liquid state and the reverse of it which is conversion of vapours into solid without passing through
liquid is called desublimation.

Solubility
  A solution is as mixture in which a solid is dissolved in a liquid. The property of dissolving solid
into liquid is called solubility.
  A substance which dissolves in a liquid is called solute while the liquid is called solvent.
  Alum is added for loading to remove suspended particles which are removed by sand filters and
germs are killed by passing chlorine or adding bleaching powder to it.

Note: A new method of purifying drinking water is reverse osmosis in which water is purified by passing
it through semi permeable membrane make of carbon with very small pores.

CAREER POINT _______________________________________________ Separation of Substances | 11

 EXERCISE-1
 Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.14 Both Sarika and Mohan were asked to make
salt solution.
Q.1 Name the process which is used at our Sarika was given twenty teaspoons full of
home to remove stone from wheat. salt and a glass of water.
(i) How would they make salt solutions?
Q.2 Name the process which is used to separate (ii) Who would be able to prepare saturated
grains from stalks. solution?

Q.3 Name the process which is used to separate Q.15 Arpan was felling thirsty but there was only
a pot of water at home which was muddy
mixture of heavier and lighter particles by
and unfit for drinking.
blowing wind.
How do you think Arpan would have made
this water fit for drinking if the following
Q.4 Name the process in which heavier component
materials were available to him?
in a mixture settle down after adding water
into it.
 Fill in the Blanks
Q.5 Name the process which is used to remove
liquid from the mixture of solid paneer and Q.16 (i) Water is separated from sand by ………
liquid. (ii) ……………….. is the technique which is
used to separate impurities from flour
 Short Answer Type Questions particles.
(iii) ………… is the technique in which
Q.6 What is winnowing? Where is it used? mixture of heavier and lighter component
is separated by blowing air.
Q.7 What is sieving? Where is it used?
(iv) Impurities settled at the bottom when
Q.8 How will you separate sand and water from muddy water was kept overnight in a
the mixture? bucket. The clear water was then poured
off from the top. The process of separation
Q.9 Explain how will you separate the mixture used in this example is called ……………
of salt and sand? (v) In a salt solution, if we further add salt
it remains undissolved, then the solution
Q.10 Which method is better for separating tea is called ……………. solution.
leaves from prepared tea? Explain why?
 True or False
 Long Answer Type Questions
Q.17 (i) A mixture of milk and water can be
separated by filtration.
Q.11 Is it possible to separate sugar mixture with
(ii) Separation of sugar from tea can be
wheat flour? If yes how will you do it?
done with filtration.
Q.12 Explain how will you separate the mixture (iii) Grain and husk can be separated with
the process of decantation.
of oil and water?
(iv) Process of conversion of water into
Q.13 What is difference between – water vapour is called distillation.
(i) Threshing and winnowing. (v) Process of conversion of water vapour into
(ii) Sedimentation and decantation. its liquid form is called condensation.

12 | Separation of Substances _______________________________________________ CAREER POINT

  Match the Column

Q.18
Column-A Column-B
Separation of
(a) Condensation (i)
grains and stalks
Separation of husk
(b) Evaporation (ii)
and grain
Separation of mud
(c) Threshing (iii)
from muddy water
Conversion of
(d) Winnowing (iv) water vapour
into liquid
Separation of stone
(e) Filtration (v)
from grain
Extracting salt
(f) Hand picking (vi)
from sea water

CAREER POINT _______________________________________________ Separation of Substances | 13

 EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Process in which heavier components of a Q.10 After preparing tea the tea leaves are
mixture settles down when water is added separated from tea by -
to it - (A) winnowing (B) threshing
(A) decantation (B) filtration (C) strainer (D) evaporation
(C) sedimentation (D) none of these
Q.11 Method which is used to separate the
Q.2 Iron is separated from the mixture of component of a mixture which are of
sulphur and iron by - different sizes?
(A) winnowing (B) handpicking (A) Winnowing (B) Sieving
(C) sieving (D) magnet (C) Threshing (D) None of these

Q.3 In summer ponds dries up by the process of - Q.12 Method used to separate mixture of oil and
(A) evaporation (B) decantation water -
(C) condensation (D) sedimentation (A) sedimentation (B) filtration
(C) decantation (D) none of these
Q.4 A mixture of sand and water can be separated
by using - Q.13 Mixture of sand and salt in water can be
(A) handpicking separated by using techniques -
(B) sedimentation & decantation (A) filtration and evaporation
(C) threshing (B) decantation and evaporation
(C) sedimentation and evaporation
(D) none of these
(D) none of these
Q.5 Impurities present in water can be separated
Q.14 Husk from heavier seeds of grain is separated
by -
by -
(A) sieving (B) filtration
(A) threshing (B) sieving
(C) condensation (D) winnowing
(C) winnowing (D) sedimentation

Q.6 Salt from sea water can be extracted by -

Q.15 In the salt and water solution the salt
(A) condensation (B) filtration
is separated by evaporation. The liquid
(C) evaporation (D) sedimentation
component can be recovered through the
process of -
Q.7 Mud is separated from muddy water by -
(A) evaporation (B) filtration
(A) condensation (B) sedimentation
(C) sedimentation (D) condensation
(C) filtration (D) (B) & (C) both
Q.16 Process by which we separate grains from
Q.8 Mixture of pieces of paper and pieces of the stalks -
cardboard can be separated by - (A) sieving (B) winnowing
(A) sieving (B) filtration (C) threshing (D) decantation
(C) winnowing (D) decantation
Q.17 Lemon juice is added to milk due to which a
Q.9 The method used for removing pulp from mixture of solid paneer and liquid formed.
fresh fruit juice is - This mixture is separated by technique -
(A) sedimentation (B) decantation (A) sedimentation (B) decantation
(C) filtration (D) condensation (C) filtration (D) condensation

14 | Separation of Substances _______________________________________________ CAREER POINT

Q.18 In a saturated solution - Q.20 Cooling of water from water vapour is -
(A) more substance can be dissolved (A) condensation
(B) no more substance can be dissolved in (B) decantation
solution (C) evaporation
(C) substance first dissolved but after some (D) filtration
time it stops dissolving
(D) None of these

Q.19 Technique used to separate mixture of

heavier and lighter impurities -
(A) Threshing (B) winnowing
(C) sieving (D) decantation

CAREER POINT _______________________________________________ Separation of Substances | 15

 EXERCISE-3
Q.1 Two students of Class VI have performed the Q.4 Study the given flow chart carefully.
following experiment 'Separation of Sugar' Filtration Evaporation
Mixture Solution
by different method as shown below: (P+Q+R) (P+Q)
Sugar solution

Sugar solution Solid Solid

Water (R) (P)

P, Q and R could be respectively

(A) Chalk powder, water and sawdust
(B) Salt, water and sugar
(C) Sugar, water and sawdust
(D) Sawdust, water and sugar
Method 1 Method 2
Q.5 Fill in the blank in the given table by
Which of the following statements are
choosing an appropriate option.
correct?
I. Method 1 is faster than method 2. Type of Method of
Example
II. Method 2 leads to the decomposition of Mixture Separation
A heterogeneous
sugar to carbon.
solid- liquid
III. Method 2 is more appropriate than mixture in
Filtration P
method 1. which solid is
IV. Method 2 is slow but pure sugar is lighter than
obtained without getting decomposed. liquid
Bran and
(A) I and II (B) I, III and IV Q Sieving
flour
(C) III and IV (D) All of these A heterogeneous
solid mixture
Sand and
Q.2 Four identical towels were hung out to dry containing one R
salt
under different conditions. soluble
component
Q R S A heterogeneous Water &
P
35ºC 35ºC liquid-liquid S mustard
Rainy day Sunny day mixture oil
(22ºC) (32ºC)

Arrange them in order, beginning with the P Q R S

towel that would take the longest time to Husk Heterogeneous Filtration
Separatin
(A) and solid-solid and
dry. g funnel
water mixture evaporation
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, R, Q, S Sand Heterogeneous
(C) R, P, Q, S (D) S, Q, R, P Hand Decanta-
(B) and solid-solid
Picking tion
water mixture
Q.3 Which of the following mixtures cannot be Homogeneous
Water
(C) solid-solid Winnowing Sieving
separated by the method of winnowing? and oil
mixture
(A) Kidney beans and chickpeas Sawd-
(B) Potato wafers and biscuits Heterogeneous
ust Separating
(D) solid-solid Distillation
(C) Rice flakes and corns and funnel
mixture
(D) Sawdust and sand water

16 | Separation of Substances _______________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
 Fill in the Blanks:
16. (i). sedimentation
(ii). evaporation
(iii). threshing
(iv). decantation
(v). sedimentation

 True & False:

17. (i). False

(ii). False
(iii). False
(iv). False
(v). True

 Match the Column:

18. [a  (iv); b  (vi); c  (i); d  (ii); e  (iii); f  (v)]

EXERCISE - 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C D A B B C C C C C B D B C D
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C B B A

EXERCISE - 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B B A C A

CAREER POINT _______________________________________________ Separation of Substances | 17

 Chapter

FOOD : WHERE DOES IT

1 COME FROM?

Chapter Outline

 Food and its needs

 Different food varieties

 Food ingredients

 Food eaten by animals

 Sources of food

Fruits

Food Chain

Cereals

CAREER POINT _________________________________________ Food : Where Does it Come From? |1

 MIND MAP

FOOD : WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?

Food and its Different food Food Food eaten by Sources of

needs varieties ingredients animals food

Herbivores Plant & plant

Punjab
products as
food source
Gujarat Carnivores

Maharashtra Omnivores Animals

products as
food source
Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

2 | Food : Where Does it Come From? _________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 FOOD : WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
All living things need food in order to stay alive. The food that we eat provides energy to our body and
help in growth.

Food and its Needs

Food is edible material which provides energy, many nutrients and substance for the vital processes of
an organism.

Food gives nutritional support to our body. Food contains many nutrients like vitamin, carbohydrate,
protein, fat etc.

Note :
  In our country, a person eats food 3-4 times in a day. We eat breakfast, lunch, dinner.
  Meal - The food consumed at a particular time of the day constitute a meal.
  Breakfast - food eaten in the morning constitutes a meal called the break fast.
  Lunch - Food eaten in afternoon.
  Dinner - Food eaten in evening / night.

Why food is Required ?

  After the burning (oxidation) of food we gets energy and this energy is used in various life process &
vital activities.

  Food is required for our body growth.

  Food increases our immunity (capacity to fight against disease causing microbes)

  Food is required for repair of damage or injury to our body parts.

Different Food Varieties

  Punjab - Makka ki roti - Sarson ka saag, Chole - bhatura, lassi, Rajma - chawal, gajar ka halwa,
Dahi bhalla, etc.

  Gujarat - Dal-rice, Thepala, Dhokhla, khandvi, handvo, Bhakarvadi.

  Maharashtra - Shrikhand, Thalipeeth, Vadapao, modak.

  Rajasthan - Dal-Baati , churma , Ker-sangari, Gatte ki sabji, pyaaz ki kachori, Mirchi bada, feni , ghevar.

  Tamil Nadu - Idli, Dosa, rice - sambhar, banana chips, sambhar - vada.

  Uttar Pradesh - Kabab, biryani, Kachori, halwa, banarasi chat.

  Menu - list of dishes or food items.

CAREER POINT _________________________________________ Food : Where Does it Come From? |3

Food Ingredients
Raw material which are needed to prepare a dish are called ingredients like vegetable, salt, chilli, garlic
etc.

Food Eaten by Animals

All living beings need food to remain alive. They either eat plants or animals.

Based on the food eaten, animals can be classified into three categories –

1. Herbivores 2. Carnivores 3. Omnivores

  Herbivores - Organisms which eat only plant & plant products.

E.g. : buffalo, deer, sheep, elephant etc.

  Carnivores - Organisms which eat other animals.

E.g. : lion, tiger, fox, wolf etc.

  Omnivores - Organisms which eat plant & plant products as well as other animals.

E.g. : Crow, human, dog, cockroach etc.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL 

  Detritivores : Feed on detritus or dead organic remains e.g. Earthworm.

  Sanguivorous : Feed on blood e.g. Leech, female mosquito.
  Frugivorous : Feed on fruits e.g. Parrot.
  Insectivores : Feed on insects e.g. Bats, House sparrow, Nepenthese plant.

Sources of Food
  All living beings need food. Some living things like-plants make their own food by the process of
photosynthesis, they are known as autotrophs.

  Some living things, e.g. animals do not make their own food; they depend on plant & other animals
for food so they are called Heterotrophs.

  So we can say, plants and plant products, some animals & animal products are used as food source.

1. Plant & plant products as food source : Varieties of food materials are obtained by plants like,
cereals, pulses, sugar, tea, coffee, oil, Vegetable, fruits, spices etc.

(A) Cereals : They are important food source for animals & humans. They are rich source of carbohydrate.

E.g. : Wheat, Rice, Maize

(B) Pulses or legumes : They are commonly known as “daals”. They are rich source of protein.

E.g. : pea, bean, moong bean, chick pea , soyabean.

4 | Food : Where Does it Come From? _________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 (C) Vegetables : They are rich source of minerals, vitamins and roughage.

Different Plant Parts Used as Vegetables

Plant Part Vegetable Name

Roots Turnip, radish, carrot, beet root, cassava

Stem Potato, garlic, ginger, onion, colocasia (Kachalu)

Leaf Cabbage, spinach, lettuce, coriander, fenugreek (methi)

Flower Cauliflower, broccoli, rose.

Fruit Lady finger, tomato, pea, beans, brinjal, pumpkin

(D) Fruits : They have high water content, low calorie value. They are rich in minerals and vitamins.
E.g. : Grapes, Banana, Guava, Pineapple, Apple, Kiwi, Papaya, Mango.

(E) Spices : They have no food value. They are added in food to increase the taste and flavour and colour.

E.g. : cloves (laung), ginger (Adrak), turmeric (haldi ) pepper (kali mirch), cumin (jeera) asafoetida (heeng),
Coriander (dhaniya), chillies (mirch), thyme (ajwain), Cardamon (ilaichi), saffron(kesar).

(F) Oils : Oil is otained from seeds of plants like groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, coconut, mustard,
sesame (til). They are rich in fats.

(G) Tea & Coffee : They are used as beverages. Tea is obtained from leaf and coffee is obtains from seeds.

Note :
 Foods we eat that are roots : Beet, Radish, Onion, Sweet Potato
 Foods we eat that are STEMS : Asparagus, Broccoli, Bamboo Shoots, Rhubarb
 Foods we eat that are LEAVES : Brussels Sprouts, Kale, Cabbage, Lettuce, Spinach
 Foods we eat that are FLOWERS : Broccoli, Cauliflower
 Foods we eat that are SEEDS : Sunflower Seeds, Peas, Pumpkin Seeds, Kidney Beans
 Foods we eat that are FRUIT : Apple, Pineapple, Apricot, Plum

CAREER POINT _________________________________________ Food : Where Does it Come From? |5

2. Animal Products as food source : Many types of food products are obtained from the animals like
milk, butter, ghee, paneer, cheese, meat, eggs, honey etc.

(A) Milk : Cow, Buffalo, Goat are milk giving animals. Milk is rich in protein. Many other products like
butter, ghee, paneer, cheese, curd are made up of milk.

(B) Meat : Sheep, goat and pig are the meat providing animals. Meat of pig is called pork.

Poultry animals - some animals like hen, duck, turkey, give meat as well as eggs, so they are called
poultry animals. Meat and egg are rich in protein.

(C) Fish : Fish is rich source of protein. Cod and shark liver oils are rich in vitamin-D and vitamin-B,
fish proteins has high digestibility and growth promoting value. Rearing and management of fish on
a large scale is called Pisiculture.

(D) Honey : Honey is formed by honey bees. They collect nector (sweet juice of flower) from flower and
converts, it into honey in their nest.

Nest of honey bee is called “beehive” Rearing and Management of honey bee on a large scale is
called Apiculture. The place where honey bee is kept for the production of honey is called apiary.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL 

  Rose petals are used to make essence and gulkand.

  Sprouts are small white structures which come out of the seeds.

  Sprouted seeds are germinated seeds.

  Food chain is a sequence of organisms in a biotic community through which food passes with
members of a step becoming food of the members of the next step of the sequence.

  A network of food chains which are interconnected at various trophic levels, so as to form a number
of feeding connections amongst different organisms of a biotic community is called as food web.

6 | Food : Where Does it Come From? _________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 EXERCISE-1
 Very Short Answer Type Questions  Fill in the blanks

Q.1 Define producers. Q.16 _________ only eat plants.

Q.2 What do you mean by carnivorous animals ? Q.17 Eggs of _________ are eaten by human
beings.
Q.3 Give two examples of herbivores.
Q.18 Butterfly is a _________.
Q.4 Which parts of mustard plant are used as
food ? Q.19 Carrot and _________ are roots.

Q.5 Give the names of two decomposers and Q.20 Spinach is a _________ vegetable.
two scavengers.

 True & False

 Short Answer Type Questions
Q.21 We require food to get energy for carrying
Q.6 Why do living organisms require food? out

Q.7 How are animals classified on the basis of Q.22 All organisms need food to survive.
their food habits?
Q.23 Heterotrophs are the living organisms
Q.8 Differentiate between autotrophs and which can prepare their own food by the
heterotrophs. process of photosynthesis.

Q.24 Honey is a dairy product.

Q.9 Differentiate between scavengers and
decomposers. Q.25 Different parts of different plants are eaten
as food.
Q.10 Is there any food ingredient that is not
obtained either from plants or animals? If
 Match the Column
yes, from where is it obtained?

Q.26 Column-A Column-B

 Long Answer Type Questions
i. Tiger a. Fruit
Q.11 What are herbivores? Write two special ii. Goat b. Carnivore
characteristics of herbivores. iii. Vulture c. Herbivore
iv. Human beings d. Scavenger
Q.12 What are omnivores ? Write two special v. Egg e. Omnivores
characteristics of omnivores. f. Chicken

Q.13 What food items do we obtain from plants?

Give examples.

Q.14 Why do we need food? Explain.

Q.15 How are animals classified based on their

feeding habits?

CAREER POINT _________________________________________ Food : Where Does it Come From? |7

 EXERCISE-2
Q.1 An edible root is (C) The edible part of spinach is seed.
(A) ginger (B) potato (C) carrot (D) onion (D) Honey is prepared by butterflies using
nectar of flowers.
Q.2 The part of sugarcane plant from which
sugar is obtained is its Q.12 Which of the following is not a function of
(A) leaf (B) stem (C) flower (D) fruit food?
(A) Provides us energy
Q.3 The product obtained from plants is (B) Replaces worn out cells
(A) chicken (B) ghee (C) Provides us oxygen
(C) rice (D) milk (D) Keeps us healthy

Q.4 The useful part of tea plant is its Q.13 Which of these food is obtained from
(A) seeds (B) stem (C) roots (D) leaves plants?
(A) Honey (B) Curd
Q.5 Human beings eating rice, chapatti as (C) Rice (D) Egg
well as meat, so they are
(A) herbivores (B) carnivores Q.14 Which of these food is obtained from
(C) insectivores (D) omnivores animals?
(A) Pulses (B) Cheese
Q.6 The part of a chilly plant that is used as a (C) Cereals (D) Sugar
spice is
(A) seed (B) fruit (C) leaves (D) flower Q.15 Which of these food ingredients is not
obtained from either plants or animals?
Q.7 Select the incorrect statement out of the (A) Salt (B) Honey
following (C) Milk (D) Wheat
(A) People living in different states of
India eat different kinds of food. Q.16 The first link in almost all food chains are
(B) Food protects us from diseases. (A) herbivores (B) carnivores
(C) Materials which are used to prepare (C) producers (D) omnivores
food are called ingredients.
(D) All the ingredients of food that we eat Q.17 Which of these animals feeds feeds upon
come from either plants or animals. the food digested by other animal?
(A) Cow (B) Lion
Q.8 Herbivores eat (C) Cockroach (D) Tapeworm
(A) animals only
(B) plants only Q.18 Stem of which of the following plants are
(C) both plants and animals eaten?
(D) dead bodies of animals. (A) Onion and beetroot
Q.9 Which of the following is a carnivore? (B) Ginger and radish
(A) Horse (B) Goat (C) Radish and potato
(C) Crocodile (D) Deer (D) Potato and ginger

Q.10 The plant part eaten in case of radish is Q.19 Which of the following are cereals?
(A) stem (B) root (A) Chickpea and kidney bean
(C) flower (D) seed. (B) Wheat and rice
(C) Wheat and green gram
Q.11 Select the correct statement out of the (D) Kidney bean and rice
following.
(A) There are many people around us who Q.20 Which of the following animals give us
do not get enough food to eat. eggs?
(B) Products obtained from milk are (A) Goat and hen (B) Camel and goat
called poultry products. (C) Camel (D) Hen and duck

8 | Food : Where Does it Come From? _________________________________________ CAREER POINT

 EXERCISE-3
Q.1 Refer to the given figure showing a typical Q.3 Cinchona, isabgol, neem, Rauwolfia are
plant with its parts labelled as U, V, W, (A) Oil yielding plants
and X and read the following paragraph. (B) Medicinal plants
P is plant where part U is edible, plant Q (C) Fibre yielding plants
has edible part W, plant R, has edible (D) Food plants.
part X whereas plant S has edible part V,
Select the option that correctly identifies Q.4 Identify missing parts P, Q & R in the given
these plants. flow chart describing preparation of ghee.
P Q R S Cow P Q R Ghee
(A) Clove Mustard Cumin Ginger
P Q R
(B) Pomegranate Rose Orange Turmeric
(A) Butter Milk Cheese
(C) Pomegranate Spinach Clove Radish
(B) Milk Butter Cream
(D) Cumin Rose Spinach Potato
(C) Cheese Butter Cream
(D) Milk Cream Butter
Q.2 The given relationship is based on eating
habits of animals.
Deer : Sparrow : Lion
Which of the following options satisfies
the same relationship?
(A) Tiger : Bear : Ant
(B) Cow : Crow : Tiger
(C) Lion : Goat : Leopard
(D) Sheep : Panther : Bear

CAREER POINT _________________________________________ Food : Where Does it Come From? |9

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
 Fill in the Blanks :
16. Herbivores 17. Poultry animals 18. Herbivore 19. Raddish 20. Leaf

 True and False :

21. True 22. True 23. False 24. False 25. True

 Match the Column :

26. i-b ; ii-c ; iii-d ; iv-e ; v-f

EXERCISE - 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C B C D D B D B C B A C C B A
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C D D B D

EXERCISE - 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4
Ans. C B B D

10 | Food : Where Does it Come From? _______________________________________ CAREER POINT

 Chapter

1 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS

Chapter Outline
 Introduction
 Comparing and ordering numbers
 Understanding large number
 Place value
 Indian and International system of
numeration
 Building Numbers
 Large numbers in practice
 Estimation
 Roman Numerals

Everyday Practice Group Practice Independent Practice Dot.

CAREER POINT _________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers |1

 MIND MAP

KNOWING OUR NUMBERS

Comparing and Roman

ordering of numbers Numerals
Estimation
Building
Numbers with Numbers with
Numbers
same number difference number
of digits of digits Rounding
numbers

With repetition Without

Value of of digits repetition
number of digits

Face Place
value value

System of
Numeration

Indian system International

of numeration system of
numeration

2 | Knowing Our Numbers __________________________________________________CAREER POINT

 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS

Introduction
We use numbers or we can say we live with numbers and know many things about them. Numbers
help us count concrete objects. They help us to say which collection of objects is bigger and arrange
them in order e.g., first, second, etc. We use numbers in many different contexts and in many ways.

Comparing and Ordering Numbers

 Comparing number with different number of digits :
The number with maximum number of digit is greater than the others and the number with least
number of digits is smallest among all.

Ex.1 Find the smallest and greatest number in each row :

(i) 382, 4972, 18, 59785, 750 (ii) 1473, 89423, 100, 5000, 310
(iii) 1834, 75284, 111, 2333, 450 (iv) 2853, 7691, 9999, 12002, 124
Sol. Greatest Smallest
(i) 59785 18
(ii) 89423 100
(iii) 75284 111
(iv) 12002 124

 Comparing number with the same number of digits :

To compare the number with the same number of digits, starts the comparison from left hand side until
you get the unequal digits. The number in which digit of same place is greater than the other, is
greater than the other number.

Ex.2 Compare 4875 and 3542 ?

Sol. As both are 4 digit numbers, so first check from the left hand side.
4875 and 3542
Here 4 is greater than 3.
Therefore, 4875 is greater than 3542.
{4875 > 3542}

Ex.3 Compare 4875 and 4879 ?

Sol. 4875 and 4879
While checking we notice that the digit’s at the first three places from left hand side are same.
Now, check the digit at the one’s place in both the numbers we find that 9 is greater than 5.
 4875 < 4879.
 Ascending order : Ascending order means arrangement from the smallest to the greatest.
 Descending order : Descending order means arrangement from the greatest to the smallest.

CAREER POINT _________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers |3

Ex.4 Arrange the following numbers in ascending order. 847, 9754, 8320, 571
Sol. 571, 847, 8320, 9754

Ex.5 Arrange the following numbers in descending order. 5000, 7500, 85400, 7861
Sol. 85400, 7861, 7500, 5000

Understanding large number

As we know that the greatest 2-digit number is 99 and if we add 1 to it, it becomes 100 which is the
smallest 3-digit number. Similarly the greatest 3 digit number is 999 and if we add 1 to it, it becomes
1000 which is the smallest 4-digit number i.e.,
Greatest 2 digit no. + 1 = Smallest 3 digit no.
(99) (1) (100)
(One Hundred)
Greatest 3 digit no. + 1 = Smallest 4 digit no.
(999) (1) (1000)
(One thousand)
Greatest 4 digit no. + 1 = Smallest 5 digit no.
(9999) (1) (10,000)
(Ten thousand)
Greatest 5 digit no. + 1 = Smallest 6 digit no.
(99999) (1) (1,00,000)
(One lakh)
Greatest 6 digit no. + 1 = Smallest 7 digit no.
(999999) (1) (10,00,000)
(Tan lakh)
 Successor : The successor of a given number is obtained by adding 1 to the given number.
 Predecessor : The predecessor of a given number is obtain by subtracting 1 from it.

Place value
The basis of the number system is place value. It is this place value which gives value to the number.


 Definition :
Face value of a digit in a numeral is the value of the digit itself at whatever place it may be.
Place value of a digit in a given number is the value of the digit because of the place or the position of
the digit in the number.
Place-value of a digit = Face-value of the digit × value of the place
The expansion of a 2-digit number like 87 is as follows : 87 = 8 × 10 + 7
& the expansion of a 3-digit number like 356 is as follows : 356 = 3 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 6
Similarly the expansion of a 4-digit number, 5-digit's, 6-digits etc. takes place.

Ex.6 Write 892 in expanded form.

Sol. 892 = 8 × 100 + 9 × 10 + 2.

Ex.7 Write 1387 in expanded form.

Sol. 1387 = 1 × 1000 + 3 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 7.

4 | Knowing Our Numbers __________________________________________________CAREER POINT

Indian and International System of Numeration
 Indian system of numeration : It is also known as Hindu-Arabic numeral system. In this we starts
from the extreme right as :
Ones, Tens, Hundreds, Thousands, Ten thousands, Lakhs, Ten lakhs, Crores, Ten crores etc.

INDIAN SYSTEM OF NUMBERS

CRORES LAKHS THOUSANDS ONES

(TC) (C) (TL) (L) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O)
Ten Crore One Crore Ten Lakh One Lakh Ten One One Ten One
thousand Thousand Hundred
+ 1,00,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

Ex.8 Write the number name of the number 7,34,543.

Sol.
TC C TL L TTh Th H T O
0 0 0 7 3 4 5 4 3
7,34,543  Seven lakh thirty four thousand five hundred forty three.

Ex.9 Write the number of sixty five crore thirty two lakh seventy five thousand eight hundred twenty nine.
Sol.
TC C TL L TTh Th H T O
6 5 3 2 7 5 8 2 9
65,32,75,829.


 International system of numeration : It is adopted by all the countries. It is being used as ones,
tens, hundreds, thousands and then millions. One million is a thousand thousands.

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMBERS

MILLIONS THOUSANDS ONES

Hundred million Ten million One million Hundred Ten One One Ten One
(HM) (TM) (M) thousand thousand Thousand Hundred (T) (O)
(HTh) (TTh) (Th) (H)
100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

Ex.10 Express 50,801,592 in international system of numeration.

Sol. 50,801,592  Fifty million eight hundred one thousand five hundred ninety two.


 Use of commas :
In our Indian system of numeration we use ones, tens, hundreds, thousands & then lakhs and crores.
Commas are used to mark thousand, lakhs & crores. The first comma comes after hundreds place &
then after every two digit.
In international system of numeration, commas are used to mark thousands and millions. It comes
after every three digits from the right. The first comma marks the thousands & then millions .

CAREER POINT _________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers |5

Ex.11 Insert commas suitably using Indian system of numeration : (i) 87595762 (ii) 98432701
Sol. (i) 87595762  8,75,95,762
(ii) 98432701  9,84,32,701

Ex.12 Insert commas suitably using international system of numeration : (i) 7452283 (ii) 48049831
Sol. (i) 7452283  7,452,283
(ii) 48049831  48,049,831

Bulding Numbers
While making the greatest number, we know that the number must starts with 9 & if there is no
repetition then the second number is 8 and so on. or we can say write the numbers in descending order.
Similarly if we want the smallest number then start the number with 1 (0 can’t be on first place) then
the second number is 0 & third is 2 & so on. Or we can say after 102 write the numbers in ascending
order
(a) Making number without repetition of digits : In case of non-repetition of digits, it is better if
we start making the number from left.

Ex.13 Write the greatest and the smallest 5-digit numbers by using each of the digits 8, 4, 7, 0, 2 only
once.
Sol. For the greatest number, we write the greatest digit 8 in the T-thousands column. Next smaller
digit in the thousands column and so on.
 The greatest number = 87420.
T-Th Th H T O
8 7 4 2 0
For the smallest number, we write the smallest digit in the T-thousands column. But here 0 is the
smallest digit. 0 is not written on the extreme left of a number. So, we write 2 in the T-thousands
column and 0 in the thousands column. Next digit greater than 2 is written in the hundreds
column and so on.
  The smallest number = 20478
T-Th Th H T O
2 0 4 7 8

Ex.14 Make the greatest and the smallest 5-digit numbers using any five different digit with 4 in the tens
place.
Sol. First of all write 4 in the tens column. For the greatest number, we write the greatest digit 9 in the
T-thousands column, next smaller digit in the thousands column and so on.
T-Th Th H T O
9 8 7 4 6
The greatest number = 98746
For the smallest number also, write 4 in the tens column first of all. Then write 0 in the thousands
column . Write 1 in the T-thousands column. Next greater digit in the hundreds column and so on.
  The smallest number = 10243
T-Th Th H T O
1 0 2 4 3

6 | Knowing Our Numbers __________________________________________________CAREER POINT

 (b) Making number with repetition of digits : In case of repetition of digit, it is better if we start
making number from left.

Ex.15 Write the greatest and smallest numbers of 4 digits using all the digits 8,0, 5.
Sol. For greatest number, select the greatest digit 8 and write in the thousands column next smaller
digit 8 is written in the hundreds column next smaller digit 5 is written in the tens column. Now
write 0 in ones column.
Th H T O
8 8 5 0
Greatest Number
The greatest number = 8850
For smallest number, as the smallest digit is 0 and 0 cannot be written at thousand place so next
greater number 5 will be written at thousand place now smallest digit 0 will be written at hundred
and tens place and write 8 at ones place.
So, we write 5 in the end and repeat 0 in the tens place.
Th H T O
5 0 0 8
Smallest Number
The smallest number = 5008

Ex.16 Write the greatest & smallest four digit numbers by using 9, 7, 4, 1 as digits ?
Sol. Greatest : 9741
Smallest : 1479

Ex.17 Write the greatest & smallest four digit numbers by using different digits such that the digit 3 is
always in the hundred’s place.
Sol. Greatest : 9 3 8 7
Smallest : 1 3 0 2


 Shifting digits :
Moving (Shifting) of numbers from one place to the other is known as Shifting digits.

Ex.18 Write the greatest and smallest 3 digit numbers by Shifting the digits of the number 182 ?
Sol. Greatest : 8 2 1
Smallest : 1 2 8

Note :
i. For greatest number, greatest digit is repeated.
ii. For smallest number, smallest digit is repeated.

CAREER POINT _________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers |7

Large numbers in practice
Number are used in our everyday life. Small lengths are measured in millimetre (mm) & centimetre
(cm) while the bigger lengths are measured in metre (m) & kilometre (km). Metre (m) is the standard
unit of length.
1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
Similarly, the units of weight are as follows :
1 kg (kilogram) = 1000 grams (g)
1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg)
For volume,
1 Litre (L) = 1000 mL (millilitre)
1 kilo litre (kL) = 1000 L

Ex.19 Population of Sundarnagar was 2,35,471 in the year 1991. In the year 2001 it was found to be
increased by 72,958. What was the population of the city in 2001 ?
Sol. Population of the city in 2001 = Population of the city in 1991 + Increase in population
= 2,35,471 + 72,958
= 308429

Ex.20 The number of sheets of paper available for making notebooks is 75,000. Each sheet makes 8 pages
of a notebook. Each notebook contains 200 pages. How many notebooks can be made from the paper
available ?
Sol. Each sheet makes 8 pages.
Hence, 75,000 sheets make 8 × 75,000 pages,
Now, 75000 × 8 = 600000
Thus, 6,00,000 pages are available for making notebooks.
Now, 200 pages make 1 notebook.
Hence, 6,00,000 pages make 6,00,000 ÷ 200 notebooks.
3000
600000
Now, 200
 600
0000
The answer is 3,000 notebooks.

Ex.21 What must be added to 56,862 to make it equal to 1 lakh.

Sol. 1 lakh = 1,00,000.
   Required number = 1,00,000 – 56,862 = 43,138

Ex.22 A tin of biscuits has 14 kg of biscuits. Express the weight in milligrams.

Sol. Since 1 kg = 1000 gm and
1gm = 1000 mg
   1 kg = ( 1000 × 1000) mg = 1000000 mg
So 14 kg = 14 × 1000000 mg
= 14000000 mg

8 | Knowing Our Numbers __________________________________________________CAREER POINT

Estimation
 Estimation means ‘‘making a rough idea or a good guess.’’ We use the word approximately for the
estimation. The word approximately itself shows that the number is near about the answer. 

 Rounding numbers :
Rounding means replacing one number with another number which is easier to calculate the answer.
Replacing a number with a higher number is called rounding up.
Replacing a number with a lower number is called rounding down. 

 Estimating to the nearest tens by rounding off :

It means replacing a number with the nearest multiple of 10.
If the ones digit is 5 or more, round up. If the ones digit is 4 or less, round down.

Ex.23 Round the following numbers to the nearest tens. (i) 28 (ii) 41 (iii) 39 (iv) 215
Sol. (i) 30 (ii) 40 (iii) 40 (iv) 220


 Estimating to the nearest hundreds by rounding off :

It means replacing a number with the nearest multiple of 100.
Numbers 1 to 49 are closer to 0 than to 100, & so are rounded off to 0.
& Numbers from 50 to 99 are rounded off to 100.

If the digit at tens place is 5 or more, round up. If the digit at tens place is 4 or less, round down.


Ex.24 Round the following numbers to the nearest hundreds : (i) 9537 (ii) 5750 (iii) 168 (iv) 9870
Sol. (i) 9500 (ii) 5800 (iii) 200 (iv) 9900


 Estimating to the nearest thousands by rounding off :

It means replacing a number with the nearest multiple of 1000.
Number 1 to 499 are rounded off to 0 & number 500 to 999 are rounded off to 1000.

If the digit at hundreds place is 5 or more, round up. If the digit at hundreds place is 4 or less,
round down.

Ex.25 Round the following numbers to the nearest thousands.

(i) 2573 (ii) 53552 (iii) 3499 (iv) 7805
Sol. (i) 3000 (ii) 54000 (iii) 3000 (iv) 8000


 To estimate sum or difference :

By using round off to any nearest, we can solve the question.

Ex.26 Estimate 5290 + 17,986.

Sol. As 17,986 > 5290
So, round off to thousands 17,986 is round off to 18,000 & 5,290 is round off to 5,000.
 18,000 + 5,000 = 23,000

CAREER POINT _________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers |9

Ex.27 Estimate 5673 – 436.
Sol. As 436 < 5673
So, round off to hundred
5673    5700
Round off to

436    400

Round off to

 5700 – 400 = 5300



 To estimate product :
Round off each factor to its greatest place, then multiply the rounded off factors.

Ex.28 Estimate : (i) 578 × 161 (ii) 5281 × 3491

Sol. (i) 578    600
Round off to

161    200

Round off to

 600 × 200 = 1,20,000

(ii) 5281    5000
Round off to

3491    3000

Round off to

 5000 × 3000 = 1,50,00,000



 To estimate Quotients : In the process of estimation in quotients, we round off the dividend and
the divisor before the process of division.

Ex.29 Estimate the following quotients : (a) 81  17 (b) 7525  365

Sol. (a) 81 is rounded to 80
17 is rounded to 20
To get the estimated quotient think of dividing 80 by 20 or 8 by 2.
8
 Estimated quotient = =4
2
(b) 7525 is rounded to 8000
365 is rounded to 400
To get the estimated quotient think of dividing 80 by 4.
 Estimated quotient = 20

Roman numerals
It is one of the early system of writing numerals. This system is still used in many places.
The numbers 1, 2, 3……10 can be expressed in Roman numerals as follows :
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X respectively.
This is followed by XI for 11, XII for 12, …… till XX for 20.
Some more Roman numerals are :
I V X L C D M
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Trick : Indica vista XL car driver, Mojood

10 | Knowing Our Numbers _________________________________________________CAREER POINT

 Rules to form Roman numerals :
The rules for the system are as follows :

Rule-1: If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs.

For Ex. II  1 + 1 = 2
XXX  10 + 10 + 10 = 30

Rule-2 : A symbol is not repeated more than three times. But the symbols V, L and D are never
repeated.
For Ex. III = 3, XXX = 30,
CCC = 300, MMM = 3000

Rule-3 : If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater value, its value gets
added to the value of greater symbol.
For Ex. VI = 5 + 1 = 6
LXV = 50 + 10 + 5 = 65

Rule-4 : If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater value, its value is
subtracted from the value of the greater symbol.
For Ex. XL = 50 – 10 = 40
XC = 100 – 10 = 90

Rule-5 : The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol of greater value i.e., V, L and
D are never subtracted.

Note : I can be subtracted from V and X only.

X can be subtracted from L, M & C only.

Ex.30 Write in Roman numerals : (i) 85 (ii) 98

Sol. (i) 85 = 80 + 5 = 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 = LXXXV
(ii) 98 = 90 + 8 = (100 – 10) + 8 = XC + VIII = XCVIII

Ex.31 Write in Hindu-Arabic numerals : (i) LXIII (ii) XCI

Sol. (i) LXIII = 50 + 10 + 3 = 63
(ii) XCI = (100 – 10) + 1 = 91

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers | 11

 EXERCISE-1
Q.15 Place commas correctly and write the
 Very Short Answer Type Questions
numerals :
Q.1 Find the smallest and greatest number (i) Nine crore fifty two lakh thirty eight
from 326, 588, 213, 1856, 2112. thousand & five
(ii) Twenty three lakh thirty three
Q.2 Compare 5637 and 5632. thousand four hundred twenty five.

Q.3 Arrange the following in descending order.

4500, 3156, 4550, 2388.  Long Answer Type Questions

Q.4 Write the greatest and smallest 3 digit Q.16 Express 13,079,696 in words as
numbers by using the digits of the
international system of numeration.
number 273 ?

Q.5 Write 5632 in expanded form. Q.17 Write the greatest and smallest 4-digit
numbers from : (i) 4, 7, 5, 0 (ii) 3, 2, 6, 4
 Short Answer Type Questions – Type I
Q.18 Sachin is a famous cricket player. He has
Q.6 What is the successor of greatest 3-digit so far scored 7640 runs in test matches.
number? He wishes to complete 10,000 runs. How
many more runs does he need ?
Q.7 Insert commas suitably using Indian
system of numeration : Q.19 To stitch a shirt, 215 cm cloth is needed.
(i) 562315 (ii) 23467892 Out of 40 m cloth, how many shirts can
be stitched and how much cloth will
Q.8 How many millilitres are there in one
kilolitre? remain ?

Q.9 Round the number 578 to the nearest Q.20 A vessel has 4 litres and 500 ml of curd.
tens. In how many glasses, each of 25 ml
capacity, can it be filled ?
Q.10 Round the following numbers to the
nearest thousands : (i) 5678 (ii) 3136
 Fill in the Blanks
 Short Answer Type Questions – Type II
Q.21 (i) 1 lakh = ………… ten thousand.
Q.11 Estimate  8325 – 491 (By nearest hundred) (ii) The successor of 56 is ………… .
(iii) Shifting of numbers from one
Q.12 Estimate the product of 1291 × 592. ………… to the other is known as
Shifting digits.
Q.13 Write the Roman numeral of
(iv) The Roman numerals V, L & …………
(i) 120 (ii) 78
are never repeated.
Q.14 Write the Hindu-Arabic numerals of : (v) ………… can be subtracted from V
(i) LIV (ii) DCC and X only.

12 | Knowing Our Numbers _________________________________________________CAREER POINT

  True or False  Match the Column
Q.23 Match column I to column II in the
Q.22 (i) One crore is equal ten million.
following:
(ii) There is no difference between the
Column-1 Column-2
Indian and International system of
(i) Two hundred thousand (a) Two hundred
numeration.
crore
(iii) Replacing a number with a lower
(ii) Two billion (b) Two lakh
number is called rounding up.
(iii) 287 round off to (c) 3 times
(iv) A Roman numeral is not repeated
nearest ten
more than three times.
(iv) I, X, C, M can be (d) repeated
(v) XXV is a Hindu-Arabic numeral.
repeated of
(v) V, L, D are never (e) 290
(n) 290

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers | 13

 EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Correct ascending order of 847, 9754, Q.5 Jamie read two thousand, four hundred
8320, 571 : seventeen pages last summer. Which
(A) 571, 8320, 847, 9754 number listed below is greater than this
(B) 571, 847, 8320, 9754 number?
(C) 9754, 847, 3820, 571 (A) 2,399 (B) 2,420
(D) 9754, 8320, 847, 571 (C) 2,417 (D) 1,879

Q.2 Mrs. Martin wanted her students to Q.6 Mrs. Helm makes copies of worksheets
practice comparing numbers so they for the teachers in the copy room each
would be prepared for their math test on day. She keeps a count of the number of
Friday. She asked Jonathan to draw 4 worksheets she copies each month and
numbers out of a paper bag. Each student turns it into the principal. Last month
was asked to create the least possible she copied 2,480 math worksheets and
number using each number only one 2,097 reading worksheets for third grade.
time. Using the same numbers shown Which of the following compares the
below, which is the correct answer? math and reading worksheets correctly?
(A) 2,480 < 2,097 (B) 2,480 = 2,097
(C) 2,097 < 2,480 (D) 2,097 > 2,480

(A) 8,654 (B) 6,548 Q.7 Julie stayed after school one day to help
(C) 4,658 (D) 4,568 her teacher in the classroom. Mrs. Mason
asked Julie to write the following
Q.3 Which number is between 8,209 and
numbers in order from least to greatest
9,003?
on one of her sentence strips. Julie was
given the following numbers: 807, 729,
(A) 8,041 (B) 8,207 834, and 738. Which of the following has
(C) 8,501 (D) 9,010 the numbers correctly written from least
to greatest?
Q.4 Carlos wanted to find out the longest (A) 729, 738, 834, 807
river in the world. He did some research (B) 738, 807, 729, 834
and listed the rivers and their lengths in (C) 834, 807, 738, 729
random order in the chart below. What is (D) 729, 738, 807, 834
the second longest river listed in the
chart below? Q. 8 Sam played 325 minutes of computer
Rivers Length in Miles games last week and Dave played 331
Mississippi 3,870 minutes of computer games last week.
Which of the following comparisons is
Nile 4,135
true?
Amazon 3,980
(A) 325 = 331 (B) 325 > 331
Chang Jiang (Yangtze) 3,917
(C) 325 < 331 (D) 331< 325
(A) Mississippi
(B) Nile Q.9 The difference between the face value and
(C) Amazon place value of 4 in 2416 is :
(D) Chang Jiang (Yangtze) (A) 100 (B) 396 (C) 1000 (D) 50

14 | Knowing Our Numbers _________________________________________________CAREER POINT

Q.10 The corresponding numeral of 5  100000 Q.19 The sum of the number 765432 and the
+ 8  10000 + 1  1000 + 6  100 + 2  10 + number obtained by reversing its digits
3  1 is : is :
(A) 581623 (B) 5081623 (A) 930865 (B) 980356
(C) 5810623 (D) 5816023 (C) 999999 (D) 999998

Q.11 The difference between the place value Q.20 In 1999, the population of Capital City
and face value of 3 in the numeral 6,530 was 7,255,831 and the population of
is:
Spring City was 3,942,652. Round each
(A) 3 (B) 27 (C) 33 (D) 0
population off the nearest hundred-
thousand to estimate the difference in the
Q.12 Find the difference between the place
populations of the two cities.
value of 9 in 7,64,985 and face value of 9.
(A) 891 (B).899 (C) 989 (D) 981 (A) 3,400,000 (B) 3,500,000
(C) 3,313,000 (D) 3,300,000
Q.13 If we add 1 more to the greatest 6 digit
number we get : Q.21 The Pan family took a trip and traveled
(A) Ten lakh (B) One lakh 87, 165, 449, 439, 598, and 560 miles on 6
(C) Ten lakh one (D) One lakh one consecutive days. Round each distance off
to the nearest hundred to estimate the
Q.14 Write the numeral for the number Nine distance they traveled.
crore five lakh forty one : (A) 2400 miles (B) 2200 miles
(A) 9,50,00,041 (B) 9,05,00,041 (C) 2300 miles (D) 2500 miles
(C) 9,05,041 (D) 9,500,041
Q.22 Estimate the perimeter by first rounding
Q.15 In the international system of numeration off each length to the nearest hundred.
we write one billion for :
(A) 1 crore (B) 10 crore
(C) 100 crore (D) 1000 crore
7309 feet
5699 feet
Q.16 Make the greatest and the smallest four
digit number using any four-digits with
digit 5 always at thousand place : 3544 feet
(A) 5986, 5012 (B) 5987, 5012 (A) 10,098,600 ft (B) 16,600 ft
(C) 5999, 5000 (D) 5789, 5120 (C) 8300 ft (D) 16,500 ft

Q.17 What is the difference between the Q.23 Which of the following is meaning less :
greatest and the least number that can be (A) XIII (B) XIX (C) XVV (D) XL
written using the digits 6, 2, 7, 4, 3 each
only once ? Q.24 The equivalent of 44 in Roman numeral
(A) 50000 (B) 52965 is:
(C) 52865 (D) 51965 (A) XXXXIV (B) XLIIII
(C) XLIV (D) IVIV
Q.18 A box contains 500000 medicine tablets
each weighing 10 mg. What is the total Q.25 Which of the following numbers in
weight of all the tablets in the box in Roman numerals is incorrect?
kilograms : (A) LXXX (B) LXX
(A) 5,00,000 kg (B) 50,000 kg (C) LX (D) LLX
(C) 5 kg (D) 500 kg

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers | 15

 EXERCISE-3
Q.1 The difference between place values of Q.5 The value of CMLXXXII + CCLIV is
digit 5 in 456.385 is _____. _______. [IMO Stage I 2018]
[IMO Stage I 2017] (A) CDLXV (B) MCCCLXV
(A) 49995 (B) 499.95
(C) MCCXXXVI (D) MCMXCVI
(C) 49.9950 (D) 49.999

Q.2 Find the value of CXVI + XII + CCLXV – Q.6 Find the successor of smallest 7-digit
XVI. [IMO Stage I 2017] number [IMO Stage I 2018]
(A) CD (B) CCCLXXVII (A) 10000 (B) 1000001
(C) CCCLXXXV (D) M (C) 999999 (D) 9999999

Q.3 Estimate the following by rounding off Q.7 Find the difference between 7234042
each number to nearest hundreds.
rounded to the nearest thousands and
78203 – 16427
[IMO Stage I 2017] 42568 rounded to the nearest hundreds.
(A) 61700 (B) 62000 [IMO Stage I 2018]
(C) 61800 (D) 61500 (A) 7191400 (B) 7191470
(C) 7192000 (D) 7191000
Q.4 Mini has some pencils. If she gives 3
pencils to each pupil, she will have 20 Q.8 Observe the following patterns and find
pencils left. If she gives 4 pencils to each the sum of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + … + 19.
pupil, she will have none left. How many [IMO Stage I 2018]
pencils does she have? 1 =1×1=1
[IMO Stage I 2017] 1+3 =2×2=4
(A) 40 (B) 60 (C) 80 (D) 120 1+3+5 =3×3=9
1 + 3 + 5 +7 = 4 × 4 = 16
1 + 3 + 5 +7 + 9 = 5 × 5 = 25
(A) 121 (B) 81 (C) 100 (D) 64

16 | Knowing Our Numbers _________________________________________________CAREER POINT

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
1. Greatest  2112, Smallest  213 2. 5637 > 5632 3. 4550, 4500, 3156, 2388

4. Greatest  732, Smallest  237 5. 5 × 1000 + 6 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 2

6. Smallest 4 digit number i.e., 1000. 7. (i) 5,62,315 (ii) 2,34,67,892

8. 1 kL = 10,00,000 mL 9. 580 10. (i) 6000 (ii) 3000 11. 7800

12. 7,80,000 13. (i) CXX (ii) LXXVIII 14. (i) 54 (ii) 700

15. (i) 9,52,38,005 (ii) 23,33,425

16. Thirteen million seventy nine thousand six hundred ninety six.

17. (i) Greatest  7540, Smallest  4057 (ii) Greatest  6432, Smallest  2346 18. 2360

19. 18, 1m 30cm 20. 180 glasses.

21. (i) Ten (ii) 57 (iii) Place (iv) D (v) I

22. (i) True (ii) False (iii) False (iv) True (v) False

23. (i)  (b); (ii)  (a); (iii)  (e); (iv)  (c); (v)  (d);

EXERCISE - 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B D C C B C D C B A B A A B C
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. C B C C A C D C C D

EXERCISE - 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. C B C C C B A C

CAREER POINT ________________________________________________ Knowing Our Numbers | 17

 Chapter

1 NUMBER SERIES
Number Series problems deal with numbers. While Type of questions asked in the examination:
attempting to solve the question, you have to check (i) Find the missing term(s).
the pattern of the series. Series moves with certain
(ii) Find the wrong term(s).
mathematical operations like :
 Consecutive odd/even numbers. Find the Missing Term
Ex.1 325, 259, 204, 160, 127, 105 , ?
 Consecutive prime / composite numbers.
(A) 84 (B) 100
 Squares/cubes of some numbers with/without (C) 90 (D) 94
variation of addition or subtraction of some number. Sol. (D) Gradual slow decrease. Check the differences
 Sum/product/difference of preceding number(s) . of successive terms. They are 66, 55, 44, 33, 22.
Hence, next decrease will be : 11.
 Addition/subtraction/multiplication/division by
Next term = 105 – 11 = 94.
some number.
 Many more combinations of the relationship given Ex.2 54, 43, 34, 27, 22, 19 ,?
above. (A) 18 (B) 17
(C) 16 (D) 15
Some Steps to solve the series Sol. (A) Gradual slow decrease. Likely to be
Step I : If it is a simple series you will be able to solve it arithmetical decrease. Check the differences. They
easily. are 11, 9, 7, 5, 3. Hence, next decrease will be 1.
Next term = 19 – 1 = 18.
Step II: If you fail to determine the trend of the series.
Determine whether it is increasing, decreasing or
alternating.
Ex.3 16, 17, 21, 30, 46, 71 , ?
(A) 81 (B)90
Step III : If a series is increasing or decreasing. Use the (C) 97 (D) 107
following rules : Sol. (D) Each term is obtained by adding 12, 22, 32, 42,
(a) If the rise of a series is slow or gradual, the series 52...... respectively.
is likely to have an addition-based increase; Next term = 71 + 62 = 107
successive numbers are obtained by adding some
numbers. Ex.4 3, 4, 8, 17, 33, 58 , ?
(b) If the rise of a series is very sharp initially but (A) 69 (B)94
slows down later on, the series is likely to be (C) 74 (D) 89
formed by adding squared or cubed numbers. Sol. (B) Sharp increase that slows down later on, likely
(c) If the rise of a series is throughout equally sharp, to be addition of squared or cubed numbers. On
the series is likely to be multiplication-based; checking the series is:
successive terms are obtained by multiplying by + 1 2 + 2 2, + 3 2, + 4 2, + 5 2, ?
some terms (and, maybe, some addition or Next term = 58 + 62 = 94.
subtraction could be there, too).
(d) If the rise of a series is irregular, there may be
Ex.5 0, 6, 24, 60, 120, 210, ?
two possibilities. Either there may be a mix of two (A) 240 (B) 290
series or two different kinds of operations may be (C) 336 (D) 504
going on alternately. (The first is more likely when Sol. (C) Clearly, the given series is
the increase is very irregular : the second is more
likely when there is a pattern, even in the 13 – 1, 23 – 2, 33 – 3, 43 – 4, 53 – 5, 63 – 6.
irregularity of the series). Next number = 73 – 7 = 343 – 7 = 336
CAREER POINT __________________________________________________________Number Series |1
Ex.6 –2, 4, 22, 58, 118, 208 , ? Ex.12 4, 6, 12, 14, 28, 30, ?
(A) 250 (B) 334 (A) 32 (B) 60
(C) 310 (D) 294 (C) 62 (D) 64
Sol. (B) Series increases sharply but then its speed of
Sol. (B). The given sequence is a combination of two
rise slows down, likely to be addition of squared or
cubed numbers. On checking, the series is: 13 – 3, series :
23 – 4, 33 – 5, 43 – 6.... I. 4, 12, 28, ? and II. 6, 14, 30.
Next term = 73 – 9 = 334. Now, the pattern followed in each of the above
Ex.7 3, 3, 6, 18, 72, 360 , ?
two series is : +8, +16, +32 ....
(A) 720 (B) 1890 So, missing number = (28 + 32) = 60
(C) 2160 (D) None of these
Sol. (C) Sharp increase. Ex.13 1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 9, ?, 12, 21.
The series is : × 1, × 2, ×3, ×4, ×5, .... (A) 10 (B) 11
Next term = 360 × 6 = 2160 (C) 12 (D) 13

Ex.8 8, 14, 26, 50, 98, 194 , ?

Sol. (D) Clearly, the given sequence is a
combination of two series :
(A) 388 (B) 384
(C) 386 (D) 382 I. 1, 3, 7, ?, 21 and II. 3, 6, 9, 12
Sol. (C) Sharp increase and terms roughly doubling The pattern followed in I is + 2, + 4, +6, +8 ...;
every time. On checking with 2 as multiple the and the pattern followed in II is +3. Thus,
series is: missing number = 7 + 6 = 13.
next term = previous term ×2 –2. Next term = 194 ×2 –
2.= 386 Ex.14 3, 6, 24, 30, 63, 72, ?, 132
Ex.9 6, 16, 36, 76, 156, 316 , ? (A) 128 (B) 122
(A) 632 (B) 636 (C) 120 (D) 124
(C) 642 (D) 650 Sol. (C) The difference between the terms is given
Sol. (B) Sharp increase with terms roughly doubling below as:
each time. Likely to have geometrical nature with
3 6 24 30 63 72 ? 132
2 as multiple. On checking the series is: × 2 + 4.
Next term = 316 × 2 + 4 = 636
Difference 3 18 6 33 9 48 ?
Ex.10 824, 408, 200, 96, 44, 18 , ?
(A) 10 (B) 8 Difference 3 15 3 15 ?
(C) 7 (D) 5
Therefore alternate difference between the
Sol. (D)Sharp decrease and terms roughly being halved
difference is 3 and 15 respectively.
every time. Checking with 2 as divisor the series
is : Hence, the next term would be 72 + 48 = 120.
Next term (previous term – 8) 2.
Next term = 5. Ex.15 4, 12, 15, 60, 64, 320, 325, ?
(A) 1950 (B) 1850
Ex.11 8, 8, 9, 9, 11, 10, 14, 11 , ?
(C) 1935 (D) 1955
(A) 14 (B) 18
Sol. (A)
(C) 19 (D) 20
Sol. (B)Irregular. Very irregular. Likely to be, therefore, 4 12 15 60 64 320 325 1950
mixed. On checking it is a mix of two series:
8, 9, 11, 14, (+1, +2, +3 etc.) and 8, 9, 10, 11. ×3 +3 ×4 +4 ×5 +5 ×6
Next term = 14 + 4 + 18.

2 | Number Series __________________________________________________________CAREER POINT

Ex.16 15, –30, 60, –120, ? Ex.19 2, 6, 11, 17, 23, 32, 41
(A) 150 (B) 240 (A) 6 (B) 17
(C) 270 (D) 180 (C) 23 (D) 32
Sol. (B)
Sol. (C) Given series is :
15 –30 60 –120 240 24
2, 6, 11, 17, 23, 32, 41

×(–2) ×(–2) ×(–2) ×(–2) +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9

Hence, the wrong term is 23.
Find the Wrong Term
Ex.17 2, 5, 9, 11, 14 Ex.20 61, 52, 63, 95, 46, 18
(A) 2 (B) 5 (A) 95 (B) 63
(C) 9 (D) 11 (C) 46 (D) 52
Sol. (A)On interchanging the digits of each term, we
Sol. (C) Series : + 3, + 3, + 3, .......... get a number which is a perfect square of a
The next term is got by adding 3 in preceding natural number.
term. 42 = 16  61, 52 = 25  52, 62 = 36  63,
2 + 3 = 5, 5 + 3 = 8
72 = 49  94,
Hence, 9 is wrong term. Hence, the wrong term is 95.

Ex.18 10, 100, 1100, 11000, 111000, 1210000. Ex.21 126, 62, 30, 15, 6, 2
(A) 1100 (B) 11000 (A) 15 (B) 30
(C) 100 (D) 111000 (C) 6 (D) 62
Sol. (D) Given series is : 126 62 30 14 6 2
Sol. (A)
2–1 2–1 2–1 2–1 2–1
Hence, the wrong term is 111000 .
Hence, the wrong term is 15.

CAREER POINT __________________________________________________________Number Series |3

 EXERCISE
Directions (1 to 24) : Find the missing term Q.11 9, 11, 15, 23, ?


(A) 25 (B) 21
Q.1 7, 12, 19, ?, 39.
(C) 39 (D) 31
(A) 29 (B) 28
(C) 26 (D) 24
Q.12 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ?
(A) 12 (B) 14
Q.2 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ? (C) 16 (D) 17
(A) 42 (B) 51 Q.13 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, ?
(C) 81 (D) 91 (A) 25 (B) 27
(C) 24 (D) 29
Q.3 1, 6, 13, 22, 33, ?
(A) 44 (B) 45 Q.14 2, 5, 11, 23, 47, ?
(C) 46 (D) 47 (A) 82 (B) 95
(C) 110 (D) 118
Q.4 1, 9, 17, 33, 49, 73, ?
(A) 97 (B) 98 Q.15 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 9, 4, ?
(C) 99 (D) 100 (A) 10 (B) 12
(C) 16 (D) 20
Q.5 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, ?
(A) 92 (B) 115 Q.16 5, 8, 14, 26, 50, ?
(C) 127 (D) 131 (A) 60 (B) 98
(C) 68 (D) 78
Q.6 1, 6, 15, ?, 45, 66, 91
(A) 25 (B) 26 Q.17 100, 91, 83, 76, 70, ?
(C) 27 (D) 28 (A) 65 (B) 60
(C) 62 (D) 63
Q.7 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ?
Q.18 101, 100, ?, 87, 71, 46.
(A) 9 (B) 11
(A) 92 (B) 88
(C) 13 (D) 15
(C) 89 (D) 96

Q.8 77, 49, 36, 18, ?

Q.19 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
(A) 8 (B) 9
(A) 34 (B) 28
(C) 4 (D) 12
(C) 26 (D) 25

Q.9 18, 35, 69, 137, ?

Q.20 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, ?
(A) 270 (B) 273 (A) 729 (B) 720
(C) 271 (D) 272 (C) 600 (D) 480

Q.10 6, 12, 7, 11, 8, 10, 9, ? Q.21 28, 15, 6, ?, 0

(A) 8 (B) 15 (A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 9 (D) 14 (C) 1 (D) 0

4 | Number Series __________________________________________________________CAREER POINT

Q.22 96, 90, 78, ?, 36, 6 Q.27 2, 6, 11, 17, 23, 32, 41
(A) 60 (B) 54 (A) 6 (B) 17
(C) 72 (D) 48 (C) 23 (D) 32

Q.23 3, 6, 18, 72, 360, ? Q.28 121, 143, 165, 186, 209
(A) 720 (B) 1080 (A) 143 (B) 165
(C) 1600 (D) 2160 (C) 186 (D) 209

Q.24 480, 480, 240, 80, 20, ? Q.29 3, 1, 4, 5, 10, 14, 23

(A) 4 (B) 1 (A) 5 (B) 10
(C) 5 (D) 10 (C) 14 (D) 23
Directions (25 to 29) : Find the wrong terms
Q.30 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 96
Q.25 5, 10, 12, 24, 26, 48, 54 (A) 4 (B) 32
(A) 10 (B) 24 (C) 64 (D) 96
(C) 26 (D) 48

Q.26 5, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20

(A) 11 (B) 14
(C) 20 (D) 16

CAREER POINT __________________________________________________________Number Series |5

 Chapter
ALPHABET AND LETTER
2 REPEATING SERIES
Alphabet Series Ex.3 FLP, INS, LPV, ?
In the alphabet series we have to find the relation or (A) ORX (B) PRY
the order in which the letters have been arranged or (C) ORY (D) OSY
grouped together, then find the missing letter or Sol. (C) First and third letters are moved three steps
group of letters from the choice given below. forward in each term & second letter is moved
Type of questions asked in the examination : two steps forward in each term. So, the missing
(i) Find the missing term(s). term would be ORY.

(ii) Find the wrong term(s).

Ex.4 Z, X, V, T, R ,? , ?
Position of Alphabet :
(A) O, K (B) N,M
(i) Alphabet in order
(C) K, S (D) P, N
Sol. (D) Clearly, the given series consists of alternate
letters in a reverse order. So, the missing terms
(ii) Alphabet in reverse order
would be P and N.
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ex.5 DC, DE, FE, ?, HG, HI

Ex.1 Q, N, K, ?, E (A) FE (B) FG

(A) H (B) I (C) GF (D) GH

(C) J (D) G Sol. (B)

Sol. (A) In the given series, every letter is moved +2 0 +2 0 +2

three steps backward to obtain the DC DE FE FG HG HI
corresponding letters of the next term. So, the 0 +2 0 +2 0
missing term is H. Alpha-Numeric Series
Ex.2 CG, DI, ?, IP, MU A series in which both alphabets and number are
(A) FM (B) EL used.
(C) EM (D) FL Ex.6 17Z5, 15X4, 13V3, ?, 9R1
Sol. (D) The first letter of the first, second, (A) 11S2 (B) 11T2
third..........terms are moved one, two three, four, (C) 11U2 (D) 11T3
five,.........steps forward respectively and the Sol. (B) The first number & second letter of every
second letters are moved two, three, four, five, term is moved two steps backward & the third
........steps forward respectively. So, the missing number of every term is moved one step
term would be FL. backward. So, the missing term would be 11T2.

6 | Alphabet and Letter Repeating Series _______________________________________ CAREER POINT

Ex.7 D-4, F-6, H-8, J-10, ? Ex.11 a__ bccb__ ca __ cca __ baab __ c
(A) L - 14 (B) L -12 (A) ababc (B) abcaa
(C) L - 13 (D) N - 12 (C) accab (D) bacaa
Sol. (B) First letter and second number is moved two Sol. (A) The series is aabcc/bbcaa/ccabb/aabcc
places in each term. So, the missing term would the letters move in a cyclic order and in each
be L-12. group, the first and third letters occur twice.

Ex.8 Find the wrong term : Ex.12 ccabb_ca_a_ccca_b

D4V, G10T, J20R, M43P, P90N (A) babb (B) bbba
(A) G10T (B) J20R (C) abab (D) cbab
(C) M43P (D) P90N Sol. (A) The series is ccab/bbca/aabc/ccab/b
Sol. (A) First letter of every term is moved three
steps forward in each next term. Second number Ex.13 pq _ r, _ q _ r, _ qrr
of every term of the pattern × 2 + 1, × 2 + 2,× (A) rppp (B) rprp
2 + 3,............and third letter of every term is (C) rpqr (D) rppr
moved two steps backward. Hence, G10T is the Sol. (B) pqrr / pqrr / pqrr
wrong term and should be replaced by G9T.

Letter Repeating Series

It consists of a series of small letters which follow a
certain pattern.
Pattern of such questions is that some letters in
sequence are missing.

Ex.9 a _ cab _ a _ c _ b c
(A) bbac (B) abab
(C) abba (D) bcba

Sol. (D)

Series is abc/ abc/ abc/ abc. So, pattern abc is

repeated.

Ex.10 __ __ aba__ __ ba __ ab
(A) abbba (B) abbab
(C) baabb (D) bbaba
Sol. (B) The series is ab/ab/ab/ab/ab/ab
thus the pattern ab is repeated

CAREER POINT _______________________________________ Alphabet and Letter Repeating Series |7

 EXERCISE
Direction : (Q.1 to Q.12) Find the missing term Q.12 (ABC) – 6, (DEF) – 15, (GHI) – 24, ?
(A) (IJK) – 33 (B) (JKM) – 33
Q.1 A, C, F, ?, O
(C) (IJK) – 32 (D) (JKL) – 33
(A) K (B) H
(C) J (D) O Direction : (Q.13 to Q.17) Find the wrong term

Q.2 2B, 4C, 8E, 14H, ? Q.13 DVG, FSI, HPK, JNM, LJO
(A) 22L (B) 24L (A) DVG (B) JNM
(C) 22K (D) 22M (C) HPK (D) LJO
Q.14 ECA, JHF, OMK, TQP, YWU
Q.3 MTH, QRK, UPN, YNQ, ?
(A) ECA (B) JHF
(A) CKT (B) CLT
(C) TQP (D) YWU
(C) ELT (D) EKT
Q.15 AF, EJ, IN, OT, UA
Q.4 B–4, D–16, F–36, ? (A) AF (B) IN
(A) G–49 (B) H–64 (C) OT (D) UA
(C) J–100 (D) H–81 Q.16 AB, BA, ABD, DAB, PQRS, SRQP
(A) DAB (B) SRQP
Q.5 T, S, Q, N, J, ?
(C) BA (D) RSQP
(A) A (B) E
(C) K (D) L Q.17 Q, N, K, H, F
(A) F (B) Q
Q.6 JD, KF, ?, PM, TR (C) K (D) H
(A) MI (B) NJ
Directions : (Q.18 to Q.22) Which sequence of letters
(C) NI (D) OJ
when placed at the blanks one after the
Q.7 A, H, N, S, W, ? other will complete the given letter series ?
(A) A (B) Y Q.18 aa _ aa _ aa _ aa _ aab
(A) aaaa (B) bbbb
(C) B (D) Z
(C) aaba (D) abbb
Q.8 KTE, SBM, AJU, IRC, ? Q.19 b _ a _ ab _ baa _ b
(A) KZQ (B) ZRL (A) abba (B) bbaa
(C) QZK (D) LYJ (C) abab (D) baba
Q.9 RML, VIJ, ZFH, DDF, ? Q.20 ab _ ab _ ab abb _ b _ ab
(A) HDC (B) CHI (A) baaa (B) abbb
(C) HCD (D) DIC (C) aaab (D) baab

Q.10 LRX, DJP, VBH, NTZ, ? Q.21 m _ l _ ml _ m _ llm

(A) ELS (B) FMR (A) lmmm (B) lmlm
(C) GKS (D) FLR (C) lmml (D) mllm

Q.11 EIO, IOU, OUA, ? Q.22 _ bc _ _ bb _ aabc

(A) UAD (B) UAK (A) abab (B) babc
(C) UAL (D) UAE (C) acac (D) aacc

8 | Alphabet and Letter Repeating Series _______________________________________ CAREER POINT