9.

1 Database theory

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 Database
• A DATABASE is a structured collection of data that allows people to extract information in a way that
meets their needs.

• The data can include text, numbers, pictures: anything that can be stored in a computer.

• Database management system (DBMS) is a software which is used to manage (store, retrieve, query)
the database. Eg. MS Access, MySQL, Oracle

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 Single-table databases
• Databases store information in the form of a table.

• A table contains data about one type of item or person or event.

• e.g. a school database could have one table for students and another for parents.

• A single-table database contains only one table.

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 Single-table databases
• Tables consists of many records.

• Each record consists of several fields.

• Each record is a row in the table and each field is a column in the table.

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 Examples – fields and records
A table contains data about one type of item or person or event, and will be given a meaningful name,

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 Data Types
• A datatype is a format that can be given to data in a field.

• A data type classifies how the data is stored, displayed and the operations that can be performed on the
stored value.

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Basic Data types

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 Question
Write down four database data types. Describe each data type and give an example of a field where it
would be a suitable choice. Design a table of your choice to use the data types.

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Answer

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 Primary key
• A single column/field in a table that uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

• A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY, which may consist of single or multiple fields.

• Eg. telephone numbers, Employee Id, Student Id, Car number plate, National insurance number.

• A field that is a primary key must contain data values that are never repeated in the table.

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 Validation
Validation should be used on each field to ensure that data is entered correctly and in required format.

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Example - validation check

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 Question
Design a single table database to store the PATIENT records using the fields given. FirstName, Family Name, Date Of Admission,
Consultant, Ward Number, Bed Number.

• Choose a suitable data type for each field.

• Suggest appropriate validation checks to show that the ward number has whole number values from 1 to 10, and that the bed number
has whole number values from 1 to 8.

• Enter the following sample data in the PATIENT table: Winnie Sing, 12/10/2022, Mr Smith, 6, 8

Steve Chow, 23/10/2022, Miss Abebe, 6, 3

Chin Wee, 30/10/2022, Mr Jones, 7, 1

Min Hoo, 1/11/2022, Mr Smith, 6, 1

Peter Patel, 12/11/2022, Mr Jones, 7, 8

Sue Sands, 19/11/2022, Miss Abebe, 6, 2

Farouk Khan, 22/11/2022, Mr Jones, 7, 4

Ahmad Teo 22/11/2022, Mr Jones, 7, 2

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Answer

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9.2 SQL

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 SQL
❖ Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard query language for writing scripts to obtain useful
information from a database.

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 SQL SCRIPT
❖ An SQL script is a list of SQL commands that perform a given task

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Real Life Application – Role Play

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SYNTAX

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SQL SCRIPT

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 Question
Research on arranging records in ascending or descending order and write SQL queries to do the
following.

1. Display all records in ascending order of Age_in_Years

2. Display the type and position of map of trees which are at risk, and more than 100 years old in
descending order of Age_in_Years.

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Answer

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