MUST-KNOW PHYSICS FORMULAS
MECHANICS
1. Speed = Distance / Time
2. Acceleration = (Final velocity - Initial velocity) / Time
3. v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as
4. Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)
5. Weight = mass × g (W = mg)
6. Momentum = mass × velocity (p = mv)
7. Impulse = Force × time = change in momentum
8. Work = Force × Distance × cosθ
9. Power = Work / Time
10. Kinetic Energy = ½mv²
11. Potential Energy = mgh
12. Gravitational Potential Energy = -GMm / r
13. Universal Gravitation: F = Gm1m2 / r²
14. Centripetal Force = mv² / r
15. Angular Velocity = θ / t
16. v = rω
17. Torque = Force × Distance (τ = F × r)
18. Clockwise moments = Anticlockwise moments
19. Conditions for Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, Στ = 0
20. Hooke's Law: F = kx
MACHINES
21. MA = Load / Effort
22. VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load
23. Efficiency = (MA / VR) × 100%
24. VR of pulley = Number of ropes
25. Lever balance: F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
FLUIDS
26. Pressure = Force / Area
27. Pressure in liquids = hρg
28. Upthrust = Weight of fluid displaced
29. Law of Floatation = Weight of body = Weight of fluid displaced
30. Density = Mass / Volume
31. Relative Density = Density of substance / Density of water
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
32. Q = mcΔT
33. Q = mL
34. Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
35. Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
36. Pressure Law: P1/T1 = P2/T2
37. Ideal Gas: PV = nRT
38. Heat Capacity = Q / ΔT
39. Specific Heat Capacity = Q / mΔT
40. ΔL = LαΔT
WAVES & SOUND
41. v = fλ
42. Echo: Distance = (Speed × Time) / 2
43. f = 1/T
44. Loudness ∝ Amplitude
45. Pitch ∝ Frequency
46. fn = nf1 (string harmonics)
47. Length = nλ/2 (resonance in pipes)
ELECTRICITY
48. V = IR
49. P = VI = I²R = V²/R
50. E = Pt = IVt
51. R (series) = R1 + R2 + ...
52. 1/R (parallel) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...
53. R = ρL/A
54. E = F/q = V/d
55. C = Q/V
56. E = ½CV²
57. F = kq1q2 / r²
MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM
58. Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
59. η = Ps/Pp × 100%
60. F = BIL sinθ
61. Magnetic field: circular around wire
62. EMF = -N(ΔΦ/Δt)
63. Φ = B × A × cosθ
64. Lenz’s Law: Induced current opposes the change
MODERN PHYSICS
65. E = hf = φ + KE
66. E = mc²
67. E = hf (Planck)
68. N = N₀(½)^(t/T)
69. λ = 0.693 / T
70. Eb = Δmc²
SHM
71. T = 2π√(l/g)
72. T = 2π√(m/k)
73. a = -ω²x
74. v = ω√(A² - x²)
75. x = A cos(ωt)
OPTICS & ELECTRONICS
76. 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
77. M = v/u = Image height / Object height
78. 1/f = 1/u + 1/v (mirror)
79. n = sin i / sin r
80. n = c / v
81. sin C = 1/n
82. TIR: i > C, n1 > n2
83. I = I₀(e^(qV/kT) - 1)
84. Ohmic: V ∝ I, Non-ohmic: V ≠ I
85. P = fCV² (Logic Gate)
GENERAL & CONSTANTS
86. Efficiency = (Useful output / Total input) × 100%
87. 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J
88. Q = It
89. 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
90. 1 atm = 101325 Pa
91. g = 9.8 m/s²
92. R = 8.31 J/mol·K
93. Avogadro = 6.022 × 10²³
94. h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js
95. e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
96. c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
97. k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J/K
98. μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m
99. ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F/m
100. φ = hf - KEₘₐₓ (Photoelectric Work Function)
