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Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the design, construction, and operation of robots, integrating mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence. A robot is defined as a programmable machine capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, utilizing components such as sensors, actuators, control systems, and end effectors. Robotics has various applications, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and service industries.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views9 pages

Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the design, construction, and operation of robots, integrating mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence. A robot is defined as a programmable machine capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, utilizing components such as sensors, actuators, control systems, and end effectors. Robotics has various applications, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and service industries.

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Othniel
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ROBOTICS

What is Robotics?
Robotics is the interdisciplinary field of engineering and science that deals with the
design, construction, operation, and application of robots.
Robotics combines concepts from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer science, and artificial intelligence to create machines that can perform
tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

What is a Robot?
A robot is a machine that can be programmed to perform specific tasks, often
autonomously or semi-autonomously.
Robots can be designed to interact with their environment, make decisions, and
adapt to changing situations.

Parts of a Robot
1. Sensors:

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to changes in its environment by


converting a physical stimulus into an electrical signal .
Robots use sensors to perceive their environment, detect changes, and gather data.

Working of sensors

Sensing Element: This is the part of the sensor that directly interacts with the
environment to detect changes. It could be a physical, chemical, or biological
material that responds to stimuli such as temperature, pressure, light, etc.

Transducer: The sensing element usually produces a change in some physical


property, such as resistance, capacitance, or voltage. The transducer converts this
change into an electrical signal that can be measured and processed.

Signal Processing Circuitry: Many sensors include circuitry to condition, amplify,


filter, or otherwise process the electrical signal from the transducer to improve
accuracy, stability, or compatibility with the rest of the system.

Output Interface: This is where the sensor delivers its output. It can be an analog
voltage, current, or digital signal, depending on the sensor and its application.
Examples of sensors

Types of Sensors – Classification:


Sensors can be classified in various ways based on different criteria such as their
working principle, application, output signal, and physical properties. Here’s a
classification based on some common criteria:

Types of Sensors Based on Power Requirement:


Active Sensors: These sensors require an external power source for operation.
Passive Sensors: These sensors do not require an external power source and
generate their output signal in response to the stimulus.
Types of Sensors Based on Output Signal:
Analog Sensors: These sensors provide a continuous output signal typically in the
form of voltage, current, or resistance that varies with the measured quantity.
Digital Sensors: These sensors provide discrete output signals such as binary digits (0
or 1) representing the presence or absence of the measured quantity.
Sensor Types by Physical Property:
Contact Sensors: These sensors require physical contact with the object they are
measuring (e.g., tactile sensors).
Non-contact Sensors: These sensors can measure without physical contact with the
object being measured (e.g., proximity sensors, ultrasonic sensors).
Types of Sensors by Working Principle:
Resistive Sensors: These sensors change their resistance in response to a physical
change (e.g., temperature, pressure, or strain). Examples include thermistors, strain
gauges, and force-sensitive resistors (FSRs).
Capacitive Sensors: These sensors measure changes in capacitance due to a change
in proximity, position, or other physical quantities. Capacitive touch sensors and
capacitive humidity sensors are examples.
Inductive Sensors: These sensors detect changes in inductance caused by the
presence or absence of a nearby object. Inductive proximity sensors are a common
example.
Optical Sensors: These sensors use light to detect changes in the environment.
Examples include photodiodes, phototransistors, and light-dependent resistors
(LDRs).
Piezoelectric Sensors: These sensors generate an electrical charge in response to
mechanical stress or pressure. Accelerometers and piezoelectric pressure sensors
are examples.
Thermal Sensors: These sensors measure temperature changes through the change
in temperature-dependent electrical properties. Examples include thermocouples,
RTDs (resistance temperature detectors), and thermopiles.
Magnetic Sensors: These sensors measure magnetic fields and changes in magnetic
fields. Hall effect sensors and magnetoresistive sensors are examples.

Variuos types of sensors

 Accelerometer. This type of sensor detects changes in gravitational


acceleration, making it possible to measure tilt, vibration and, of course,
acceleration. Accelerometer sensors are used in a wide range of industries,
from consumer electronics to professional sports to aerospace and aviation.
 Chemical. Chemical sensors detect a specific chemical substance within a
medium (gas, liquid or solid). A chemical sensor can be used to detect soil
nutrient levels in a crop field, smoke or carbon monoxide in a room, pH levels
in a body of water, the amount of alcohol on someone's breath or in any
number of other scenarios. For example, an oxygen sensor in a car's emission
control system will monitor the gasoline-to-oxygen ratio, usually through a
chemical reaction that generates voltage. A computer in the engine
compartment reads the voltage and, if the mixture is not optimal, readjusts
the ratio.
 Humidity. These sensors can detect the level of water vapors in the air to
determine the relative humidity. Humidity sensors often include temperature
readings because relative humidity is dependent on the air temperature. The
sensors are used in a wide range of industries and settings, including
agriculture, manufacturing, data centers, meteorology, and heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
 Level. A level sensor can determine the level of a physical substance such as
water, fuel, coolant, grain, fertilizer or waste. Motorists, for example, rely on
their gas level sensors to ensure they don't end up stranded on the side of
the road. Level sensors are also used in tsunami warning systems.
 Motion. Motion detectors can sense physical movement in a defined space
(the field of detection) and can be used to control lights, cameras, parking
gates, water faucets, security systems, automatic door openers and
numerous other systems. The sensors typically send out some type of energy
-- such as microwaves, ultrasonic waves or light beams -- and can detect
when the flow of energy is interrupted by something entering its path.
 Optical. Optical sensors, also called photosensors, can detect light waves at
different points in the light spectrum, including ultraviolet light, visible light
and infrared light. Optical sensors are used extensively in smartphones,
robotics, Blu-ray players, home security systems, medical devices and a wide
range of other systems.
 Pressure. These sensors detect the pressure of a liquid or gas, and are used
extensively in machinery, automobiles, aircraft, HVAC systems and other
environments. They also play an important role in meteorology by measuring
the atmospheric pressure. In addition, pressure sensors can be used to
monitor the flow of gases or liquids, often so that the flow can be regulated.
 Proximity. Proximity sensors detect the presence of an object or determine
the distance between objects. Proximity monitors are used in elevators,
assembly lines, parking lots, retail stores, automobiles, robotics and
numerous other environments.
 Temperature. These sensors can identify the temperature of a target
medium, whether gas, liquid or air. Temperature sensors are used across a
wide range of devices and environments, such as appliances, machinery,
aircraft, automobiles, computers, greenhouses, farms, thermostats and many
other devices.
 Touch. Touch sensing devices detect physical contact on a monitored surface.
Touch sensors are used extensively in electronic devices to support trackpad
and touchscreen technologies. They're also used in many other systems, such
as elevators, robotics and soap dispensers.
2. Actuators:
An actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device that converts energy into
controlled motion or action.
Actuators are the components that enable robots to move or interact with their
environment.
They are found at the joints of robot arms :

Types of actuators
-Hydraulic actuator
-Pneumatic actuator
-Electric actuator :

Electric actuator
These use electrical energy to generate motion, often employing motors, solenoids,
or piezoelectric elements. They are known for precise control and can be DC or AC
powered .
Examples of Electric actuators include stepper motor ,Dc motor and and servo
motor
Hydraulic actuator
These utilize pressurized fluid to generate motion, typically using cylinders or pistons
to move loads. They offer high force output but may be less precise and can be
prone to leaks .

Pneumatic actuator
These use compressed air to produce motion, often employing cylinders or rotary
actuators .They are known for being clean, efficient, and compact, but may have
lower force output than hydraulic actuators .

3. Control System:
The control system is the brain of the robot, processing data from sensors and
sending commands to actuators. This can include microcontrollers, computers, or
other processing units.
Examples include : arduino uno ,arduino mega ,esp32 controller ,esp8266
controller .

4. Power Supply:
Robots require a power supply to operate, which can include batteries, solar panels,
or electrical connections.
5. End Effectors:
End effectors are the components that interact with the environment, such as
grippers, arms, or tools.
6. Communication Interface:
Many robots have communication interfaces that enable them to interact with
humans or other robots, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or voice recognition.

Types of Robots by application


1. Industrial Robots: Designed for manufacturing and production tasks, such as
assembly, welding, and inspection.
2. Service Robots: Designed to interact with humans, such as robots used in
healthcare, education, or customer service.
3. Autonomous Robots: Designed to operate independently, such as self-driving cars
or drones.
4. Social Robots: Designed to interact with humans in a social context, such as robots
used in therapy or companionship.
Applications of Robotics
1. Manufacturing: Robotics is widely used in manufacturing for tasks like assembly,
inspection, and material handling.
2. Healthcare: Robots are used in healthcare for tasks like surgery, patient care, and
rehabilitation.
3. Transportation: Robots are used in transportation for tasks like self-driving cars,
drones, and autonomous delivery systems.
4. Service Industries: Robots are used in service industries like customer service,
education, and hospitality.

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