1 clc;
2 clear all;
3
4 F = 10; % frequency of signal [Hz]
5 Fs = 2.5*F; % sampling rate [Hz]
6 Ts = 1/Fs;
7
8 tc = 0:0.001:5/F; % CT axis
9 xc = cos(2*pi*F*tc); % CT signal
10
11 td = 0:Ts:5/F; % DT axis
12 xd = cos(2*pi*F*td); % DT signal
13
14 grid on
15 subplot(311)
16 plot(tc,xc,'r')
17 xlabel('Time axis');
18 ylabel('Amplitude');
19 title('Carrier wave');
20
21 subplot(312)
22 stem(td,xd,'b')
23 xlabel('Time axis');
24 ylabel('Amplitude')
25 title('Sampled wave');
26
27 xr = zeros(size(tc))%all zero vector
28 N = length(td);
29 for t = 1:length(tc)
30 for n = 0:N-1
31 xr(t) = xr(t) + xd(n+1)*sin(pi*(tc(t)-n*Ts)/Ts)./(pi*(tc(t)-n*Ts)/Ts);
32 end
33 end
34
35 subplot(313)
36 plot(tc,xc,'r')
37 hold on;
38 plot(tc,xr,'g')
39 xlabel('Time [sec]')
40 ylabel('Amplitude')
41 title('Reconstructed wave');
42
43 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Carrier wave
1
0.5
Amplitude
-0.5
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time axis
Sampled wave
1
0.5
Amplitude
-0.5
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time axis
Reconstructed wave
1.5
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time [sec]
1 %pcm-pulse code modulation
2 clc;
3 close all;
4 clear all;
5
6 n=input('Enter for n-bit PCM system: '); %encoded bit;
7 n1=input('Enter sampling frequency: '); %sampling frequency
8 L=2^n; %quantization levels
9
10 %%Anlog signal and its sampled form
11 Vmax=4;
12 x=0:pi/n1:4*pi;
13 InputSignal=Vmax*sin(x);
14
15 subplot (3,1,1);
16 grid on
17 plot(InputSignal); %Analog signal
18 title('Analog Signal');
19
20 subplot (3,1,2);
21 stem (InputSignal); % Sampled Signal grid on;
22 grid on;
23 title('sampled signal');
24
25 %%Quantization process
26 Vmin=-Vmax;
27 Stepsize=(Vmax-Vmin)/L; %differene btw each quantization level
28 Partition=Vmin:Stepsize:Vmax; %quantization levels-partione
29 codebook=Vmin-(Stepsize/2):Stepsize:Vmax+(Stepsize/2); %quantization vales_as final outpu
30
31 [ind,q]=quantiz(InputSignal,Partition,codebook);
32 %Quantization process
33 NonZeroInd=find(ind~=0);
34 ind(NonZeroInd)=ind(NonZeroInd)-1;
35
36 BelowVmin=find(q==Vmin-(Stepsize/2));
37 q(BelowVmin)=Vmin+(Stepsize/2);
38
39 %AboveVmax=find(q==Vmax+(Stepsize/2);
40
41 subplot(3,1,3);
42 stem(q);
43 grid on; %display the quantization values
44 title('Quantized Signal');
45
46 %Encoding process
47 figure
48 TransmittedSig=de2bi(ind,3,'left-msb'); %encode the quantization level
49 %by default de2bi give right msb
50 %Y=TransmittedSig'
51 encode=reshape(TransmittedSig',[1,size(TransmittedSig,1)*size(TransmittedSig,2)])
52
53 subplot(2,1,1);
54 grid on;
55 stairs(encode) % display the serial code bit stream
56 axis([0 100 -2 3]) ;
57 title('TransmittedSig sign3al');
58
59 %% Demodulation of pcm signal
60
61 RecevedCode=reshape(encode,n,length(encode)/n);
62 %Again convert the serialcode into frame of 1 byte
63 decode_sig=bi2de(RecevedCode',3,'left-msb');
64 %binary to decimal conversion
65 q=(Stepsize*decode_sig); %convert into voltage values
66 q=q+(Vmin+(Stepsize/2)); %above gives a DC shifted version of Actual signal
67 %Thus it is necessary to bring it to zero levels
68
69 subplot(2,1,2);
70 grid on;
71 plot(q); %plot demodulation signal
72 title('Demodulated Siganl');
73
74 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Analog Signal
4
-2
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
sampled signal
4
-2
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Quantized Signal
4
-2
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
TransmittedSig sign3al
3
-1
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Demodulated Siganl
10
-2
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
1 %ASK-amplitude shift keyed
2 clc %for clearing the command window
3 close all %for closing all the window except command window
4 clear all %for deleting all the variables from the memory
5
6 fc=input('Enter the freq of Sine Wave carrier:');
7 fp=input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');
8 amp=input('Enter the amplitude (For Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');
9
10 t=0:0.001:1; % For setting the sampling interval
11 c=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % For Generating Carrier Sine wave
12
13 subplot(3,1,1) %For Plotting The Carrier wave
14 plot(t,c)
15 xlabel('Time')
16 ylabel('Amplitude')
17 title('Carrier Wave')
18 m=1*square(2*pi*fp*t)+1; %For Generating Square wave message
19
20 subplot(3,1,2) %For Plotting The Square Binary Pulse (Message)
21 plot(t,m)
22 xlabel('Time')
23 ylabel('Amplitude')
24 title('Binary Message Pulses')
25
26 w=c.*m; % The Shift Keyed Wave
27
28 subplot(3,1,3) %For Plotting The Amplitude Shift Keyed Wave
29 plot(t,w)
30 xlabel('Time')
31 ylabel('Amplitude')
32 title('Amplitide Shift Keyed Signal')
33
34 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Carrier Wave
2
Amplitude 1
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Binary Message Pulses
2
1.5
Amplitude
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Amplitide Shift Keyed Signal
4
2
Amplitude
-2
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
1 %ASK using linecoding
2 clc;
3 close all;
4 clear all;
5 bits = [1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1];
6 bitrate = 1; % bits per second
7
8 T = length(bits)/bitrate; %total time
9 n = 200; %no of sample per bit
10 N = n*length(bits); %total no of sample
11 dt = T/N; %time taken by 1 sample
12 t = 0:dt:T;
13 x = zeros(1,length(t));
14
15
16 %% Unipolar NRZ
17 for i = 0:length(bits)-1
18 if bits(i+1) == 1
19 x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
20 else
21 x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
22 end
23 end
24
25 fc=input('Enter the freq of Sine Wave carrier:');
26 fp=input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');
27 amp=input('Enter the amplitude (For Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');
28
29 c=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
30 subplot(3,1,1) %
31 plot(t,c)
32 xlabel('Time')
33 ylabel('Amplitude')
34 title('Carrier Wave')
35
36 subplot(3,1,2)
37 plot(t,x+1,'LineWidth',4)
38 xlabel('Time')
39 ylabel('Amplitude')
40 title('Binary Message Pulses')
41
42 w=c.*(x+1);
43 subplot(3,1,3)
44 plot(t,w)
45 xlabel('Time')
46 ylabel('Amplitude')
47 title('Amplitide Shift Keyed Signal')
48
49 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Carrier Wave
2
Amplitude 1
-1
-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
Binary Message Pulses
2
1.8
Amplitude
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
Amplitide Shift Keyed Signal
4
2
Amplitude
-2
-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
1 %FSK-Frequency shift keyed
2 clc;
3 close all
4 clear all
5
6 fc1=input('Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:');
7 fc2=input('Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:');
8 fp=input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');
9 amp=input('Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');
10
11 amp=amp/2;
12 t=0:0.001:1; % For setting the sampling interval
13
14 c1=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);% For Generating 1st Carrier Sine wave
15 c2=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);% For Generating 2nd Carrier Sine wave
16
17 subplot(4,1,1); %For Plotting The Carrier wave
18 plot(t,c1)
19 xlabel('Time')
20 ylabel('Amplitude')
21 title('Carrier 1 Wave')
22
23 subplot(4,1,2) %For Plotting The Carrier wave
24 plot(t,c2)
25 xlabel('Time')
26 ylabel('Amplitude')
27 title('Carrier 2 Wave')
28
29 m=amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t)+amp;%For Generating Square wave message
30
31 subplot(4,1,3) %For Plotting The Square Binary Pulse (Message)
32 plot(t,m,'LineWidth',3)
33 xlabel('Time')
34 ylabel('Amplitude')
35 title('Binary Message Pulses')
36
37 for i=0:1000 %here we are generating the modulated wave
38 if m(i+1)==0
39 mm(i+1)=c2(i+1);
40 else
41 mm(i+1)=c1(i+1);
42 end
43 end
44
45 subplot(4,1,4) %For Plotting The Modulated wave
46 plot(t,mm)
47 xlabel('Time')
48 ylabel('Amplitude')
49 title('Modulated Wave')
50
51 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Carrier 1 Wave
1
Amplitude 0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Carrier 2 Wave
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Binary Message Pulses
2
Amplitude
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Modulated Wave
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
1 %psk-phase shift keyed
2 clc
3 close all
4 clear all
5
6 t=0:.001:1; % For setting the sampling interval
7
8 fc=input('Enter frequency of Carrier Sine wave: ');
9 fm=input('Enter Message frequency : ');
10 amp=input('Enter Carrier & Message Amplitude(Assuming Both Equal):');
11
12 c=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc*t);% Generating Carrier Sine
13
14 subplot(3,1,1) %For Plotting The Carrier wave
15 plot(t,c)
16 xlabel('Time')
17 ylabel('Amplitude')
18 title('Carrier')
19
20 m=square(2*pi*fm*t);% For Plotting Message signal
21
22 subplot(3,1,2)
23 plot(t,m,'LineWidth',4)
24 xlabel('time')
25 ylabel('ampmplitude')
26 title('Message Signal')
27
28 x=c.*m; % Sine wave multiplied with square wave in order to generate PSK
29
30 subplot(3,1,3) % For Plotting PSK (Phase Shift Keyed) signal
31 plot(t,x)
32 xlabel('t')
33 ylabel('y')
34 title('PSK')
35
36 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
Carrier
2
Amplitude 1
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time
Message Signal
1
ampmplitude
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time
PSK
2
0
y
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
1 %delta modulation
2 clc;
3 clear all;
4 close all;
5
6 fm=1;
7 fs=20*fm;
8 A=1;
9
10 t=0:1/fs:2;
11
12 sig=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
13
14 d=0.8*(2*pi*fm*A/fs);
15
16 for i=1:length(sig)
17 if i==1
18 diffsig(i)=sig(i)-0;
19 qsig(i)=d*sign(diffsig(i));
20 xcap(i)=qsig(i);
21 else diffsig(i)=sig(i)-xcap(i-1);
22 qsig(i)=d*sign(diffsig(i));
23 xcap(i)=qsig(i)+xcap(i-1);
24 end
25 end
26 %recons
27 for i=1:length(sig)
28 if i==1
29 xcapr(i)=qsig(i);
30 else
31 xcapr(i)=qsig(i)+xcapr(i-1);
32 end
33 end
34 plot(t,sig);
35 hold on;
36 stairs(t,xcapr);
37
38 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1 %differential pulse code modulation
2 clc;
3 clear all;
4 close all;
5
6 sig=[0 0.3 0.6 1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1 0.6 0.3 0 -0.3 -0.6 -1 -1.3 -1.5 -1.3 -1 -0.6 -0.3 0];
7 L=length(sig);
8 n=0:L-1;
9 subplot(221);
10 stem(n,sig,'r');
11 xlabel('length');
12 ylabel('sampled value');
13 title('message signal');
14
15 delaysig=[0 sig(1:end-1)];
16
17
18 diffsig=sig-delaysig;
19 subplot(222);
20 stem(n,diffsig,'g*');
21 xlabel('length');
22 ylabel('sampled value');
23 title('difference signal before(green) and after(blue) quantisation');
24
25 %quantization
26 QSIG=[];
27 for i=1:L
28 if diffsig(i)>0.3
29 Qsig=0.5;
30 elseif diffsig(i)>=0.1
31 Qsig=0.25;
32 elseif diffsig(i)>=0
33 Qsig=0.1;
34 elseif diffsig(i)<-0.3
35 Qsig=-0.5;
36 elseif diffsig(i)<-0.1
37 Qsig=-0.25;
38 elseif diffsig(i)<=0
39 Qsig=-0.1;
40 end
41 QSIG=[QSIG Qsig];
42 end
43 hold on;
44 stem(n,QSIG,'b');
45
46 subplot(223);
47 stem(n,QSIG,'b');
48 xlabel('length');
49 ylabel('quantised value');
50 title('signal after quantisation');
51
52 pred=0; %predicted eroor
53 xcap=[];
54 for j=1:L
55 xcapint=pred+QSIG(j);
56 xcap=[xcap xcapint];
57 pred=xcapint;
58 end
59
60 subplot(224);
61 stem(n,xcap,'k*');
62 xlabel('length');
63 ylabel('sampled value');
64 title('reconstructed signal(black) and original signal(red)');
65 hold on;
66 stem(n,sig,'r');
67
68 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
message signal difference signal before(green) and after(blue) quantisation
1.5 0.8
0.6
1
0.4
sampled value
sampled value
0.5
0.2
0 0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-1
-0.6
-1.5 -0.8
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
length length
signal after quantisation reconstructed signal(black) and original signal(red)
0.8 2
0.6
0.4 1
quantised value
sampled value
0.2
0 0
-0.2
-0.4 -1
-0.6
-0.8 -2
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
length length
1 %dpcm by another method
2 clc;
3 clear all;
4
5 fm=1;
6 fs=20*fm;
7 A=2;
8 t=0:1/fs:2;
9 sig=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
10
11 for i=1:length(sig)
12 if i==1
13 diffsig(i)=sig(i)-0;
14 qsig(i)=round(diffsig(i));
15 xcap(i)=qsig(i);
16 else diffsig(i)=sig(i)-xcap(i-1);
17 qsig(i)=round(diffsig(i));
18 xcap(i)=qsig(i)+xcap(i-1);
19 end
20 end
21
22 for i=1:length(sig)
23 if i==1
24 xcapr(i)=qsig(i);
25 else
26 xcapr(i)=qsig(i)+xcapr(i-1);
27 end
28 end
29 plot(t,xcapr);
30 hold on;
31 plot(t,sig);
32
33 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1 %linecoding
2 clc;
3 clear all;
4 close all;
5
6 bits = [ 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0];
7 bitrate = 1;
8
9 T = length(bits)/bitrate; #total time taken
10 n = 200; #no of sample points per bit
11 N = n*length(bits); # total bit samples
12 dt = T/N;
13 t = 0:dt:T;
14 x = zeros(1,length(t));
15
16
17 %%%%%%%%%% UNIPOLAR NON RETURN TO ZERO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
18 for i = 0:length(bits)-1
19 if bits(i+1) == 1
20 x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
21 else
22 x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
23 end
24 end
25 subplot(411);
26 plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
27 xlabel('length');
28 ylabel('value');
29 title('unipolar NRZ');
30 axis([0 10 -0.1 1.1]);
31 %%%%%%%%% UNIPOLAR RETURN TO ZERO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
32 for i = 0:length(bits)-1
33 if bits(i+1) == 1
34 x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = 1;
35 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
36 else
37 x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
38 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
39 end
40 end
41 subplot(412);
42 plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
43 xlabel('length');
44 ylabel('value');
45 title('unipolar RZ');
46 axis([0 10 -0.1 1.1]);
47 %%%%%%%%% POLAR RETURN TO ZERO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
48 for i = 0:length(bits) - 1
49 if bits(i+1)==1
50 x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = 1;
51 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
52 else
53 x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = -1;
54 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
55 end
56 end
57 subplot(413);
58 plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
59 xlabel('length');
60 ylabel('value');
61 title('polar RZ');
62 axis([0 10 -1.1 1.1]);
63 %%%%%%%%%%%% MANCHESTER CODING%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
64 for i = 0:length(bits)-1
65 if bits(i+1)==1
66 x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = 1;
67 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = -1;
68 else
69 x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = -1;
70 x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
71 end
72 end
73 subplot(414);
74 plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
75 xlabel('length');
76 ylabel('value');
77 title('manchester coding');
78 axis([0 10 -1.1 1.1]);
79
80 print("-fillpage","bestfit","-landscape","exp1.pdf");
unipolar NRZ
1
value 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length
unipolar RZ
1
0.8
value
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length
polar RZ
1
0.5
value
0
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
length
manchester coding
1
0.5
value
0
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
length
