3.

1 D-OPERATOR METHOD
3.1.1. Introduction. Alincar differcntial cquation of second order with
constant cocfficients is of the form
d'y dy
dy2
+P dx +Py X ()
wherc }.B are constants and X is cithcr constant or a function of x
only.
Using thec symbol DD for the differential operator the above equation
dx
can be written in symbolic form as
(D'+PD +P) y=X... (2) Or, f(D)y =X (3)
where f(D) = D'+ PD+ P is a polynomial in D.
When X =0then f(D)y = 0 (4)
is called the homogeneous equation.
3.1.2. Theorems.

Theorem 1. If y , are two linearly independent solutions of the

differential equation (D" + PD +P,)y = 0, (i)
then u=GY +C4), is also its solution, where c,, e, are arbitrary
Constants.
Proof. Left as an exercise.
Note : Since this solution contains two arbitrary constants, it is the general
or complete solution of the equation (i).
Theorem 2. If y = uis the general solution of the equation f(D)y =0
and y = v is a particular solution (containing no arbitrary constants) of
the equation f(D)y = X, then the general solution of the equation
f(D)y =X is y =u+U.
Proof. Since u is the general solution of the equation f(D)y = 0, so
f(D)u = 0. (i)
Also, since y =u is a particular solution of the equation f(D)y= X,
SO
f(D)u= X.
3-2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS.IIB

Adding () and (ii), we have f(D) (u+u) =X

f(D)y = X.
which shows that y=u+v satisfies the equation
of the equation f(D)y = X
Hence y = u+D is the general solution
complementary function (C.F)and y=y
Here y =u is called the
the equation f(LD)y = X.
is called the particular integral (P.L) of
the complete or general solution of the equation (3) i.e. of
Thus
d'y + P dy + Py=X is y =C.F+P.I.
da ,. 2 dx
are used to denote the C.E. and
Note. Sometimes the symbols y, and y,,
PL. of the differential equation.
3.13. Rules for finding C.F.
Consider the differential equation (D + PD+ P2)y = 0.. .. (5)
The general solution of this is nothing but the C. F. of (2)
or (3).
Let y = emr be a trial solution of (5).
Then Dy = me* D"y = m²e*.
Hence from (5), we get (m²+ Pm +P)e =0
1.e., m+Pm+P, = 0, since e* #0 (6)
which is caled the auxiliary equation (A.E.) for the differential equation
(5).
Let m,, m, be the roots of the auxiliary equation (6). The solution of
the equation (5) depends upon the nature of roots of the A. E. (6).
The following cases arise :
Case () Let m,, m, be real and distinct. Then the general solution of
(5) is y = G,e + Cze, where c,C, are arbitrary constants.
Case (ii) Let the roots of the A, E. are real and equal (m)
. Tnen
general solution of the equation (5) is
y= (c,teyx) e where C,C are arbitrary constants.
Case (iii) Let the roots of A. E. be
imaginary which are
m= a+ ip, m, =a- iß.
Then the general solution of the
equation (5) is
y=e(G cosßx +Cg sin Bx) where Ci Cg are arbitrary Constants.
 D-OPERATOR METHOD 3-3

Illustrative Examples.
Example 1. Solve: d'y -24dy
dx? dx +144y - 0.
Solution. Let y e be atrial
solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is
m'-24mn +144 -0
Or, (7m -12) =0
m= 12,12,
Hence the general solution is y=
(c. + Cox)e2 where C,C
arbitrary constants. are
Example 2. Solve: (D' -3D +
2)y =0.
Solution. Let y = e be a trial
solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is m²
3m +2=0
or, (m-1) (m-2) =0
m=l,2.
Hence the general solution is
y= ce*+ Cze" where c,, C, are arbitrary constants.
Example 3. Solve: dy +4y,= 0.
dy?
Solution. Let y=e be atrial solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is m² +4 =0
m= 0t 2i.
Hence the general solution is
y=e*c cos 2x +Cg, sin 2x
=G cOs2x + C, sin 2, where c, c2 are arbitrary
constants.
Example 4.Solve the equation +6x=0 and find the particular
dt² dt
Solution if x=3 when t= 0and x =8 whent=
log 2.
Solution, Let x=em be atrial solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is m"-5m +6=0.
m=2,3.
34 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - IIR

Sothe gencral solution is

N= (e + C,e where c,, C are arbitrary constants.
Now x=3 whent= 0.
3= c +C (i)
Also it is given that x=8when t= log2.
8= ce?log +oelog?
2

=celog 4+ C,e'log 8 == 4c, + 8c,

C + 2c, =2. (ü)

Solving () and (i), we get c = 4, C =.
Hence the particular solution is r= 4e -e
d'y dy
Example 5. Solve .444y
dt
=0, y(0)=1,-0
Solution. Let y=et be a trial solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is
m² +4m+4=0
Or, (m+2) =0
m=-2,-2
So the general solution is
y=(G +czt)e
dy 21
dt =C,e*-2(e +c,t)e
Given y(0) =1 and
dt

1=(G te,.0).1
Also,
0= c,.1-2(c +c,.0).1
= C- 2c,
C, = 2c,
=2.1= 2
Thus the particular solution is y=
(1+2t)e
D-0PERATOR METHOD
3-5

Exercise-A
solve the following differential equations :
d'y
1. (D'+(a +b)D +abB y =0. 2.
dr2
4
dx
+y = 0.

d'y =0.
3. d 4. (D' +2pD +p' +q'ly =0

5. y"+2acosay' +a»y=0 6.
d'y +342-25y =0
dy2 dx

,7 + 4 dy
dx
d2
+29y =0, given that y=0,"
dx
=15 when =x 0.

de
+ g =0, given that = a and =0 when t= 0;g, l being
dy? dt
positive.
d's ds
9. 2+10s = 0, s(0) = 4, s'(0) = 1
dt dt
d'y + dy
10. dx? 2a+a'+n'ly
dx
=00given y(0) = 3, y(0) =-3a
11. y" - 2y'+5y =0, y(0) =-3, y'(0) =1
12. y" +y'-2y = 0, y(0) = 4, y'(0)=-5
13. 'y_dy+9y
dx'? dx
= 0, y(0) =2,(0) =8
14. y" - y'- 12y =0, y(0) =3,y(0) =5
d'u
15. If = NV and u= , at x=0 and U= 0at N=l,
dy2
sinh (1-x)
prove that U=Vo sinh
Answers
y =GeltV )x + Cgel2-V3)x
-bx 2.
I. y= c e +Ce
3. y=c +C,e. 4. y =e (A cos qu+ Bsin qx)
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. IID
36

mcale, cos (arsina) +c, sin(arsin a)

31
2r
7. y = 3 e sin5x. 8. = a cos,
6. y =(G +C,re 2
9. s=c'(4 cos34 - sin3). 10. y =3eCOS TLX

11. y=c'(-3 os 2r + 2sin 2r)

51

13. 1 =
11
2
1lcos
2
4 3/11sin 2 14. y=2e* +eBx

3.1.4. Rules for finding the particular integral (P.I.) by operator method.
3.1.4.1 The inverse operator.
1
Definition. -X is that function of x, not containing arbitrary
f(D)
constants which when operated upon by f(D) gives X.
Thus
rDDX. (7)
Hence f(D) and are inverse operators. Also it is obvious that
1 f(D)
f(D)
-X satisfies the equation f(D)y =X and
is therefore its P.I.
Theorem 3.
1
X- jx ds.
Proof. Let z® =y.
DGX)= Dy Or, X= dy
dx
Hence y =|X dx.
Hence proved. (8)
Theorem 4. -X eXedx.
=
D- a
Proof. Let
D-a -X =y.

(D-o)x=(D-a) y or, X = Dy-

ay.
D-0PERATOR METHOD 3-7

dy ay = X.
dx (9)
which is a linear equation in y.

So the solution of (9) is given by

-Ne "dx
i.e.,)= e dx.

1
D-a
X= e Xe dr. (10)
3.1.4.2. General method for finding P. I.
1 A, Ag
Let fD) D-m, D-m, where A; (i=1,2) are constants.
Then by Theorem 4., we get
1
(i=A,e"Xe "dx +A,eMat Xe-M*dx. (11)

Illustrative Examples.
Example 1. Evaluate the following :
e i) D²-1-(xe ).
D+2

Aii) -sec x. Lliy sin x.

D' +1 D²

1
Solution. () D+2
=-e*,
-e"e'.edx =e*e dx =e,=e
3 3

1
Solution. (ii) D² - 2 D-1 D+1)

11 1 -(xe2) 1 1
-(re)
2 D -1 2D+1
38 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. IID

-e'dx-ee'dr
2

1 1
,ee'a-1)
2 9
e(3x-l)
1
e(r-)- -e(3r-l) =-e*
9
(3x 4).
2 18

Solution. (iii) secN = secx.

D' +1 2i D-i D+i)
Now
D-i
-Sec.t -ee- secx d°
-dx = (cosx + isin x) (*+ilog cos *)
= (*cosx- sin xlog cos x) +i(xsinx+ cos xlog cosx).

Similarly D+i
-Sec x

= (x cos x-sin x log cosx)-i (xsin x + cOsx log cos x)

1
-secx = Xsin x + cos x log sin x.
D² +1
1 -Sin? 11
Solution. (iv) -(1- cos2x)
2 D?
11 1
-cos 2x) dx = -sin2x)
2D 2
1(1 1
sin 2x) dx =22 +
4
cos 2x

+cos 2x)
3.1.4.3 Short methods for finding P. I. in some special
cases.
For the differentialequation f(D)y =X,
P.I. = -X.
f(D)
D-OPERATOR METHOD 3-9

Let us now consider the following special cases :

CaseeI. Let N =e", Then
1
if f(a) + 0 (12)
f(D) f(o)

i) PI. = if f(a) = 0 but f'(a) #0

f(D) f'(a)
(13)
1 1 et
(ii) PI.= -e
fO) f"(D) f"(a)
if f(a) =f(a) =0 but f"(a) +0 (14)
and so on.

Proof. (i) Since f(D) e= (D +PD + P)e*

= (a»+ Pa + P, )e
therefore f(D)er = f(a)et
1
Or,

1
or, en = f(a)
f(D)
1
or, -e* if f(a) ÷0.
f(D) f(a)
1 e
P.I.= -e= if f(a) + 0.
fD) f(a)
(i) Beyond the scope of the book
(iiü) Beyond the scope of the b0ok
Illustrative Example.
Example 1. Find P. I. of the following equations :
() (D°+)y =e'; (ii) (D²-3D+2) y =e.
4
(i) P.I. =
 3-10 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. IIR

1
(i) P.I = 2)-3 4-3
)'-3D +2
Case Il. Let X=P(r) where P(r) is a polynomial of degree m.
1

P. I. f) P(r) -\f(D)}'P(r.
Tien
lhen (15)
Expand {fO in ascending powers of D as far as the term

containing U", since D(")=0 if r>m, and then operate on P).

IllustrativeExample.
Find P. 1. of
d'y
dx
+3y =x+3.
The equation can be written as
(D +4D+3) y= x+3. Here P(x) =*+3. J
1 D' + 4D
P.I.= +3) =1+
D + 4D+3 3 3 (x*+3)
D+4D D+4D
3 3

4D 4D
3 9 -- .(*+3) (Taken upto D² term ]
4 4
+3-. 2x+ 8x 35
3 3 +
9 3 9
Case III. Let X = sin(ax + b) Or
In this case we express the
cosax + b).
operator function (D) in function
(D), or in function of D² and of D', say
Then D, say (D, D).

) PI.= f(D) sin(ax +b) = l

orD Sax +b)
sin(ax +b)
(-a') if -a²)+ 0. (16)
D-OPERATOR METHOD 3-11

1 1

f(D) sin(ax
() Pl-D +b) = (D', D) ,sin(ax +b)
1 (17)
d-a', D) sin(ox +b), if d(-a', D) +0.
1 Sin(ax +b) VD)
(i) P.l.= sinlax +b)
f(D) o(D²)
V(D)
sin(ax +b), if o(-a') 0.
O(-a') (18)
1 1
) P.I. : -sin(ar+b) =x -sin(ax +b) (19)
f(D) f(D)
if(). (i), (iii) fail
Proof. Beyond the scope of the book.
Alustrative Example
Find P. I. of the following equations
() (D' +1)y = sin 2x. (i) (D'+9)y =cos(3* -1).
1 1 1
(i) P.I. = D' +1 -sin 2x =
-2 +1-sin2x =-sin2x. by (16)
1 1
D' +9 -cos(3*-1) =xcos(3*-1), by(19)
(i) PI. =
2D
xsin(3* -1)

Case IV. Let X =e*V, where Vis any function of x.

1
Then P. I. -e=e -V. (20)
f(D) f(D +a)
1
Proof. Let U =
f(D+ a)
"Then D(eU)= e"DU+ ae"U=e (D+ a)U

D'eU)= De (D+ a)U =ae"(D+aU +eD(D+ a)U

= e"(D+a)'U.
In this way in general, D" (eU)=e"(D+a)"U.
312 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- IR

Hence f7D)(U)- r"{Do)"U.

1

Operating hoth sides by fD) we get

1
fD+ o) f(D)
1
Hence V.
fD) f(D +a)
Illustrative Example.
Find P I of (D +1)y =:
1 1
P.I. = =e,-2.r
D' +1 (D-2) +1
=e
-2x D -4D
1+:
D' - 4D+5 5

1
D' -4D
+...
5

1/ 1
(5x+4) e-2x
5 25
Case V. Let X= xV, Vbeing any function of
x.
1
Then P. I. = =V
f(D) (21)
Proof. Let V, =
f(D)
Then D(xV) = xDV +V
D'(*V) =xD*V, +2DV, =xD°V, +D°V,
d
dD
Hence f(D)(«V}) =xf(D)V, +n(D)V,
d
= xf(D)V, +f(D)V,.
D-OPERATOR METHOD
3-13

1
=V +f(D).
f(D)
V= 1
Thus
f(D)
1

f(D)
V-f(D).

then
Case VI. If X=.V,
1
(22)
f(D)
where n is a tve integer.
Proof. Beyond the scope of the book.
Illustrative Example.
Find P. I. of (D +4)y = xsinx.
1
1
-(xsin) 1 -sin x
P.I. =
D² +4 D' +4
sin x 1
-Lxsin
3
x3 D +4
COS X
D² +4
COS X 1 2
-COS K.
=-xsinx =,tsinx
9
3 3 -1+4
Miscellaneous Examples
d'y + dy
Example. 1. Solve : dx? -5+4y
dx
= **.

The given equation can be written as (D +5D+ 4)y = x*.

Solution. Let y=omx be a trial solution of the homogeneousequation

(D +5D +4)y = 0.
Then the auxiliary equation is m² +5m+4 =0
Or, (m+4) (m +1) = 0. m=-4, -1.
constants.
C.F.= ce* +Coe,where C, C are arbitrary
l4
 3-14 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IIB

Now, P. 1. =
D'+5D+4
D' +5D
4

D'+ 5D
4

D+5D 25
D²
4 16

[ we write upto p2 term since is a

2 degree polynomial.]
5 21

So the general solution is

y= C,e -4x + Cge* 21)

Example 2. Solve: d'y 5+6y = x'e

dy2 dx [WB.U.T 20091
The given equation can be written
as (D'-5D +6) y= xe*.
Solution. Let y = emz be a trial solution of
the homogeneous equation
(D² -5D+6) y = 0.
Then the auxiliary equation is
m-5m+6=0
Or, (m-3) (m-2) = 0.
m= 2,3.
C.F.= ce + Cher where
C1, Cg are arbitrary constants.
Now P. I. = 1
D' -5D+6
2
(D+3)²-5(D +3)46 by (20)
 D-OPERATOR METHOD
3-15

1
D' + D

r 2x + 2)
)
2
3 2r|
So the general solution is
'=ce
3

Example 3. Solve :
d'y +4y = cosec 2x.
d?
Solution. The given equation can be written as (D + 4)y = cosec 2x.
Let y = em be a trial solution of the homogeneous equation
(D +4)y=0.
Then the auxiliary equation is mn +4= 0.
m=#2i. C.F.=C cos 2x + C, sin 2x.
= 1( 1
1 1
Now, P. I. = -cosec2 cosec 2x
D' +4 4i D- 2i D+2i

COsec 2x COsec 2x dx
D- 2i

= e (cos2x - isin 2x) cosec 2x dx =e(cot 2x - i) dx

= (cos 2x+ isin 2x) |logsin
2
2x - ix
1 1
,COs 2 log sin2x +xsin 2x+i sin 2x logsin 2r - x cos 2x
|2
1
Similarly cOsec 2x
D+ 2i
1 1
cos 2c log sin2x + xsin 2x -sin
2
2* log sin 2x -x cos 2x
2

P.I, =F(sin
4
2x logsin 2x- 2x cos 2:x).
 3-16 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- IID

So the general solution is

1
V= (, cOs 2x +C, sin2r + (sin 2x logsin 2x -2x cos 2x).
Example 4. Solve : (D'-4) y= xsinh x.
Solution.Let v= be a trial solution of the homogeneous equation
(D'-4) y=0.
Then the auxiliary equation is n-4=0.
m=t2.

-2x
C.F=Ge + C,e where C, Co are arbitrary constants,
1
P.I.= -xsinh x
D -4
1| 1 1 e-e
2 D' -4 sinh =
D' -4 2
1 1
(D +1)' -4 (D-1) -4
1
/e D² + 2D-3
1
D'-2D-3
2 1-: D3+2D) D' 2D
3
1 D² +2D
-e1+ D² - 2D
6 3 +
6

6
xe-ee+e)--xsinh x--coshx.
9
3
2
9
So the general solution is y = ce 1
+Coexsinhx -9
2
xsinh x-=coshx.
Example 5. Solve: (D +1)
y =x cosx.
Solution. Let y= e be a trial solution of
(D' +1) y = 0. the homogeneous equation
 3-17
D-OPERATOR METHOD

Thenthe auxiliary cquation is n' +

+|0.

C.F.= C cOSN + C, 8in x, where where are arbitrary

c o n s t a n t s .

1
COSX
Now. P. 1. = D' +1 D' +1 |D'+1
1
D²42Dsin
+1
x
1 1
D'+1
COs X= X
2D
COS X =
2
cos xdx=2
I2
2
'sin x-D(xsin
D'+1 x)
1 1
y sinx -(sin x + x cOs x)
2 D' +1
1 1
1
= x sin x -Sin x X COS

2 D' +1 D'+1
1 1
sin x - -sin - P.I.
2 D²+1
1 1
1 2 sin x= s in x+
2xP.I.=**sint 2 2
2 2D
1 1
P.I.=xsin x + xcos x.
4 4
1
D²+1
[Alternatively. P. I. p²+1
1
= RI
Je4 D' +2Di
(D+i)? +1

1
2Di
1+ -
1 *-RI(cos +isin x) ( 2
2Di
3-18 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. IIn

-RI. (cOsT +isin r) (xi sin x t X COS

X).]
Hence the general solution is
1 1
XCOS X.

d'y dy +6y=e' cosx

Example 6, Solve : d? dx
[W.B.U.T. 2002, 2011,2016]
Solution. The given equation can be written as
(D'-5D+6)y =e' COSC
Let v=e be a trial solution of the homogeneous equation
(D -5D+6)y =0
The auxiliary equation is
m-5m +6=0 or, (m-2)(m-3) =0
m= 2,3
C.F.=ce+
e COS X
Now, P. I. =
D'-5D+6 (D+1' -5(D+1)+ 6
COSX COS X
=e =e
D -3D +2 -1' -3D+2
COS X 3D+1
=e -COSX
-3D+1 (1'-(3D)*
3D +1 3D+1
COsr e t COSX
1-9D 1-9(-1)
=

10 -3sinz+ cosx)
Thus the general solution of the given
equation is
y=Get+Gelre
+(cosx-3sinx)
10 where c, and c, are constants.
Ex.ample 7. Solve : (D-2D)y =e` sinx
Solution.
[W.B.U.T. 2015, 2007]
Let
y=e be atrial solution of (D -2D)y =0
p-OPERATOR METHOD
3-19

2
equation is m²-2m =0
The auxiliary
m =0, 2 C.E. =G tC,e
Sinx

PI. = )²-2D (D+ 1'-2(D +1)

sin x
e' sinx
-1'-1
general solution is y=G tcye-e
Thus the
+5D-6)y= sin 4xsin x
ratple 8. Solve : (D
Solution. Let y=em be a trial
solution of (D +5D-6)=0
The auxiliary equation is
m +5m-6=0

of, (m +6)(m -1) = 0

m=1-6

C.F. =ce + ,eir

sin 4xsin x
sin 4x sin+5L
1.
+5D-6
Now P. I. = D +5D-6
cos5x
Cos 3x
cos3¢- cos5x
2 D +5D-6
D +5D-6
D².+5D-6
cos5x
cos 3x
2 -5 +5D-6
-3 +5D-6
cos5x
cos3x
1 +31) 25D
(5D+3 961
D -92 cos 5x

1
cos 3x
.(5D+31),
'25(-6°)-961
10
(D+3) -9 2

+5D+31)cos
1 õ
1 (D+3)cos3r 3172
-180
+(-25sin
1 5r+3l cos 5r)
1 n3x+3cos3r) 3172
(-3sin
180 cos5x 25sin 5x
3x 31
sin 3xcos 1586
30
3-20 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IID

Thus the general solution is

sin3x-cOs3r 3lcos5x-25sin5r)
30 1586
Example 9. Solve : ()'-2D +1) y= xe sin x.
Solution. Let y e be a trial solution of the homogeneous equation
('-2D+)y=0.
Then the auxiliaryequation is m -2n+1=0
Or. (m - 1) =0 m=1, 1.
C. F.=(G, + Cot) e, where (, Cy are arbitrary constants.
Now P. I. 1
-ce Sin x sin x
D' -2D+1 (D-1)²
=e XSinx = XSIn
(D+1-1)
1
=e*sin xdx =e*-xcosx +sin x)
=e|(-*cos *+sin x) dx
=e(-xsin x 2 cosx) =-e(xsin x+ 2cosx).
So the general solution is y= (G +
Cyx)e -e*(xsin x+ 2cos *).
Example 10. Solve: d'y dy +4y =eZ
dy? dx when y =0
and dy =1 for X = 0.
dx
The given equation can be
written as (D 4D + 4) y = e*.
Solution. Let y=ex
be atrial solution of the
homogeneous equation
(D' -4D +4) y = 0.
So the axiliary equation
is
m² 4mn+4=0 or, (m-2) =0.
m= 2, 2.
C.F.=(c+ Cox)e*, where C, C are
arbitrary constants.
D-OPERATOR METHO) 3-21

1 1
e2r
Now. P. I. = p2x er2l

D'- 4D +4 2)-4 2 2

Sothe generalsolution is
1

dy - C,e +2c,
+ 2(c tC,r)e2r + r'2r

dx
Given that y = 0,
dy =1 for =0.
dx
C =0 and 2c, +C, =1
.: Co = 1.
Hence the required particular solution is
1 1
+ *(2+x)e2x
2 2

Example 11. Solve:

d'y -+2y = e*. if y=3 and dy3
dx dx dx
when x=0
The given equation can be written as (D -3D+2)y =e
Solution. Let y= e be a trial solution of (D' -3D+2)y =0
..The auxiliary equation is
0
m² -3m +2=0 r, (m-2)(m-1) =
m=l,2 .. C.F. =çe' +,e
1
Now, P. I. =
D -3D+2 (D+1)' -3(D +1)+ 2
1 1 1
1
= e* D-1 D
D² -D D(D-1)

D-1

So the general solution is

y=Ge+c,e-e(1+ *)
dy
=Ge +c,e-e (1+x)-e*
dx
3-22 ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS .-IIB
Given y = 3 "-3 when x=0
3=G +, -l C; tC, = 4
and 3=G +2, -1-1 G +2c, =5
Solving we get, c =3, C, =1
Thus the required particular solution is
y=3e' +e-e(1+x)
N=(2-)e +e
Example 12. Solve : (D' +9)y = 4cos *+ given y(0) =0
=2

Solution. Let y=e be atrial solution of (D +9)y =0

The auxiliary equation is
m² +9=0
m= t3i
C.F. =G cos3x+ c, sin 3x
4cos *+ 4cos
Now, P.I. 3 3
D +9 -1'+9 scos *+
So the general solution is
y=4 cos3x +e, sin 3:*+cos *+
Given y(0) =0
0=G t Cy.0+cos
3

Also given y=2

6

2=4 cos3.+c, sin 3.+cos+

Cy =2
6 6 6 3) =q.0+e,.1l+4.0
Thus the required particular
solution is
y=-cos3x + 2sin 3x+cos *t,
3