Electrical Machines – Transformers (RPSC AEN
Crash Notes)
Introduction:
A Transformer is a static device that transfers electrical power from one circuit to another at
constant frequency, through electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction
between two windings.
Types of Transformers:
1. Based on construction – Core type, Shell type.
2. Based on supply – Single-phase, Three-phase.
3. Based on usage – Power, Distribution, Instrument (CT, PT).
EMF Equation:
E = 4.44 × f × N × Φm
Where f = frequency, N = turns, Φm = maximum flux.
Equivalent Circuit:
Referred to Primary:
R0 = core loss resistance
X0 = magnetizing reactance
R1, X1 = primary resistance & leakage reactance
R2', X2' = secondary resistance & leakage reactance (referred to primary).
Losses in Transformers:
1. Copper loss (I²R)
2. Core loss (Hysteresis + Eddy current)
3. Stray & dielectric loss
Efficiency:
η = (Output Power) / (Output Power + Losses)
Condition for Maximum Efficiency:
Copper loss = Iron loss
Auto Transformer:
- Single winding used as both primary & secondary.
- Copper saving is large compared to two-winding transformer.
- Voltage regulation better, efficiency higher.
- Used in starting of induction motors, variacs.
Solved Example (RPSC AEN 2018):
A single-phase 50 Hz transformer has 200 turns on primary and 400 turns on secondary. If the flux
is 0.01 Wb (sinusoidal), find secondary EMF.
Solution:
E2 = 4.44 × f × N2 × Φm
= 4.44 × 50 × 400 × 0.01 = 888 V
Answer: 888 V
Quick Revision:
- Transformer works on mutual induction.
- EMF equation: E = 4.44 f N Φm
- Max efficiency: Copper loss = Iron loss
- Auto-transformer saves copper, has better efficiency.
