GRAPHIC SYSTEM:-

VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICE: - TYPES

 Raster scan system

 Random scan system
 Input devices
 Hard copy devices
 Graphics software

VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES:-

The primary output device in a graphic system is a video monitor. The operation of most video
monitor is based on the standard cathode-ray tube (CRT) design.

Refresh cathode ray tubes:-

A beam of electron (cathode ray) emitted by an electron gun, passes through focusing and
deflection systems that direct the beam toward specified positions on the phosphor-coated system

One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by quickly directly the
electron beam back over the same point.

This type of display is called a refresh CRT. The primary components of an electron gun in a
CRT are the heated metal cathode and a control grid.

Heat is directly supplied to the cathode by directing a current through a coil of wire, called the
filament. This causes electron to be “boiled off” the hot cathode surface.

The vacuum inside the CRT envelope, the free, negatively charged electrons are then accelerated
towards the phosphor coating by a high positive voltage.

The accelerating voltage can be generated with a positive charged metal coating on the inside of
the CRT envelope near the phosphor screen.

The focusing system in CRT is needed to force the electron beam to converge into a small spot
as it strikes the phosphor.

Focusing is accomplished with either electric or magnetic fields. Electrostatic focusing is

commonly used in television and computer graphics monitors.

The action of the electrostatic lens focuses the beam at the center of the screen, in same way that
an optical lens focuses a beam of light at a particular focal distance.

Two pairs of coils are used, with the coils in each pair mounted on opposite sides of the neck of
the CRT envelope.
One pair is mounted on the top and bottom of the neck and the other pair is mounted on the
opposite sides of the neck.

The magnetic field produced by each pair of coils results in the transverse deflection force that is
perpendicular both to the direction of the magnetic field and to the direction of travel of the
electron beam.

Fig: Electrostatic deflection of the electron beam in a CRT

Horizontal deflection is accomplished with one pair of coils, and vertical deflection by the other
pair.

RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY:

The most common type of graphic monitor employing a CRT is the raster scan display, based on
television technology.

The electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the
electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern
of illuminated scans.

Picture definition is stored in the memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. This
memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points.

Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and pointed on the screen one
row(scan line) at a time.

Each screen points is referred to as a pixel or pel. On a black and white system with one bit per
pixel, the frame buffer is commonly called a bit map.
Fig:- A raster scan system display an objects as a set of discrete points across each scan
line.

Raster scan display is carried out at the rate of 60-80 frames per seconds. The return to the left of
the screen, after refreshing each scan line, is called the horizontal retrace of the electron beam.

At the end of the each frames, the electron beam returns(vertical retrace) to the top corner of the
screen to begin the next frame.

RANDOM-SCAN DISPLAY

In random scan display the CRT has the electron beam directed only to the part of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.

Random scan monitors draw picture one line at a time and for this reason are also referred to as
vector displays (or stroke writing or calligraphic displays).

The component line of a picture can be drawn and refreshed by a random scan system in any
specified order.

A pen plotter operates in the similar way and is an example of random scan, hard-copy devices.

Refresh rate on a random system depends on the number of lines be displayed. Picture definition
is now stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh
display file.

The refresh display file is called the display list, display program or refresh buffer.

Fig:- Interfacing scan lines on a raster scan-display.

In raster scan first, all points on the even numbered (solid) scan lines are displayed, then all
points along the odd numbered (dashed) lines are displayed.

Random scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a pictures 30-60 times
each second.
Fig:- A random scan system draws the component lines of an object in any order specified.

Random scan systems are designed for line-drawing applications and cannot display realistic
shaded scenes.

COLOR CRT MONITORS:-

A CRT monitor displays color pictures using a combination of phosphor that emits different
colored lights.

There are two basic techniques for producing color display with a CRT.

1. The beam penetration method

2. The shadow mask method

The beam penetration method:-

The beam-penetration method for displaying color pictures has been used with random scan
monitors. Two layers of phosphor, usually red and green coated onto the inside of the CRT
screen, and the displayed color depends on the electron beam penetrates into the phosphor layers.

A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer. A beam of very fast electrons
penetrate through the red layer and excites the inner green layer.

Combinations of red and green light are emitted to show two additional colors, orange and
yellow. Here, only four colors are possible, and the quality of the pictures is not good as with
other methods.

The speed of the electron and the screen color is maintained by the beam acceleration voltage.

The shadow mask method:-

Shadow mask methods are commonly used in raster scan systems (including color TV) because
it produces more colors than the beam penetration method.

A shadow mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at each pixel position. One phosphor dot
emits a red light, another emits a green light, and third emits a blue light.

This type of CRT has three electron guns, one for each color dot, and a shadow mask grid just
behind the phosphor-coated screen.
Fig:- Operation of a delta-delta, shadow-mask CRT. Three electron guns, aligned with the
triangular color-dots pattern on the screen are directed to each dot triangle by a shadow
mask.

The three electron beam are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask, which
contain a series of holes aligned with the phosphor-dot patterns.

When the three beams pass through the hole in the shadow mask, then appears. Color spots on
the screen.

The phosphor dots in the triangle are arranged, each electrons beam can activate only its
corresponding color dots when it passes through the shadow mask CRT.

We can produce the number of color from three electron beam. A white or gray area is the result
activating all three dots with equal intensity.

Yellow is produced with the green and red dots only. Magenta is produced with the blue and red
dots, Cyan shows up when blue and green are activated equally.

Color graphics system can be designed to be used with several types of CRT display devices

1. Home computer
2. Video Games
3. Color TV and
4. Radio Frequency(RF) Modulator

Composite monitors are adaptation of TV sets that allow bypass of the broadcast circuitry.

Color CRT in graphics system is designed as RGB monitors. An RGB color system with 24 bits
of storage per pixel is generally referred as a full color system or true color system.

DIRECT VIEW STORAGE TUBES (DVST):

An alternative method for maintaining a screen image is to store the picture information inside
the CRT screen used instead of refreshing screen.

Two types of electron guns are used in DVST:-

1. Primary Gun: - It’s used to store the picture pattern.

2. Flood Gun: - It maintains the picture displays.

Advantages of DVST:

 No refreshing is needed
 Very complex pictures can be displayed at very high resolution
 Disadvantage of DVST:-

They do not display colors and that selected parts of a picture cannot be erased.

To eliminate a picture section, the entire screen must be erase and modified picture redrawn.

For these reason the storage display have been largely replaced by raster display system.

FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY:

Replace CRT monitors, the other technologies is called as a flat panel display.

It refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement
compared to a CRT.

The flat panel display currently used in small TV monitors, calculators, pocket video games,
laptop computers, arm rest viewing of movies on airlines, as advertisement boards in elevators
and portable monitors.

Flat panel display are divided into two parts

1. Emissive displays
2. Non-Emissive displays

Emissive display:- The emissive display or emitters are devices that convert electrical energy
into light.

Ex:

 Plasma panels
 Thin-film electroluminescent display
 Light-Emitting diodes

Non-emissive displays:- The non-emissive display or non emitters use optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into graphic patterns.

Ex:

 Liquid-crystal devices(LCD)

PLASMA PANELS:

Plasma panel are also called as gas-discharge display, are constructed by filling the region
between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that includes neon.

A series of vertical conductors ribbon is placed on one glass panel and a set of horizontal ribbons
is built into the other glass panel.
Fig:- Basic Design of Plasma-panel display devices

Firing voltage applied to a pair of horizontal and vertical conductors causes the gas at the
intersection of the two conductors to break down into a glowing plasma of electrons and ions.

The pictures definition is stored in a refresh buffer, and the firing voltages are applied to refresh
the pixels position 60 times per seconds.

THIN FILM ELECTROLUMINESCENT DISPLAYS:

It’s similar in construction to a plasma panel. But the only difference is the region between the
glass plates are filled with a phosphor.

Such as Zinc, Sulfide doped with Manganese instead of a gas.

Fig: Basic Design of Thin Film Electroluminescent display device

Advantage:

Electroluminescent display requires more power than the plasma panels, and good color and gray
scale display are hard to achieve.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

The third type of emissive device is the light-emitting diode (LED).

A matrix of diode is arranged to form the pixel positions in the display, and picture definition is
stored in a refresh buffer.

The information is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are applied to
the diodes to produce the light patterns in the display.

LIGHT CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

It’s commonly used in small system such as calculators, portable, laptop computers.
These are non-emissive devices produce a picture by passing polarized light from the
surrounding a liquid crystal material that can be aligned to either block or transmit the light.
A flat panel display can then be constructed with nematic liquid crystals, as two glass plates,
each containing a light polarizer at right angle to the other place

Rows of horizontal transparent conductors are built into one glass plate and column of vertical
conductors are put into the other plate. Intersection between two conductors defines pixel
positions.

When it will get “on state” the polarized light passing through the material is twisted. So that it
will pass through the opposite polarized.

The light is then reflected back to the viewers to “off state” when the light is not twisted. This
type of flat panel display device is called as a “passive matrix” LCD.

The transistors are used to control the voltage at pixel locations and to prevent charge from
gradually leaking out of the liquid-crystal cells. These devices are called “active-matrix”
displays.

THREE DIMENSIONAL VIEWING DEVICES:

The graphic monitors displays the three dimensional scenes by using a techniques that reflects a
CRT images from vibrating, flexible mirrors.

The varifocal mirror vibrates, it changes focal length. These vibrations are synchronized with the
display of an object on a CRT.

So that each point on the object is reflected from the mirror into a spatial position corresponding
to the distance of that point from a specified viewing position. We can view it from different
sides.

Fig: Three dimensional display system using vibrating mirror.