1 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.

The molecules of liquid are closely packed together but the gas
molecules are far apart from each other.
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(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually
decreases.

(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.

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The paricles move faster and the most energetic particles escape from the surface leaving
the................................................................................................................................
less energetic particles behind.. [2]

(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.

Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer.
wide and shallow because larger surface area increase the rate of evaporation.
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[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) The source of solar energy is the Sun.

Tick the box next to those resources for which the Sun is also the source of energy.

coal

geothermal

hydroelectric

nuclear

wind [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a solar water-heating panel on the roof of a house.

copper tubes,
painted black

roof

Fig. 4.1

Cold water flows into the copper tubes, which are heated by solar radiation. Hot water flows
out of the tubes and is stored in a tank.

(i) Explain why the tubes are made of copper and are painted black.
copper is good conductor of head and black is good absorber of heat
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(ii) In 5.0 s, 0.019 kg of water flows through the tubes. The temperature of the water increases
from 20 °C to 72 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.

E=0.019*4200*52
=4100J

thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (iii) The efficiency of the solar panel is 70%.

Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.

energy=4100*100/70
=5857.14J
power=5857.14/5s
=1100Pa

power = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance.
The amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1kg mass by 1 degreeC.
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(b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. He uses
an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate holes in an aluminium block.

The following data are obtained.

mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

power of heating element = 420 W
time of heating = 95 s
initial temperature of block = 19.5 °C
final temperature of block = 40.5 °C

Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium given by this experiment.

Energy=420W*95s
=39900J
c=39900/2*(40.5-19.5)
=950J/kg C

specific heat capacity = ............................................... [4]

(c) In the experiment in (b), no attempt is made to prevent loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.

Suggest two actions the student could take to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.

Student should cover the top of the block with an insulator.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

Student should paint the block black.

2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a) Puddles of water form on a path after rainfall on a windy day.
In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles is
affected by

(i) a reduction of wind speed,

Rate of evaporation decreases because there will be less air particles moving to carry away water
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vapour.
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(ii) an increase of water temperature.

Rate of ...........................................................................................................................................
evaporation increase because the molecules moves faster colliding with one another

allowing the most energetic ones to escape.

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(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two puddles.

large puddle

small puddle

Fig. 5.1

State and explain how the rate of evaporation from the large puddle compares to that from the
small puddle under the same conditions.
Rate of evaporation in the large puddle will be slower because it has
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more surface area and contain more water than the small puddle.
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the difference between good and bad emitters of
infra-red radiation. You may include a diagram to help your description. State what readings
should be taken.

Place two identical cans one painted blacked and other shiny or white on a table in a room.
Fill the cans with an equal volume of boiling water.
Place a thermometer in each off the cans.
Measure the temperature of each can at every 10 mins interval.
Record the temperature readings.

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[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com